27 Jul 2012 ... philosophical and historical underpinnings of science and medicine. ... Main
Quadrangle Room N293 (the first map shows directions from the ...
Sydney Winter School in the History and Philosophy of Science University of Sydney July 15–27, 2012 Welcome to the Inaugural Sydney Winter School in the History and Philosophy of Science! The Winter School is run by the Sydney Centre for the Foundations of Science (SCFS). The SCFS is an interdisciplinary research centre exploring the logical, philosophical and historical underpinnings of science and medicine. It is a pioneering research centre made up of senior academics across all faculties, and is supported by the University of Sydney’s faculties of Arts and Social Sciences, Science, and Medicine. The Centre’s aim is to promote collaboration between science and humanities researchers, with a view to the kind of cross-‐fertilisation that advances both science and the humanities. The University of Sydney is the preeminent institution in Australia for research of this kind.
Locations Students will be accommodated in the Women’s College, on the University of Sydney campus. The welcome and overview lecture will be held in the SCFS Lab, Main Quadrangle Room N293 (the first map shows directions from the Women’s College to the lab). All other classes will be held in Education Annex Seminar Room 311 (see second map for directions—turn right at point B, the building is 100m from the road).
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Contacts Mr Steven Robertson (academic co-‐ordinator): Dr Rodney Taveira (administrative co-‐ordinator): Staff Professor Warwick Anderson: Professor Alison Bashford: Professor Mark Colyvan: Dr Chris Degeling: Associate Professor Ofer Gal: Professor Paul Griffiths: Associate Professor Dominic Murphy: Dr Maureen O’Malley: Associate Professor Hans Pols: Dr Karola Stotz:
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Schedule at a glance Date Subject/Section Sun 15 July, Welcome and overview lecture: “What is 3pm the history and philosophy of science?” Mon 16 July, Formal epistemology 9am Tues 17 July, Formal epistemology 9am Wed 18 July Break/reading day Thurs 19 History of early modern science July, 10am Fri 20 July, History of early modern science 10am Social event: Forest Lodge Hotel, meet local graduate students (after College dinner) Sat 21 July Break/reading day Sun 22 July Excursion: “Darwin’s Blue Mountains”* Mon 23 July, Philosophy of biology 9am Tues 24 July, Philosophy of biology 9am Guided tour of Macleay Museum Wed 25 July Break/reading day Thurs 26 History of medicine July, 9am Fri 27 July, History of medicine 9am Photo session, submit academic diaries, final wrap up
Leader Ofer Gal Mark Colyvan Mark Colyvan Ofer Gal Ofer Gal
Paul Griffiths Paul Griffiths Paul Griffiths Warwick Anderson, Hans Pols Warwick Anderson, Hans Pols
*Prof. Griffiths will lead an excursion to retrace Charles Darwin’s 1836 walk to “a view exceedingly worth visiting” at what is now called Wentworth Falls. Darwin describes his walk in the attached extract from his Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle (1839). The Winter School will provide free train tickets for those who would like to come on this trip. We will meet outside the college at 8.30am to walk to Newton Railway Station and catch a train to the Blue Mountains. The journey takes approximately two hours. We will return in time for dinner in the college. The walk from the railway station to the Falls is 2.7km each way on a good track. We should have time for those who feel more energetic to do an additional 5km circular walk that involves climbing a staircase up and down part of the waterfall. Practical shoes will be needed for this. Those who feel less energetic can stay at the top and admire the views. The trip will be cancelled if the weather forecast predicts significant rain. -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ If you do not want to come on the trip, of if you have another day free for tourism, trains from Newtown Railway Station also go to Circular Quay, where you can visit the Opera House and the Museum of Modern Art, or walk along the side of the harbour to the Botanic Gardens. You can also catch a ferry from Circular Quay to Manly beach, one of Australia’s most famous surfing beaches where there are many bars and cafes overlooking the ocean. The ferry takes 30m each way and costs $14.00 return so it is an affordable way to take a boat cruise on Sydney’s iconic harbour.
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Full Schedule
FORMAL EPISTEMOLOGY
Day 1 1. Overview of Formal Epistemology (Prof Colyvan) 2. Introduction to probability and Bayesianism (Mr Robertson) 3. Introduction to decision theory (Mr Robertson) 4. Kahneman and Tversky on irrationality (Prof Colyvan) Day 2. 1. Dutch Books and representation theorems (Prof Colyvan) 2. Paradoxes in decision theory (Mr Robertson) 3. Causal decision theory and Newcomb's paradox (Prof Colyvan) 4. Risk analysis (Prof Colyvan) Reading List Day 1 -‐ Hájek, Alan, 2012. "Interpretations of Probability", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), . -‐ Hájek, Alan, 2011. "Pascal's Wager", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), . -‐ Hájek, Alan and Hartmann, Stephan, 2010. "Bayesian Epistemology", in A Companion to Epistemology, 2nd ed, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, and Matthias Steup (eds.), Blackwell, . -‐ Joyce, James, 2008. "Bayes' Theorem", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), . -‐ Morton, Adam, 2002. "Theories of Knowledge", Blackwell Publishing, Oxford -‐ Steup, Matthias, 2011. "Epistemology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), . -‐ Talbott, William, 2011. "Bayesian Epistemology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), .
Day 2 -‐ Martin, Robert, 2011. "The St. Petersburg Paradox", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), . -‐ Vineberg, Susan, 2011. "Dutch Book Arguments", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), . -‐ Weirich, Paul, 2010. "Causal Decision Theory", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), .
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HISTORY OF EARLY MODERN SCIENCE
A/Prof Ofer Gal Day 1 Morning: ‘What was the scientific revolution?’ Afternoon: ‘What is a scientific revolution?’ Readings
Floris Cohen, The Scientific Revolution, 'An Outline of the Event', 506-‐516. Kuhn, Structures, Chs. I-‐III Dijksterhuis' "Epilogue" 495-‐501 Koyré: "Galileo and the Scientific Revolution." In: Metaphysics and Measurement, 1-‐15.
Day 2 Morning: ‘How do we see?’ Afternoon: ‘How should we see?’ Readings Kepler's Optics, 13-‐24, 55-‐57, 180-‐184 Kepler's Mysterium, 63-‐73; 93-‐103; 165-‐171; 197-‐207 Galileo et al. in Drake and O'Mally, The Controversy, i-‐x; 3-‐11; 18-‐19;21-‐27; 36-‐40; 151; 180-‐185; 319-‐326
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PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY
Three different kinds of philosophical enquiry fall under the general heading of philosophy of biology. First, general theses in the philosophy of science are addressed in the context of biology. Second, conceptual puzzles within biology itself are subjected to philosophical analysis. Third, appeals to biology are made in discussions of traditional philosophical questions. The first two kinds of philosophical work are typically conducted in the context of a detailed knowledge of actual biology, the third less so. We will devote two of our first sessions to an example of a general issue in the philosophy of science addressed via biology. That issue is reductionism. We will look at debates from the 1960s to the present about whether genetics and developmental biology have been or are being ‘reduced’ to molecular biology. We will devote one session to a conceptual issue generated within biology, namely whether the diversity of life on earth can be adequately represented by a ‘tree of life’. Finally, we will devote a session to an issue of central concern to philosophers, but of peripheral concern to most biologists, namely how it is possible to make room in the scientific world view for purpose (teleology), focusing on the extensive philosophical literature seeking biological underpinnings for the ideas of function and malfunction. Day 1 Morning: Introduction: What is philosophy of biology? Reduction in biology: The early debate (Prof. Griffiths) Essential reading: Griffiths, Paul E. (2008). "Biology, Philosophy Of." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2009/entries/biology-‐philosophy/ Schaffner, Kenneth F. (1969). "The Watson-‐Crick Model and Reductionism." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 20 (1969): 325-‐48. Hull, David. (1972). "Reduction in Genetics -‐ Biology or Philosophy?" Philosophy of Science 39 (4): 491-‐99. Kitcher, Philip (1984). "1953 and All That: A Tale of Two Sciences " Philosophical Review 93: 335-‐73. Waters, C. Kenneth (1990). "Why the Antireductionist Consensus Won't Survive the Case of Classical Mendelian Genetics." In Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, edited by Arthur Fine, Micky Forbes and Linda Wessells, 125-‐39.
Background reading: Ruse, Michael E. (1971). "Reduction, Replacement, and Molecular Biology." Dialectica 25 (1): 39-‐72. Waters, C. Kenneth. (1994) "Genes Made Molecular." Philosophy of Science 61: 163-‐85. Waters, C. Kenneth. (2000). "Molecules Made Biological." Rev. Int. de Philosophie 4 (214): 539-‐ 64. Schaffner, Kenneth F. (1993) Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, Ch 5. Brigandt, Ingo, and Alan C. Love. (2008). "Reductionism in Biology." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. URL =
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Day 1 Afternoon: Reduction in biology: the current debate (Dr Stotz) Essential Reading Bechtel, William and Adele Abrahamsen (2005).” Explanation: A Mechanistic Alternative.” Studies in History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences 36: 421-‐441. Bechtel, W. and A. Abrahamsen (2008). From reduction back to higher levels. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 559-‐564). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. Weber, Marcel (2005). Philosophy of Experimental Biology. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. (pp18-‐35; 41-‐50) Craver, Carl F. and Bechtel, William (2007). “Top-‐down causation without top-‐down causes.” Biology and Philosophy 22: 547-‐563. Noble, Denis (2008). “Genes and causation”. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 366(1878):3001-‐15
Background reading Noble, Denis (2008). “Mind Over Molecule: Activating Biological Demons”. Ann N Y Acad. Sci. 1123: xi-‐xix Mitchell, Sandra and Michael Dietrich (2006). ”Integration without Unification: An Argument for Pluralism in the Biological Sciences”. American Naturalist 168, S73–S79. Boogerd, F.; Bruggeman, F.; Richardson, R.; Stephan, A. and H. Westerhoff (2005). Emergence and Its Place in Nature: A Case Study of Biochemical Networks. Synthese 145: (1):131-‐164(34) Alex Rosenberg and D. M. Kaplan (2005). “How to Reconcile Physicalism and Antireductionism About Biology.” Philosophy Of Science 72 (1):43-‐68. Noble, Denis (2011). “Neo-‐Darwinism, the Modern Synthesis and selfish genes: are they of use in physiology?” J Physiol. 589(Pt 5): 1007–1015.
Day 2 session 1: Biological teleology (Prof Griffiths) Essential Reading
Neander, Karen. "Functions as Selected Effects: The Conceptual Analyst's Defense." Philosophy of Science 58 (1991): 168-‐84. Prior, Elizabeth W. "What's Wrong with Etiological Accounts of Biological Function?" Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 66 (1985): 310-‐28. Godfrey-‐Smith, Peter. "A Modern History Theory of Functions." Noûs 28 (1994): 344-‐62. Wouters, Arno. "Design Explanation: Determining the Constraints on What Can Be Alive." Erkenntnis 67, no. 1 (2007): 65-‐80. Griffiths, Paul E. "In What Sense Does ‘Nothing in Biology Make Sense except in the Light of Evolution’?" Acta Biotheoretica 57, no. 1-‐2 (2009): 11-‐32.
Background Reading Allen, Colin, "Teleological Notions in Biology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . Pittendrigh, C. S. "Adaptation, Natural Selection and Behavior." In Behavior and Evolution, edited by Anne Roe and George Gaylord Simpson, 390-‐416. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958. Boorse, C. "Health as a Theoretical Concept." Philosophy of Science 44 (1977): 542-‐74. Neander, Karen. "The Teleological Notion Of "Function"." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 69, no. 4 (1991): 454-‐68.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. "In Defense of Proper Functions." Philosophy of Science 56 (1989): 288-‐302. Amundson, R, and G.V Lauder. "Function without Purpose: The Uses of Causal Role Function in Evolutionary Biology." Biology and Philosophy 9 (4) (1994): 443-‐70. Schlosser, G. "Self Re-‐Production and Functionality: A Systems-‐Theoretical Approach to Teleological Explanation." Synthese 116 (1998): 303-‐54. Wouters, Arno. "The Functions Debate in Philosophy." Acta Biotheoretica 53 (2005): 123-‐51.
Day 2 session 2: The tree of life (Dr O’Malley) O’Malley, Maureen A. (Ed., 2010). Special Issue: The Tree of Life. Biology and Philosophy 25 (4) (http://www.springerlink.com/content/0169-‐3867/25/4/): Maureen A. O’Malley, William Martin and John Dupré. The tree of life: introduction to an evolutionary debate. 441-‐453 Doolittle, W. Ford. The attempt on the life of the Tree of Life: science, philosophy and politics. 455-‐473 Olivier Rieppel. The series, the network, and the tree: changing metaphors of order in nature. 475-‐496 James Mallet. Why was Darwin’s view of species rejected by twentieth century biologists? 497-‐527 Maureen A. O’Malley. Ernst Mayr, the tree of life, and philosophy of biology. 529-‐552 Marc Ereshefsky. Microbiology and the species problem. 553-‐568 Jeffrey G. Lawrence and Adam C. Retchless. The myth of bacterial species and speciation. 569-‐588. Cheryl P. Andam, David Williams and J. Peter Gogarten Natural taxonomy in light of horizontal gene transfer. 589-‐602 Gregory J. Morgan. Evaluating Maclaurin and Sterelny’s conception of biodiversity in cases of frequent, promiscuous lateral gene transfer. 603-‐621 Frédéric Bouchard. Symbiosis, lateral function transfer and the (many) saplings of life. 623-‐641 Christophe Malaterre. Lifeness signatures and the roots of the tree of life. 643-‐658 Robert G. Beiko. Gene sharing and genome evolution: networks in trees and trees in networks. 659-‐673 Joel D. Velasco and Elliott Sober. Testing for treeness: lateral gene transfer, phylogenetic inference, and model selection. 675-‐687 L. R. Franklin-‐Hall. Trashing life’s tree. 689-‐709 Eric Bapteste and Richard M. Burian. On the need for integrative phylogenomics, and some steps toward its creation. 711-‐736 Doolittle, Ford (2000). Uprooting the Tree of Life. Scientific American 282(2): 90-‐95 Doolittle, W. Ford and Eric Bapteste (2007). Pattern pluralism and the Tree of Life hypothesis. PNAS 104 (7): 2043-‐2049
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HISTORY OF MEDICINE
Thursday 10 am -‐ noon Prof Alison Bashford -‐ Where did Eugenics go? Thursday 2 pm -‐ 4pm Dr Chris Degeling -‐ Biomedicine public health and Animals Friday 10 am -‐ noon A/Prof Hans Pols -‐ Medicine in the Dutch East Indies Friday 2 -‐4pm Prof Warwick Anderson & A/Prof Dominic Murphy -‐ Idiosyncrasies and Immunology Readings Pickstone, J.V., 2003. Production, Community and Consumption: The Political Economy of Twentieth-‐Century Medicine, in: Cooter, R., Pickstone, J.V. (Eds.), Companion to medicine in the twentieth century. Routledge, London, pp. 1-‐20. Marius Turda, Modernism and Eugenics, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, (read the Introduction, ch. 3, & conclusion). Alison Bashford, "Where did Eugenics Go?" in A. Bashford and P. Levine (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, OUP, 2010, 539-‐558. Hardy, A., 2003. Animals, Disease, and Man: Making Connections. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46, 200-‐215. Degeling, C., 2009. Negotiating Value: Comparing Human and Animal Fracture Care in Industrial Societies. Science Technology and Human Values 34, 77-‐101. Pols, Hans. "European Botanists and Physicians, Indigenous Herbal Medicine in the Dutch East Indies, and Colonial Networks of Mediation." East Asian Science, Technology, and Society: An International Journal 3, no. 2-‐3 (2009): 173-‐208. Moulin, Anne Marie., 2003. The Defended Body, in: Cooter, R., Pickstone, J.V. (Eds.), Companion to medicine in the twentieth century. Routledge, London, pp. 385-‐98. Cantor, David., 2003. The Diseased Body, in: Cooter, R., Pickstone, J.V. (Eds.), Companion to medicine in the twentieth century. Routledge, London, pp. 347-‐66. Prof Anderson will be providing a chapter on idiosyncrasy in 20th century biomedicine from his forthcoming book on the history of Immunology [not for circulation] John Snow, “On Continuous Molecular Changes....” http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/conmole/conmole_intro.html Donald Gillies, "Hempelian and Kuhnian Approaches in the Philosophy of Medicine: the Semmelweis Case" Anyone who wants to look at matters further should check out K. Codell Carter’s “The Rise of Causal Concepts of Disease”
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