Toxins 2014, 6, 1155-1168; doi:10.3390/toxins6041155 OPEN ACCESS
toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article
Survey of Mycotoxins in Corn Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles from Seventy-Eight Ethanol Plants in Twelve States in the U.S. in 2011 Piyum A. Khatibi 1, Nicole J. McMaster 2, Robert Musser 3 and David G. Schmale III 2,* 1
2
3
Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA; E-Mail:
[email protected] Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; E-Mail:
[email protected] Nutriquest, Mason City, IA 50401, USA; E-Mail:
[email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
[email protected]; Tel.: +1-540-231-6943; Fax: +1-540-231-7477. Received: 6 February 2014; in revised form: 13 March 2014 / Accepted: 14 March 2014 / Published: 26 March 2014
Abstract: Fuel ethanol co-products known as distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are a significant source of energy, protein, and phosphorous in animal feed. Fuel ethanol production may concentrate mycotoxins present in corn into DDGS. One hundred and forty one corn DDGS lots collected in 2011 from 78 ethanol plants located in 12 states were screened for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZON). DON ranged from
