4126 Advances in Life Sciences Advances in Life Sciences 5(10), Print : ISSN 2278-3849, 4126-4131, 20165(10), 2016
Survey for Incidence of Rhizoctonia Root Rot in Major Soybean Growing States Y.K. BELKAR* AND R.M. GADE Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S) 444 104 *email:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT An intensive rapid roving field survey was conducted to assess the distribution and incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot and to collect the infected plant samples in major soybean growing states viz., Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh of India. The disease incidence was noticed in all the locations surveyed with a range from 3.29 to 40.33 per cent. Among the locations surveyed, maximum root rot incidence was observed in Sehore (40.33 %) of Sehore district and least in Karnawad village (3.29%) of Dewas district from Madhya Pradesh. Key words
Rhizoctonia root rot, Survey, Soybean
Soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merill is a protein rich oilseed crop. It is considered as a golden bean, miracle bean and wonder crop of the 21st century because of its characters and usage. Soybean evolved from Glycine ursuriensis, a wild legume native to china, which has been used in china since eleventh century B. C. Though, soybean is a legume crop but it is widely used as oilseed due to its poor cooking ability on account of inherent presence of trypsin inhibitor that limits its usage as pulse crop. In India, it has been grown for centuries in the low hills of Kumaun and Garhwal region of Himalaya. Cultivation of soybean in India was negligible till 1970, but production rapidly increased crossing over 6 million tonnes in 2004. At present area under soybean cultivation is 108.83 Lakh ha with a production of 104.35 Lakh MT (Anon., 2014).The major states which cultivate soybean are Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Gujrat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka , Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Soybean crop can be attacked by more than 100 pathogens (Sinclair and Shurlleff ,1975). In India, losses due to various diseases are estimated as 12 per cent of total production. The diseases
include rust, wilts, leaf spot, rots and powdery mildew, bacterial and viral diseases. Among these, soil borne diseases like root rot or collar rot or charcoal rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia sp .and Fusarium sp. are gaining more importance as they reduce the plant population in the field resulting in the heavy yield losses. Charcoal rot of soybean is an important disease under rainfed environment to cause yield loss about 6 to 33 % (Mengistu et al., 2011). Plant losses up to 77 per cent reported in soybean due to Rhizoctonia bataticola (Muthusamy and Mariappan, 1991). Yield losses 30-50 per cent due to Macrophomina phaseolina in soybean crop has been reported (Yang and Navi, 2005). Rhizoctonia bataticola reduces the yield of soybean by 2-21 per cent (Wrather and Koenning, 2006). Looking into the magnitude of the disease, an intensive rapid roving field survey was conducted to know the incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot in major soybean growing states.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Survey for incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot in major soybean growing areas: An intensive rapid roving field survey was conducted to know the incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot in major soybean growing states viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh of the country during kharif, 2012 and 2013. In Madhya Pradesh, survey was conducted in places like Pilaepipalai, Dharmpuri, Kajlana (Indore district), Devas, Khategaon, Karnavad, Bagankheda, Ranibagh (Devas district), Banger, Narvar, Ujjain (Ujjain district), Nimakhedi, Kolipura-Tapper, Sandalpur (Harda district), Seyakhedi, Kotari, Sehore (Sehore district), Jabalpur, Shahapua and Bhitoni (Jabalpur district). In Maharashtra, survey was conducted in Akola, Buldhana, Amravati, Wardha, Nagpur, Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur districts. From Karnataka state, places like Belgaum, Athani, Uggar
BELKAR and GADE, Survey for Incidence of Rhizoctonia Root Rot in Major Soybean Growing States
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Table 1. Survey for incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot in major soybean growing areas State
District
Indore
Dewas
Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Harda
Sehore
Jabalpur
Place/Village
GPS Location of the Place
Per cent incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot (Mean)
Pilaepipalai
22036’47.71’’N 75040’56.24’’E
6.28
Dharampuri
22009’22.24’’N 75020’59.87’’E
5.31
Kajlana
22056’32.66’’N 75051’43.60’’E
39.36
Dewas
22057’44.16’’N 76003’02.86’’E
13.91
Khategaon
22035’30.58’’N 76054’24.34’’E
14.15
Karnawad
22043’49.00’’N 76014’30.00’’E
3.29
Bagankheda
22041’52.44’’N 76042’17.24’’E
5.50
Ranibagh
22040’12.17’’N 75052’46.34’’E
28.66
Banger
23012’38.69’’N 75033’16.02’’E
16.55
Narvar
23030’43.23’’N 75051’59.63’’E
31.62
Ujjain
23010’45.48’’N 75047’05.67’’E
20.40
Nimakhedi
22020’07.96’’N 77005’58.59’’E
14.76
Kolipura-Tapper
22020’39.23’’N 77006’42.51’’E
34.93
Sandalpur
22021’57.13’’N 77005’10.58’’E
17.38
Seyakhedi
23012’18.04’’N 77005’06.28’’E
25.24
Kotari
23012’53.54’’N 77004’42.86’’E
27.84
Sehore
23012’18.04’’N 75052’46.34’’E
40.33
Jabalpur
23010’00.00’’N 79056’00.00’’E
31.95
Shahapura
23038’19.62’’N 79040’07.27’’E
8.64
Bhitoni
23001’02.96’’N 79028’38.56’’E
15.11
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Akola
20043’59.88’’N 77000’00.00’’E
24.12
Amaravati
20055’33.00’’N 77045’53.00’’E
37.44
Madani
21011’36.76’’N 78026’06.18’’E
26.39
Buldhana
20031’59.88’’N 76010’59.88’’E
17.49
Nagpur
21008’44.88’’N 79005’17.36’’E
19.72
Umbraj
17024’05.54’’N 74006’07.10’’E
26.27
Karanje
17041’39.11’’N 73059’35.83’’E
26.04
Sangli
16052’01.20’’N 74034’01.20’’E
25.26
Kurundwad
16041’16.44’’N 74035’28.68’’E
23.88
Kini
16051’58.98’’N 74017’55.04’’E
28.36
Tandulwadi
16055’31.63’’N 74017’19.39’’E
24.70
Belgaum
15051’00.00’’N 74030’00.00’’E
15.67
Athani
16043’36.77’’N 75003’50.73’’E
26.07
Uggar
16039’29.52’’N 74049’17.29’’E
32.60
Dharwad
15027’32.12’’N 75000’28.11’’E
27.24
Hubli
15021’52.95’’N 75007’26.24’’E
15.34
Kota
25012’49.74’’N 75051’53.11’’E
18.26
Udaipur
Udaipur
24034’48.00’’N 73040’48.00’’E
18.90
Bhilwara
Bhilwara
25019’16.96’’N 74035’13.03’’E
32.31
Adilabad
Adilabad
19034’18.26’’N 78032’12.85’’E
34.06
Akola Amaravai Wardha Buldhana Nagpur
Maharashtra Satara
Sangli
Kolhapur
Belgaum Karnataka
Dharwad
Kota
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
F Test
Sig
S.E (M)±
2.15
C.D at (p=0.05)
6.08
BELKAR and GADE, Survey for Incidence of Rhizoctonia Root Rot in Major Soybean Growing States
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Plate 1. Geographic locations of Rhizoctonia bataticola isolates from major soybean growing states of India
(Belgaum), Dharwad and Hubli (Dharwad district) were selected. From Rajasthan, root rot infected samples were collected from Kota, Udaipur and Bhilwara districts, whereas Adilabad (Adilabad district) was surveyed for root rot incidence of soybean from Andhra Pradesh.
Root rot infected samples were collected from the fields of the above different places. Three to four samples were taken from single site. Each sample was taken in paper bag and labeled immediately. The collected samples were further analyzed and used for isolation and detection of respective root rot pathogen.
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Determination of Rhizoctonia root rot disease incidence: The diseased plants associated with root infecting fungi causing root rot was noted for the determination of disease incidence. In a field, one meter area marked at five places randomly, and then number of diseased and total number of plants counted. In such a way, three fields were selected from each village and the per cent disease incidence was calculated by using the following formula, Total number of infected plants Per cent disease incidence=———————x 100 Total number of plants observed
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Survey for incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot and collection of disease samples: An intensive rapid roving field survey was conducted to assess the distribution and incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot and to collect the infected plant samples in major soybean growing states viz., Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh during kharif 2012 and 2013. The soybean growing areas of the above mentioned states were surveyed as explained in material and methods and the data generated are presented in Plate 1 and Table 1. The survey indicated that the disease was present throughout the states wherever soybean was grown. The disease incidence was noticed in all the locations surveyed with a range from 3.29 to 40.33 per cent. Among the locations surveyed, maximum root rot incidence was observed in Sehore (40.33 %) of Sehore district and least in Karnawad village (3.29%) of Dewas district from Madhya Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, survey was conducted in 6 districts viz., Indore, Dewas, Ujjain, Harda, Sehore and Jabalpur. In Indore district, maximum disease incidence was observed in Kajlana (39.36 %) followed by Pilaepipalai (6.28%) and least incidence of 5.31 per cent was in Dharampuri. In Dewas district, highest disease incidence was observed Ranibagh (28.66 %) followed by Khategaon (14.15 %), Dewas (13.91%) and least in Bagankheda (5.50 %) and Karnawad (3.29 %). In Ujjain district, disease incidence of 20.40 and 16.55 per cent was recorded in Ujjain and Banger, respectively whereas maximum incidence of 31.62
per cent was noticed in Narwar. In Harda district, maximum disease incidence was observed in Kolipura-Tapper (34.93 %) followed by Sandalpur (17.38 %) and Nimakhedi (14.76 %). Maximum disease incidence was observed in Sehore (40.33 %) followed by Kotari (27.84 %) and Seyakhedi (25.24 %) belongs to Sehore district. In Jabalpur district, disease incidence of 31.95 per cent was recorded in Jabalpur while 15.11 and 8.64 per cent in Bhitoni and Shahapura, respectively. A field survey was extensively carried out in 8 districts viz., Akola, Amravati, Wardha, Buldhana, Nagpur, Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur of Maharashtra. Among the locations surveyed, maximum root rot incidence was noticed in Amravati district (37.44 %) whereas least i.e. 17.49 per cent in Buldhana district. Highest disease incidence was noticed in Madani (26.39%) village of Wardha district followed by Akola (24.12%) and Nagpur (19.72%) districts. In Satara district, maximum disease incidence was observed in Umbraj (26.27%) village followed by Karanje (26.04%). In Sangli district, highest disease incidence was noticed in Sangli (25.26%) followed by Kurundwad (23.88%). In Kolhapur district, disease incidence of 28.36 and 24.70 per cent was recorded in Kini and Tandulwadi villages, respectively. In Karnataka, survey was conducted in Belgaum and Dharwad districts. In Belgaum, maximum disease incidence was observed in Uggar (32.60 %) followed by Athani (26.07 %) and Belgaum (15.67 %). Root rot incidence of 27.24 and 15.34 per cent was recorded in Dharwad and Hubli, respectively. In Rajasthan, maximum disease incidence of 32.31 per cent was noticed in Bhilwara district followed by Udaipur (18.90 %) and Kota (18.26 %) districts. Disease incidence of 34.06 per cent was recorded in Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh. Soybean is grown on wide range of soils, agro climatic and cultural conditions. Therefore, survey work on root rot disease is more advantageous in order to know the distribution and severity of disease in soybean growing areas. Inam-Ul-Haq et al. (2012) surveyed 8 villages in Multan district (Pakistan) and reported root rot disease incidence and losses in range between 10-17 % and 6.7515.50 %, respectively. The results of the present findings are in accordance to Sangeetha and Jahagirdar (2013) who
BELKAR and GADE, Survey for Incidence of Rhizoctonia Root Rot in Major Soybean Growing States
did roving survey during kharif 2010 in major soybean growing areas of northern Karnataka to assess the distribution and incidence of root rot and reported that per cent disease incidence was in range of 3.36 to 36.30 from different locations. The chance of maximum disease incidence depends upon favorable conditions, susceptible host and optimum inoculum in soil. Soybean root rot is a major threat when weather conditions are conducive. The disease is favored by drought and high soil temperature (Chand and Khirbat, 2009). The variation in the extent of the disease incidence could be due to difference in weather conditions, temperature (Gupta et al., 1986) and prevalence of the pathogen differing in their virulence as observed in the present study.
LITERATURE CITED Anonymous, 2014. Estimates of area, productivity & production of Soybean in india during kharif (monsoon) 2014. The Soybean Processors Association of India (SOPA) Chand, H. and Khirbat, S. K. 2009. Chickpea wilt and its management - A review. Agric. Rev., 30 (1): 1-12. Gupta, O., Khare, M. N. and Kotasthane, S. R. 1986. Variability among six isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.
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sp. ciceri causing wilt of chickpea. Indian Phytopath., 39: 279-281. Inam-Ul-Haq, M., Mehmood Sajid, Rehman Hafiz Mujeebur, Ali Zahid and Tahir, M.I. 2012. Incidence of root rot diseases of soybean in Multan Pakistan and its management by the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Pak. J. Bot., 44(6): 2077-2080. Mengistu, A., Smith, J. R., Ray, J. D. and N. Bellaloni, 2011. Seasonal progress f charcoal rot and its impact on soybean productivity. Plant Dis., 95: 1159-1166. Muthusamy, S. and Mariappan, V. 1991. Disintegration of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina (soybean isolates) by oil cake extracts. Indian Phytopath., 44: 271273. Sangeetha, T. V. and Jahagirdar Shamarao, 2013. Survey for the assessment of disease incidence of root rot/wilt of soybean in northern Karnataka. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 26 (4): 563-564. Sinclair, J. B. and Shurlleff, M. C. 1975. Compendium of soybean diseases. Amer. Phytopath. Soc. Inc. Minnesota, USA :8-10. Wrather, J. Allen and Koenning, Steve R. 2006. Estimates of disease effects on soybean yields in the United States 2003-2005. J. of Nematology. 38 (2):173-180. Yang, X. B. and Navi. S. S. 2005. First report of charcoal rot epidemics caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in soybean, in IOWA. Pl. Dis., 89(5): 26. Received on 15-05-2016
Accepted on 20-05-2016
