Supporting Information

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Fig. S1. Heat maps of the number of observations of frog spawning dates within 25 × 25-km grid-cells for each year in the period 1998–2006. Phillimore et al.
Supporting Information Phillimore et al. 10.1073/pnas.0913792107 1998

1999

2001

2002

2000

Number of observations 0 1 2-5 6-10 11-50 > 50

2004

2005

2003

2006

Fig. S1. Heat maps of the number of observations of frog spawning dates within 25 × 25-km grid-cells for each year in the period 1998–2006.

Phillimore et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0913792107

1 of 6

Phillimore et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0913792107

2 of 6

Population

+ year

Population

+ year

Population

January,

mean

January,

mean

January,

+ year

to −2.74)

to −9.91)

maximum

January,

maximum

January,

mean

January,

mean

+ year

Population

+ year

Population

year

+ subpopulation/

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

year

+ subpopulation/

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

100 km

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

+ 50 km

100 km

to −13.74)

(−20.39

−16.5

to −10.5)

(−15.03 —



to −2.92)

to −9.61)

−12.95

(−6.91

(−16.82

−5.1

to −2.92)

to −9.64)

−12.91

(−7.61

−5.41





(−15.11

−12.72

to −8.97)

Population

+ population/year

January,

(−15.96

+ year

mean

−12.74

+ population/year

Population

January,

150 km

(−14.72

+ year

mean

−12.48

Population

January,

100 km

to −9.06)

+ population/

year

(−12.34

+ year



to −2.64)

to −11.49) −10.92

(−6.45

(−19.77

−4.11

to −11.91) −16.06

mean

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

(−6.7

−4.4







slope

subpopulation

Between-

(−18.57

−14.98

to −9.71)

(−17.08

−13.55

to −10.92)

(−16.27

−13.69

to −9.6)

(−13.19

−11.44

slope

population

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ 50 km

100 km

150 km

100 km

50 km

definition

Population

January,

mean

January,

+ subpopulation

+ year

mean

Population

mean

effects

variable

January,

Random

Between-

(−7–0.22)

−3.57

(−7.29–0.5)

−3.61

(−7.29–1.41)

−3.25

(−7.26–1.66)

−3.35

(−7.49–1.52)

−2.8

(−7.3–1.49)

−3.06

(−7.54–1.67)

−2.98

(−8.46–0.82)

−3.6

(−8.79–0.65)

−3.68

(−8.25–0.27)

−3.83

(−7.81–0.93)

−3.52

(−8–1.03)

−3.24

slope

Year

3.43)





to −2.17)

(−4.89

−3.44

to −2.78)

(−5.32

−3.89

to −1.6)

(−4.23





(−5.52–0.05)

−2.61

2.44)

−0.43(−3.52–

(−7–0.22)

−3.57

(−7.29–0.5)

(−18.16 to −8.25) to −2.1)

−12.89

to −4.81)

(−14.17

−8.45

(−2.51

−2.31

to −1.08)

(−1.49

−1.27

to −5.99) to −1.43) to −1.33)

−3.61

(−14.04

−10.03

to −6.63)

(−13.21

−9.75

to −5.43)

(−13.66

(−1.93

−1.67

to −1.43)

(−1.94

−1.69

to −2.56)

(−2.98

−9.33

(−4.84

−2.98

to −0.92)

(−4.44

−2.64

to −0.7)

(−5.29

−2.78

to −5.7) −3.06

to −2.78) —

to −0.98)

−2.84

to −2.4)

−8.78 (−12.04

−2.97 (−3.23

−3.37 (−5.4



to −4.57)

(−4.67

−3.62

to −1.45)

to −1.26)

to −2.58)

(−10.38

1.03)





(−4.3–

−1.99

0.47)

(−5.19–

−2.43







4.31)

to −6.53) −7.38

to −1.68) −1.73

(−5.96– (−18.65 (−2.19

−0.63

to −6.34) −12.85

to −1.69) −1.91

(−6.61–

−1.06







(−17.56

−11.26

to −4.82)

(−15.97

−10.6

to −4.57)

(−14.88

−10.18

to −2.9)

(−12.53

−7.93

Δb Slope difference 2c

(−2.16

−1.97

to −2.63)

(−3.07

−2.87

to −2.88)

(−3.29

−3.12

to −1.71)

(−2.16

−1.94

(−1.93

−3.26

0.82)

(−8.46–

−3.6

0.65)

(−8.79–

−3.68

0.27)

(−8.25–

−3.83

0.93)

(−7.81–

−3.52

(−8–1.03)

−3.24

slope

slopea

1b

Δb Slope difference

Residual

withinpopulation

Pooled mean

(−5.9













slope

year

Subpopulation/

(−4.7

−3.73











slope

year

Population/

Posterior modes for slope coefficients and model fit across 60 models with varying random effects and temperature variables

Temperature

Table S1.

538,841

523,585

508,475

508,504

533,622

526,778

508,596

514,229

514,228

537,200

530,951

514,231

DIC

0.39

0.27

0.43

0.4

0.42

0.39

0.3

0.46

0.39

0.4

0.4

0.29

R2

Phillimore et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0913792107

3 of 6

minimum

January,

minimum

January,

minimum

January,

minimum

January,

minimum

January,

maximum

January,

maximum

January,

maximum

January,

maximum

January,

maximum

January,

maximum

January,

maximum

January,

maximum

to −1.67)

to −2.37) (−5.78 to −2.66)

to −8.66)

+ year

−4.39

to −8.65) −12.01

(−5.95

−4.47





(−14.4

−11.84

to −7.12)

(−13.35

−10.07

to −8.33)

(−12.84

−10.19

to −7.85)

(−10.94



to −2.14)

to −9.61)

−9.43

(−6.94

−5.07

(−18.54

−13.92

to −2.34)

to −10.36)

(−16.31

150 km + 50 km

+ 50 km

100 km

150 km

100 km

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

(−7.57

(−17.09

−4.73





+ subpopulation

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ year

Population

+ year

Population

+ year

Population

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

+ 50 km

to −9.81) −13.61

+ population/year

Population

(−18.13

+ year 100 km

to −10.74) −14.39

+ population/year

−13.63

(−8.63–2.68)

−3.62

(−8.74–1.7)

−2.94

(−7.48–1.82)

−2.81

(−9.01–1.53)

−3.26

(−8.5–1.96)

−2.83

(−7.44–0.64)

−2.9

(−7.14–0.43)

−3.48

(−7.64–0.61)

−3.25

(−7.06–0.38)

−3.29

(−6.81–0.5)











to −1.74)

(−4.18

−2.83

to −1.97)

(−4.17

−3.05

to −1.19)

(−3.53

−2.3

to −1.62)

(−3.84

0.25











(−3.47–1.82)

−1.08

(−3.21–3.06)



2.68)

(−8.63–

−3.62

(−8.74–1.7)

−2.94

1.82)

(−7.48–

−2.81

1.53)

(−9.01–

−3.26

(−8.5–1.96)

−2.83

to −0.8)

(−4.1

−2.45

to −0.55)

(−3.81

−2.13

to −0.42)

(−4.75

−2.9

to −1.32)

(−5.12

−2.95

to −1.07) —

to −1.73) −2.8

(−4.88

(−3.69

to −0.8)

to −1.56)

to −1.76)

(−2.16

−1.98

to −1.75)

(−2.17

−1.96

to −2.68)

(−3.06

to −2.51)

(−15.98

−9.34

to −2.48)

(−14.48

−7.95

to −1.26)

(−12.57

−7.68

to −2.77) −2.85

(−12.75 (−3.16

−7.55

to −1.75) −2.98

(−11.51

−6.34

to −7.06)

(−16.8

−11.56

to −8.08)

(−15.43

−11.11

to −7.1)

(−16.27

−10.8

to −7.53)

(−14.18

−9.66

to −5.62)

(−11.16

−8.14

(−2.18

−1.95

to −1.15)

(−1.61

−1.39

to −1.17)

(−1.6

−1.37

to −1.85)

(−2.26

−2.06

to −2.23)

(−2.65

−2.47

to −1.15)

(−1.61

−1.36

4.46)

(−7.49–

−0.76

4.55)

(−6.47–

−0.85







0.69)

(−5.37–

−2.39

0.07)

(−6.06–

−2.8







4.06)

−3.07

to −8.91)



to −1.07)

−2.61

to −0.26)

−3.5

to −0.26)



to −1.64)

to −13.65) −11.32

(−16.5 150 km

3.94) −0.41

to −9.22) −15.75

to −1.05) −1.26

(−5.05–

−0.51

(−21.03

(−1.5

(−4.57–

+ year

Population

to −9.04) −15.26



(−21.16

−4.18

0.35)

(−7.22–

to −1.74) −1.27

(−20.56

−14.57

(−1.49

to −9.42) 100 km

to −0.48) −3.72

(−2.14

−1.91

(−7.96





(−7.2

−3.93

(−7.96







(−6.13

−4.18

(−7.22–0.35)

−3.72



Δb Slope difference 2c

(−23.65

−3.77

to −14.35) −19.43

(−6.72

(−23.05

+ population/year

Population

−4.58

to −0.48)

−18.42

to −13.55)

−3.93 (−7.2



(−22.6

−18.74

slope

slopea

slope

slope

slope

slope

slope

1b

Δb Slope difference

Residual

withinpopulation

year

year

Year

subpopulation

population

(−13.48

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

+ 50 km

100 km

150 km

definition

Population

Pooled mean Subpopulation/

Population/

Between-

Between-

+ year

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ year

Population

effects

variable

January,

Random

Cont.

Temperature

Table S1.

525,830

525,828

551,083

542,137

525,834

517,338

517,388

539,065

534,077

517,473

523,586

523,586

543,265

DIC

0.44

0.36

0.36

0.37

0.28

0.41

0.38

0.41

0.38

0.27

0.39

0.41

0.44

R2

Phillimore et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0913792107

4 of 6

Population

February,

+ year

to −1.8)

to −0.21)

to −1.66)

to −6.93)

(−6.18 to −0.5)

(−16.88 to −7.24)

+ year

+ population/year

mean

to −0.91)

(−2.68

to −1.21)

(−4.08

to −1.94)

(−2.35

−2.13

to −5.06)

(−14.72

−9.9

to −5.73) −2.37

to −2.28) —

to −1.27) −1.86

to −1.46) −3.08

to −0.37) —

to −8.86) −12.4

+ population/year

Population

February,

150 km

(−12.92 (−2.71 (−4.24 (−2.89 (−6.17

(−15.5

+ year

−9.6

mean

−2.5

to −4.17) −2.74

to −1.21) —

to −1.43) −2.16

to −1.82) −3.17

to −0.54) —

to −7.51)

+ population/year

Population

February,

−11.99

(−9.41 (−1.69 (−4.32 (−3.09 (−6.26

−6.93

(−11.85

−1.41







3.27) −2.64

to −6.69) —

to −1.68) −2.53

to −0.56) −2.97

to −0.56)



to −1.55)

to −9.55) −9.89

+ year 100 km

2.68) 0.09 (−3.54–

−14.97 (−22.97

−1.88

(−4.16–

−0.44

(−2.09

−2.95

(−20.39

(−5.89



(−2.1

(−5.89



(−5.68

(−5.78

−2.9

to −0.21)

(−5.68

−13.1







0.48)

(−4.29–

−1.84

0.5)

(−5.29–

−2.46



538,367

532,480

514,728

527,661

527,662

547,511

542,822

527,669

514,222

514,223

545,394

534,242

514,375





DIC

Δb Slope difference 2c

(−25.13

−3.38

to −10.52) −17.69

(−5.89

(−22.69

−1.85

to −4.26) −3.18

to −2.06) —

to −0.52) —

to −0.52) −3.18

to −8.08) −16.24

(−16.9 (−2.44

mean

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

to −6.19) −12.1 (−5.53

−2.24

(−5.53

−3.19

(−16.3

−11.01

(−20.01



to −2.43)



to −0.57)

−3.19

to −0.57) —

to −10.26) −13.82

(−2.82

−2.68 (−5.53

−3.45

(−5.53



(−18.92



to −3.67)

−3.45

to −1.69)



to −0.51)

−14.36

to −0.51)

−7.11

to −5.73)

to −1.43)

−1.9

(−13.11

−9.49

to −6)

(−12.05

(−1.94

−1.67

to −1.47)

(−1.91

−8.56

to −3.58)

(−11.58

to −7.69)

−3.64

to −0.65)

(−4.09

−2.54

to −0.29)

(−3.87

−1.67

to −2.57)

(−2.96

to −3.69) −7.65

(−10.73



(−3.11–0.14)

−1.7

(−2.71–1.54)

−2.06

0.22)

(−4.84–

to −2.67) −2.79

(−10.56

(−2.1



to −1.37)

(−3.84

−2.69

to −1.72)

(−3.87

to −0.19) −2.6

(−3.08

(−5.88

−4.06

−0.63



(−5.16

−6.91

(−5.88

−3.64

(−8.31–1.84)

−3.57

(−7.7–2.21)

−2.67

to −0.93)

(−3.33

−2.34

to −1.54)

(−3.62

−2.89

to −3.08)

−2.71

to −1.45)



to −0.22)

−2.69

to −1.58)

−6.65 (−8.99

−1.7 (−1.93

−2.84

slope

slopea

1b

Δb Slope difference

Residual

withinpopulation

(−5.52



slope

year

Pooled mean

(−3.33

−2.49

slope

year

Subpopulation/

(−12.65



to −2.86)

to −8.58)

−10.56

(−5.74

(−15.23

−4.3

to −2.47)

to −8.28)

−11.64

(−6.54

(−13.51

−2.76

(−7.39–1.69)

−2.65

(−8.18–1.87)

−2.74

(−8.05–2.3)

−3.14

slope

Year

Population/

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ 50 km

100 km

150 km

100 km

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

+ 50 km

−4.51







slope

subpopulation

Between-

February,

mean

February,

+ subpopulation

+ year

mean

mean

Population

Population + year

Population + year

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

−10.4

to −7.19) 100 km

+ population/year

Population

(−13.77

+ year

−10.31

to −7.98) 150 km

+ population/year

Population

(−12.37

−10.16

+ year

100 km

to −7.82)

Population

+ population/year

−9.49

slope

population

(−10.77

50 km

definition

Population

Between-

+ year

February,

mean

February,

mean

February,

minimum

January,

minimum

January,

minimum

January,

minimum

January,

minimum

Population

effects

variable

January,

Random

Cont.

Temperature

Table S1.

0.37

0.34

0.23

0.36

0.31

0.3

0.27

0.19

0.45

0.35

0.38

0.36

0.29

R2

Phillimore et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0913792107

5 of 6

maximum

February,

maximum

February,

maximum

February,

maximum

February,

maximum

February,

maximum

February,

maximum

February,

maximum

February,

maximum

February,

mean

February,

mean

−3.19

to −0.35)

to −0.75)

−2.7

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

+ 50 km

(−6.67 to −1.19)

(−17.72 to −8.36)

to −0.19)

(−5.19

−2.84

to −0.01)

−13.03

to −6.82) 100 km

+ population/year

Population

(−5.39

(−18.66

−2.59

+ year



to −0.18)

−13.11

to −9.39) 150 km

+ population/year

Population

(−5.53

(−17.77

+ year

to −1.89)

(−3.15

−2.42

to −1.16)

(−2.74

−2.13

to −1.61)

(−2.91

−1.12 (−4.26–1.53)



to −0.81)

(−3.44

−2.43

to −0.94)

(−3.74

−2.44

to −1.16)

(−3.95

−2.51

to −0.81)

(−1.23

−1.03

to −1.41)

(−1.78

−1.61

to −1.77)

(−2.16

−1.92

to −6.27)

(−15.85

−10.23

to −3.8)

(−16.49

−10.6

to −6.78)

(−15.49

−11

to −4.44) —

to −0.82) −2.17

to −1.34)

−2.84

to −2.1)



to −0.01)

−13.33

to −7.36) 100 km

+ population/year

Population

(−9.91 (−1.24 (−3.89

−3.99

to −12.38) −7.06

(−3.25

−1.05

(−30.1

−19.6

to −12.39)

(−29.58

−18.95

to −10.83)

(−27.74

−18.67

to −11.61)

(−23.43

−17.33

(−5.1

−2.76

to −1.32) —

to −0.59)

−2.86

to −0.59)



to −0.39)

−10.15

to −14.77)

−1.48

to −1.32)

(−1.69

−1.51

to −1.64)

(−2

(−1.7

−2.58

to −0.58)

(−4.9

−2.79

to −0.35)

(−4.81

to −2.01) −1.81

(−5.14



to −0.41) −2.86

(−2.37

−2.19

(−5.14







(−4.96

−2.75

(−5.14

−2.58

to −0.58)

(−4.9







(−31.65

−2.29

to −14.7) −22.4

(−5.78

(−30.98

−2.79

to −13.36) −21.7

(−4.81

(−29.67

−2.86

to −0.41) —

to −15.18) −21.72

(−4.96

(−25.82



to −5.69)

−2.75

to −1.34)



to −0.81)

−19.5

to −0.81)

−9.44

to −6.11)

(−13.93

−10.56

to −8.84)

−1.49

to −1.2)

(−1.68

−1.44

(−13.17

−2.73

to −0.95)

(−3.68

−2.27

(−1.69



(−4.01–1.53)

−0.73

1.5)

(−4.84–

−1.79







3.35)

(−3.15–

−0.24

2.72)

(−3.6–

−0.61







0.94)

(−4.98–

−1.86

0.94)

to −6.11)

to −1.2)

to −0.95)

(−5.22



to −1.73)

(−3.17

−2.49

(−4.98–

−1.86

(−13.93

−10.56

(−1.68

−1.44

Δb Slope difference 2c

(−3.68

−2.27

slope

slopea

1b

Δb Slope difference

Residual

withinpopulation

Pooled mean

(−5.22

−2.73

to −0.18)

(−6.43

−3.13

(−4.01–1.53)

−0.73

slope

year

Subpopulation/

(−15.03



to −1.92)

to −8.23)

−11.98

(−6.83

(−15.68

−4.77

to −1.73)

to −0.18)

to −1.92)

to −8.23)

−12.41

(−3.17

−2.49

slope

year

(−6.43

−3.13

slope

Year

(−6.83

−4.77

slope

subpopulation

Population/

(−15.68

−12.41

slope

population

Between-

(−12.47

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

+ 50 km

100 km

150 km

100 km

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

+ 50 km

100 km

definition

Population

Between-

+ year

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

Population + year

Population + year

Population + year

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

effects

variable

February,

Random

Temperature

Table S1. Cont.

529,630

548,751

545,052

529,727

541,310

541,312

557,555

554,624

541,318

514,630

514,630

DIC

0.27

0.27

0.28

0.2

0.39

0.36

0.31

0.33

0.2

0.35

0.35

R2

Phillimore et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0913792107

6 of 6

−3.96

−3.09

(−6.08–0.13)

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

+ 50 km

150 km

+ 50 km

(−5.62 to −2.16)

(−16.34 to −7.72)

−4.01

to −0.1)

(−6.06

−3.44

to −0.32)

(−2.08

−1.25

to −0.82)

to −0.15)

to −2.42)

to −7.31)

−10.64

(−2.27

(−6.6

(−6.32

(−13.66

−1.4

to−0.12)

−3.01

to −0.26)

−10.71

to −7.33) 100 km

+ population/year

Population

(−1.83

(−6.06

(−14.8

−1.07

to −0.7)

(−2.08

−1.3

to −0.86)

(−2.13

−1.51

+ year

−3.39

to−0.2) —

to −7.2) −10.19

+ population/year 150 km

(−6.16

(−13.05

+ year

−3.28

to −0.07)

−10.24





to −1.47)

to −6.58) −8.78

(−4.9

(−19.04

−0.66

to −0.3)

(−3.38

−1.64

(−2.88–1.42)







to −1.95)

to −0.9)

(−3.12

to −1.34)

(−1.79

−1.58

to −5.18)

(−14.1

−8.83

0.01)

(−3.94–

−1.92

to −0.03) to −5.29) to −1.32) to −0.54)

−2.15

(−4.75 (−12.19

−2.39







3.4)

(−3.47–

−0.65

(−1.79

−8.71

to −4.81)

(−12.75

−9.07

to −4.48)

(−10.94

−8.31

to −3.68)

(−8.29

−5.87

to −2.52)

(−16.9

−10.28

(−3.14

−1.56

to −0.48) −1.83

(−2.33

−2.16

to −2.3)

(−2.72

−2.49

to −1.34)

(−1.82

−1.53

to −1.56)

(−1.97

(−3.45

−2.2

to −0.76)

(−3.82

−2.28

to −0.78)

(−4.17

−2.28

0.13)

(−6.08–

−1.73

3.24)

−3.04

to −3.34)



to −1.55)



to −0.06)

−3.04

to −0.06)

−3.06

to −1.64)

−0.32





to −6.76) −12.29

to −6.6)

Population

to −0.65) −9.13

to −1.95) −1.74

(−12.42

−6.3

to −1.66)

(−11.69

(−2.31

−2.12

to −2.29)

(−2.67

to −1.18) −6.92

(−3.81–

−3.13

(−6.19–0.1)

−3.26

(−5.9–0.02)

to −1.56) −2.47



(−15.1

+ population/year

Population

0.18) −3.06

(−9.09

−4.56

(−1.96







(−1.95

−1.75

(−5.77







(−6.17–

−3.07

(−5.77

−3.13

(−6.19–0.1)

−3.26

(−5.9–0.02)

−3.06



2.69)

to −3.93)

to −0.81)

to −1.68)

to −1.63)

to −1.57)



(−3.25–

−0.65

(−16.28

−9.58

(−1.22

−1.02

(−3.98

−2.82

(−5.72

−3.05

(−3.07

−2.29

(−5.35

−3.69





(−6.17–0.18)

−3.07

(−5.55–0.02)

(−6.75

100 km

−2.69

Δb Slope difference 2c

(−17.1

−11.67

to −4.56)

(−14.58

−9.56

to −6.46)

(−13.79

−10.29

to −5.46)

(−9.97



to −0.82)

to −7.26)

−7.71

(−6.13

−3.26

(−19.15

−12.86

(−10.08

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

+ 50 km

100 km

150 km

100 km

50 km

+ 50 km

150 km

slope

slopea

slope

slope

slope

slope

slope

1b

Δb Slope difference

Residual

withinpopulation

year

year

Year

subpopulation

population

+ year

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ year

+ subpopulation

Population

+ year

Population

+ year

Population

+ year

Population

+ subpopulation/year

+ population/year

+ year

+ subpopulation

definition

Population

Pooled mean Subpopulation/

Population/

Between-

Between-

513,742

513,760

543,622

533,617

513,900

529,290

529,290

553,171

545,336

529,298

529,587

DIC

0.37

0.33

0.38

0.34

0.23

0.29

0.25

0.25

0.24

0.16

0.31

R2

Models were run for 13,000 iterations with a burn-in of 3,000 iterations and sampling every 10 iterations, except for the January mean temperature model with the lowest DIC. This model differed in that 103,000 iterations were used. Highest posterior densities (95%) are reported in parentheses. Dashes indicate that the relevant random effect was not included in the model; therefore, variance components required for calculating a slope were not estimated. a Pooled mean of the year, population/year, and subpopulation/year slopes. b Slope difference 1: between-population slope minus pooled mean within-population slope. c Slope difference 2: between-subpopulation slope minus pooled mean within-population slope.

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

minimum

February,

maximum

Population

effects

variable

February,

Random

Temperature

Table S1. Cont.