during adolescence to fetuin A (mg/l) in young adulthood (N=253). Table S5: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Article CARBOHYDRATES FROM SOURCES WITH A HIGHER GLYCEMIC INDEX DURING ADOLESCENCE: IS EVENING RATHER THAN MORNING INTAKE RELEVANT FOR RISK MARKERS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IN YOUNGER ADULTHOOD? Tanja Diederichs, Christian Herder, Sarah Roßbach, Michael Roden, Stefan A Wudy, Ute Nöthlings, Ute Alexy and Anette E Buyken
SUMMARY of supplemental material Table S1: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) intake as well as morning carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to HOMA2 sensitivity in young adulthood (N=252). Table S2: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) intake as well as morning carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to hepatic steatosis index (HSI) in young adulthood (N=253). Table S3: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to fatty liver index (FLI) in young adulthood (N=253). Table S4: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to fetuin A (mg/l) in young adulthood (N=253). Table S5: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21, pg/ml) in young adulthood (N=253). Table S6: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, pg/ml) in young adulthood (N=249). Table S7: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to omentin (ng/ml) in young adulthood (N=249).
Table S1: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) intake as well as morning intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to HOMA2 sensitivity (%) in young adulthood (N=252). Predicted means 1 of HOMA2 sensitivity (%) by exposure tertiles (exposures: morning GI, GL, low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) low exposure (T1)
average exposure (T2)
p for trend 2
high exposure (T3)
MORNING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
52.2 (50.0; 53.8) 81.2 (75.2; 87.4) 80.9 (75.0; 87.1)
56.3 (55.2; 57.0) 80.2 (74.3; 86.3) 81.4 (75.5; 87.5)
59.6 (58.7; 60.8) 79.2 (73.4; 85.3) 79.8 (74.0; 85.8)
0.78 0.95
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.7 (30.4; 42.7) 75.5 (69.8; 81.4) 76.6 (69.4; 84.1)
36.1 (30.5; 43.0) 81.1 (75.3; 87.1) 81.5 (75.7; 87.5)
45.1 (36.8; 53.9) 84.0 (78.1; 90.2) 84.0 (76.9; 91.5)
0.23 0.96
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
15.4 (12.4; 17.1) 78.7 (72.8; 84.8) 80.7 (74.7; 86.9)
21.3 (19.5; 23.3) 79.0 (73.2; 85.0) 80.1 (74.3; 86.1)
29.0 (26.6; 33.0) 83.0 (77.0; 89.2) 81.4 (75.3; 87.6)
0.27 0.90
25.0 (22.5; 27.2) 79.7 (73.8; 85.8) 80.4 (74.4; 86.6)
32.9 (31.0; 34.3) 81.0 (75.1; 87.1) 82.3 (76.3; 88.5)
39.5 (36.7; 42.8) 79.9 (74.0; 86.0) 79.5 (73.4; 85.8)
0.83 0.99
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
Values in italic refer to median intakes (25th, 75th percentile) in each tertile of the respective exposure. 1 Model-values are least square means (95% confidence intervals) of HOMA2 sensitivity; 2 P-values for models are based on linear regression analyses using continuous exposure variables; 3 Model A (crude model) adjusted for sex and age at blood withdrawal; 4 Model B additionally adjusted for first born child (yes/no), baseline BMI-SDS, baseline morning intake of saturated fatty acids and animal protein; 5 Distinction between carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources with a GI of 55 as cut-off.
Table S2: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) intake as well as morning carbohydrate intake from lowand higher-GI food sources during adolescence to hepatic steatosis index (HSI) in young adulthood (N=253). Predicted means 1 of HSI by exposure tertiles (exposures: morning GI, GL, low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) low exposure (T1)
average exposure (T2)
p for trend 2
high exposure (T3)
MORNING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
52.2 (50.1; 53.8) 29.6 (28.8; 30.5) 29.6 (28.9; 30.3)
56.2 (55.2; 57.0) 30.5 (31.5; 29.6) 30.5 (29.8; 31.3)
59.6 (58.7; 60.8) 30.0 (29.1; 30.9) 30.3 (29.6; 31.0)
0.43 0.42
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.7 (30.4; 41.8) 30.6 (29.7; 31.6) 30.3 (29.5; 31.2)
36.1 (30.7; 43.0) 30.2 (29.4; 31.2) 30.5 (29.8; 31.3)
45.1 (36.8; 53.7) 29.3 (28.5; 30.2) 29.5 (28.7; 30.3)
0.44 0.94
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
15.4 (12.5; 17.3) 31.0 (30.0; 31.9) 30.7 (30.0; 31.5)
21.3 (19.5; 23.3) 29.8 (28.9; 30.7) 30.0 (29.3; 30.7)
29.0 (26.6; 33.0) 29.4 (28.6; 30.3) 29.6 (28.9; 30.4)
0.041 0.24
25.0 (22.6; 27.2) 29.6 (28.8; 30.5) 29.7 (29.0; 30.4)
32.9 (31.0; 34.3) 30.0 (29.1; 30.9) 30.3 (29.6; 31.0)
38.9 (36.6; 42.7) 30.6 (29.7; 31.5) 30.4 (29.6; 31.1)
0.27 0.37
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
Values in italic refer to median intakes (25th, 75th percentile) in each tertile of the respective exposure. 1 Model-values are least square means (95% confidence intervals) of the HSI; 2 P-values for models are based on linear regression analyses using continuous exposure variables; 3 Model A (crude model) adjusted for sex and age at blood withdrawal; 4 Model B additionally adjusted for gestational weight gain, duration of pregnancy and birth weight, maternal educational status (≥12 years of schooling yes/no), maternal overweight (≥25kg/m² yes/no), baseline BMI-SDS, baseline morning intake of saturated fatty acids; 5 Distinction between carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources with a GI of 55 as cut-off.
Table S3: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to fatty liver index (FLI) in young adulthood (N=253). Predicted means 1 of FLI by exposure tertiles (exposures: morning and evening GI, GL, low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) low exposure (T1)
average exposure (T2)
p for trend 2
high exposure (T3)
MORNING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
52.2 (50.1; 53.8) 7.9 (6.7; 9.5) 7.9 (6.8; 9.1)
56.2 (55.2; 57.0) 8.4 (7.1; 10.1) 8.4 (7.3; 9.8)
59.6 (58.7; 60.8) 7.6 (6.4; 9.1) 8.0 (7.0; 9.3)
0.85 0.90
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.7 (30.4; 41.8) 8.5 (7.1; 10.2) 8.0 (6.8; 9.5)
36.1 (30.7; 43.0) 8.4 (7.1; 10.1) 8.9 (7.7; 10.4)
45.1 (36.8; 53.7) 7.1 (6.0; 8.5) 7.4 (6.4; 8.8)
0.47 0.85
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
15.4 (12.5; 17.3) 9.3 (7.8; 11.3) 9.0 (7.7; 10.5)
21.3 (19.5; 23.3) 7.8 (6.6; 9.3) 8.2 (7.1; 9.5)
29.0 (26.6; 33.0) 7.0 (5.9; 8.3) 7.2 (6.2; 8.4)
0.08 0.34
25.0 (22.6; 27.2) 7.4 (6.3; 8.9) 7.6 (6.6; 8.8)
32.9 (31.0; 34.3) 7.5 (6.4; 8.9) 8.0 (7.0; 9.3)
38.9 (36.6; 42.7) 9.1 (7.6; 11.0) 8.7 (7.5; 10.2)
0.30 0.48
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
EVENING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
53.4 (52.4; 54.3) 8.9 (7.5; 10.7) 7.9 (6.8; 9.2)
56.6 (55.9; 57.4) 8.5 (7.1; 10.1) 9.0 (7.8; 10.5)
60.2 (59.2; 61.5) 6.8 (5.8; 8.0) 7.5 (6.5; 8.6)
0.08 0.98
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.6 (26.9; 44.8) 8.3 (7.0; 10.0) 7.9 (6.7; 9.4)
37.0 (31.4; 45.2) 7.1 (6.0; 8.4) 7.7 (6.7; 9.0)
48.5 (39.9; 55.1) 8.6 (7.3; 10.4) 8.7 (7.4; 10.3)
0.62 0.49
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
13.1 (10.3; 14.8) 7.9 (6.6; 9.4) 8.7 (7.5; 10.2)
18.7 (17.2; 20.1) 8.1 (6.9; 9.7) 8.1 (7.1; 9.4)
24.6 (22.8; 28.1) 7.9 (6.7; 9.5) 7.5 (6.5; 8.7)
0.58 0.36
22.8 (20.8; 24.8) 7.5 (6.3; 8.9) 7.0 (6.1; 8.1)
30.2 (28.8; 32.0) 8.0 (6.7; 9.5) 8.4 (7.3; 9.8)
35.5 (33.8; 38.1) 8.5 (7.2; 10.3) 9.0 (7.7; 10.6)
0.58 0.15
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
Values in italic refer to median intakes (25th, 75th percentile) in each tertile of the respective exposure. 1 Model-values are least square means (95% confidence intervals) of the FLI; 2 P-values for models are based on linear regression analyses using continuous exposure variables; 3 Model A (crude model) adjusted for sex and age at blood withdrawal; 4 Model B additionally adjusted for gestational weight gain, duration of pregnancy and birth weight, maternal educational status (≥12 years of schooling yes/no), maternal overweight (≥25kg/m² yes/no), baseline BMI-SDS, baseline morning or evening intake of saturated fatty acids; 5 Distinction between carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources with a GI of 55 as cut-off.
Table S4: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to fetuin A (mg/l) in young adulthood (N=253). Predicted means 1 of fetuin A (mg/l) by exposure tertiles (exposures: morning and evening GI, GL, low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) low exposure (T1)
average exposure (T2)
p for trend 2
high exposure (T3)
MORNING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
52.2 (50.1; 53.8) 273 (263; 284) 276 (266; 286)
56.2 (55.2; 57.0) 270 (260; 280) 269 (259; 279)
59.6 (58.7; 60.8) 278 (267; 288) 278 (268; 289)
0.53 0.77
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.7 (30.4; 41.8) 273 (263; 283) 269 (258; 281)
36.1 (30.7; 43.0) 268.9 (259.0; 279.0) 270.0 (260.1; 280.2)
45.1 (36.8; 53.7) 279 (268; 289) 284 (273; 296)
0.87 0.60
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
15.4 (12.5; 17.3) 273 (263; 283) 274 (263; 284)
21.3 (19.5; 23.3) 274.8 (264.8; 285.1) 274.3 (264.2; 284.7)
29.0 (26.6; 33.0) 273 (263; 283) 275 (264; 286)
0.83 0.75
25.0 (22.6; 27.2) 275 (265; 285) 276 (265; 286)
32.9 (31.0; 34.3) 270 (260; 280) 270 (260; 280)
38.9 (36.6; 42.7) 276 (266; 286) 277 (267; 288)
0.82 0.92
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
EVENING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
53.4 (52.4; 54.3) 270 (260; 280) 271 (261; 282)
56.6 (55.9; 57.4) 275 (265; 286) 276 (266; 287)
60.2 (59.2; 61.5) 275 (265; 285) 275 (265; 285)
0.91 0.74
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.6 (26.9; 44.8) 266 (256; 276) 262 (251; 273)
37.0 (31.4; 45.2) 267 (260; 276) 268 (258; 278)
48.5 (39.9; 55.1) 288 (278; 299) 293 (281; 304)
0.026 0.005
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
13.1 (10.3; 14.8) 274 (264; 284) 275 (265; 286)
18.7 (17.2; 20.1) 272 (262; 282) 273 (263; 283)
24.6 (22.8; 28.1) 274 (264; 284) 275 (264; 285)
0.72 0.74
22.8 (20.8; 24.8) 265 (255; 275) 265 (254; 275)
30.2 (28.8; 32.0) 274 (264; 284) 274 (264; 285)
35.5 (33.8; 38.1) 282 (272; 292) 283 (273; 294)
0.039 0.029
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
Values in italic refer to median intakes (25th, 75th percentile) in each tertile of the respective exposure. 1 Model-values are least square means (95% confidence intervals) of the fetuin A; 2 P-values for models are based on linear regression analyses using continuous exposure variables; 3 Model A (crude model) adjusted for sex and age at blood withdrawal; 4 Model B additionally adjusted for gestational weight gain, duration of pregnancy and birth weight, maternal educational status (≥12 years of schooling yes/no), maternal overweight (≥25kg/m² yes/no), baseline BMI-SDS, baseline morning or evening intake of saturated fatty acids; 5 Distinction between carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources with a GI of 55 as cut-off.
Table S5: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21, pg/ml) in young adulthood (N=253). Predicted means 1 of FGF-21 (pg/ml) by exposure tertiles (exposures: morning and evening GI, GL, low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) low exposure (T1)
average exposure (T2)
p for trend 2
high exposure (T3)
MORNING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
52.2 (50.1; 53.8) 73.5 (59.3; 90.7) 73.9 (59.3; 91.7)
56.2 (55.2; 57.0) 71.9 (58.2; 88.7) 71.5 (57.5; 88.6)
59.6 (58.7; 60.8) 93.4 (75.8; 114.7) 94.2 (76.2; 116.2)
0.09 0.09
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.7 (30.4; 41.8) 73.3 (59.3; 90.5) 64.6 (50.2; 82.8)
36.1 (30.7; 43.0) 78.0 (63.2; 96.0) 79.7 (64.3; 98.4)
45.1 (36.8; 53.7) 86.3 (69.9; 106.2) 96.8 (76.1; 122.7)
0.57 0.12
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
15.4 (12.5; 17.3) 85.3 (68.8; 105.4) 85.1 (68.2; 105.9)
21.3 (19.5; 23.3) 73.0 (59.0; 90.0) 72.4 (58.2; 89.7)
29.0 (26.6; 33.0) 79.4 (64.1; 97.9) 80.8 (64.3; 101.0)
0.46 0.58
25.0 (22.6; 27.2) 67.6 (54.6; 83.4) 66.5 (53.2; 82.8)
32.9 (31.0; 34.3) 91.6 (74.4; 112.5) 90.8 (73.1; 112.3)
38.9 (36.6; 42.7) 79.4 (64.3; 97.9) 82.1 (65.8; 102.1)
0.97 0.24
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
EVENING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
53.4 (52.4; 54.3) 71.3 (57.6; 88.0) 70.6 (56.3; 88.1)
56.6 (55.9; 57.4) 77.9 (63.1; 95.8) 77.0 (62.0; 95.3)
60.2 (59.2; 61.5) 88.9 (72.0; 109.4) 91.0 (73.3; 112.7)
0.22 0.16
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.6 (26.9; 44.8) 77.8 (62.8; 96.2) 80.6 (62.8; 103.0)
37.0 (31.4; 45.2) 76.0 (61.4; 93.7) 76.3 (61.2; 94.8)
48.5 (39.9; 55.1) 83.5 (67.6; 103.0) 80.6 (63.4; 102.0)
0.24 0.34
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
13.1 (10.3; 14.8) 81.4 (65.8; 100.4) 84.3 (67.3; 105.1)
18.7 (17.2; 20.1) 77.9 (63.1; 96.0) 78.0 (63.0; 96.3)
24.6 (22.8; 28.1) 77.8 (62.9; 96.1) 75.7 (60.6; 94.3)
0.74 0.42
22.8 (20.8; 24.8) 72.3 (58.4; 89.3) 71.9 (57.2; 90.1)
30.2 (28.8; 32.0) 80.1 (64.8; 98.6) 80.4 (64.8; 99.3)
35.5 (33.8; 38.1) 85.2 (69.0; 104.9) 85.5 (68.3; 106.8)
0.25 0.27
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
Values in italic refer to median intakes (25th, 75th percentile) in each tertile of the respective exposure. 1 Model-values are least square means (95% confidence intervals) of the FGF-21; 2 P-values for models are based on linear regression analyses using continuous exposure variables; 3 Model A (crude model) adjusted for sex and age at blood withdrawal; 4 Model B additionally adjusted for gestational weight gain, duration of pregnancy and birth weight, maternal educational status (≥12 years of schooling yes/no), maternal overweight (≥25kg/m² yes/no), baseline BMI-SDS, baseline morning or evening intake of saturated fatty acids; 5 Distinction between carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources with a GI of 55 as cut-off.
Table S6: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, pg/ml) in young adulthood (N=249). Predicted means 1 of IL-1ra (pg/ml) by exposure tertiles (exposures: morning and evening GI, GL, low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) low exposure (T1)
average exposure (T2)
p for trend 2
high exposure (T3)
MORNING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
52.2 (50.2; 53.8) 205 (189; 223) 206 (190; 224)
56.2 (55.2; 57.0) 208 (192; 226) 206 (191; 225)
59.5 (58.5; 60.6) 212 (196; 232) 215 (198; 235)
0.51 0.62
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.7 (30.4; 41.6) 202 (187; 220) 198 (182; 216)
35.9 (30.4; 42.9) 210 (194; 229) 212 (196; 231)
45.4 (37.1; 53.9) 213 (196; 233) 218 (200; 240)
0.23 0.08
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
15.4 (12.4; 17.3) 215 (198; 236) 213 (196; 233)
21.4 (19.5; 23.3) 206 (190; 224) 208 (192; 226)
28.8 (26.5; 32.7) 204 (189; 222) 207 (191; 225)
0.58 0.96
25.0 (22.5; 27.2) 205 (190; 224) 206 (190; 225)
32.9 (31.0; 34.3) 201 (186; 218) 201 (187; 219)
38.6 (36.5; 42.8) 220 (202; 241) 221 (202; 242)
0.18 0.21
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
EVENING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
53.3 (52.4; 54.3) 216 (199; 236) 216 (198; 236)
56.6 (55.9; 57.4) 216 (199; 236) 217 (200; 237)
60.2 (59.1; 61.5) 194 (180; 211) 196 (182; 212)
0.19 0.23
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
34.4 (26.9; 44.8) 231 (211; 252) 233 (182; 213)
37.1 (31.3; 44.6) 193 (180; 209) 196 (182; 213)
48.5 (40.0; 55.1) 204 (189; 222) 202 (186; 221)
0.36 0.37
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
13.1 (10.3; 14.7) 204 (189; 222) 204 (188; 222)
18.5 (17.2; 20.0) 210 (194; 229) 211 (195; 230)
24.6 (22.8; 28.2) 211 (194; 230) 213 (196; 233)
0.57 0.41
22.5 (20.8; 24.9) 211 (230; 194) 212 (233; 195)
30.2 (28.8; 32.0) 206 (225; 191) 207 (226; 192)
35.4 (33.7; 38.1) 208 (227; 192) 208 (227; 192)
0.39 0.34
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
Values in italic refer to median intakes (25th, 75th percentile) in each tertile of the respective exposure. 1 Model-values are least square means (95% confidence intervals) of IL-1ra; 2 P-values for models are based on linear regression analyses using continuous exposure variables; 3 Model A (crude model) adjusted for sex and age at blood withdrawal; 4 Model B additionally adjusted for gestational weight gain, maternal educational status (≥12 years of schooling yes/no), baseline BMI-SDS, baseline morning or evening intake of animal protein; 5 Distinction between carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources with a GI of 55 as cut-off.
Table S7: Prospective relation of GI and GL of morning (before 11 am) and evening (after 6 pm) intake as well as morning and evening intake from low- and higher-GI food sources during adolescence to omentin (ng/ml) in young adulthood (N=249) Predicted means 1 for omentin (ng/ml) by exposure tertiles (exposures: morning and evening GI, GL, low-GI-CHO, higher-GI-CHO) low exposure (T1)
average exposure (T2)
p for trend 2
high exposure (T3)
MORNING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
52.2 (50.2; 53.8) 364 (343; 386) 362 (341; 384)
56.2 (55.2; 57.0) 373 (352; 396) 375 (354; 398)
59.5 (58.5; 60.6) 401 (378; 426) 400 (377; 424)
0.011 0.003
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
35.7 (30.4; 41.6) 379 (357; 403) 374 (351; 399)
35.9 (30.4; 42.9) 370 (349; 393) 370 (349; 392)
45.4 (37.1; 53.9) 389 (366; 413) 393 (369; 418)
0.32 0.09
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
15.4 (12.4; 17.3) 393 (370; 418) 397 (373; 422)
21.4 (19.5; 23.3) 368 (347; 391) 366 (345; 388)
28.8 (26.5; 32.7) 377 (355; 400) 375 (353; 398)
0.29 0.13
25.0 (22.5; 27.2) 371 (350; 394) 366 (344; 389)
32.9 (31.0; 34.3) 380 (358; 403) 377 (356; 400)
38.6 (36.5; 42.8) 386 (364; 411) 394 (370; 419)
0.41 0.10
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
EVENING Glycemic index (GI) Median GI Model A 3 Model B 4 Glycemic load (GL)
53.3 (52.4; 54.3) 367 (346; 390) 370 (346; 391)
56.6 (55.9; 57.4) 379 (357; 402) 379 (357; 402)
60.2 (59.1; 61.5) 392 (370; 417) 390 (367; 414)
0.13 0.21
Median GL Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with low-GI 5
34.4 (26.9; 44.8) 370 (348; 393) 371 (348; 396)
37.1 (31.3; 44.6) 393 (370; 417) 388 (366; 412)
48.5 (40.0; 55.1) 375 (354; 398) 377 (354; 402)
0.96 0.97
Median low-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4 CHO with higher-GI 5
13.1 (10.3; 14.7) 385 (363; 409) 384 (361; 408)
18.5 (17.2; 20.0) 386 (364; 410) 386 (364; 409)
24.6 (22.8; 28.2) 367 (346; 389) 367 (346; 390)
0.23 0.26
22.5 (20.8; 24.9) 379 (357; 402) 379 (356; 404)
30.2 (28.8; 32.0) 389 (364; 410) 385 (363; 409)
35.4 (33.7; 38.1) 373 (351; 396) 372 (351; 396)
0.66 0.64
Median higher-GI-CHO (E%) Model A 3 Model B 4
Values in italic refer to median intakes (25th, 75th percentile) in each tertile of the respective exposure. 1 Model-values are least square means (95% confidence intervals) of omentin; 2 P-values for models are based on linear regression analyses using continuous exposure variables; 3 Model A (crude model) adjusted for sex and age at blood withdrawal; 4 Model B additionally adjusted for gestational weight gain, maternal educational status (≥12 years of schooling yes/no), baseline BMI-SDS, baseline morning or evening intake of animal protein; 5 Distinction between carbohydrate intake from low- and higher-GI food sources with a GI of 55 as cut-off.
