INT J CURR SCI 2013, 6: E 87-93 RESEARCH ARTICLE
ISSN 2250-1770
Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f. Ganesan V*, A. Astalakshmi, P. Nima and C. Arunkumar Centre for Research and PG Studies in Botany, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous) Sivakasi-626 124, Tamil Nadu, India *Author for correspondence: E-mail:
[email protected]; Phone: +91-9486162462 Abstract The present study deals with the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf broth of Merremia tridentata (L) Hall. f. (Family: Convolvulaceae). The leaf broth was prepared and resuspended in aqueous solution of silver nitrate and it is known as reaction medium. This reaction medium was kept in an incubator cum shaker with 250 rpm at 270C for 24 hrs to reduce the silver nitrate in to silver nanoparticles. The colour change in reaction mixture (Pale yellow to dark brown colour) was observed during the incubation period. The formation of silver nanoparticles in the reaction medium that enables to produce colour change due to their specific optical properties. The formation of silver nanoparticles was evaluated and characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It is evident that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are capped by biomolecules which are responsible for reduction of silver ions. Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. This type of phyto-mediated synthesis appears to be cost effective, ecofriendly and easy alternative to conventional, physical and chemical methods of silver nanoparticle synthesis. Keywords: Merremia tridentata, silver nanoparticles, surface plasmon resonance Received: 14th December; Revised: 26thJanuary; Accepted: 19thFebruary; © IJCS New Liberty Group 2013 route attracts a considerable interest because of their eco-
Introduction Metal nanoparticles have been of great interest due to
friendliness and biocompatibility (Krumov et al., 2009).
their distinctive features such as catalytic, optical, magnetic
Plant extracts (Shankar et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2007;
and electrical properties (Rassaei et al., 2008; Bar et al.,
Narayanan and Sakthivel, 2008), leaves (Huang et al.,
2009a). The physical (Xu et al., 2008) and chemical
2007; Bar et al., 2009a; Cruz et al., 2010; Elumalai et al.,
processes (Wang et al., 2005) are the classical general
2010; Daizy, 2011; Satyavani et al., 2011a;), seeds (Bar
methods used for the fabrication of nanoparticles, but these
et al., 2009b), fruits (Jain et al., 2009; Dubey et al., 2010)
methods are not environmentally benign (Dubey et al.,
and barks (Sathishkumar et al., 2009) were the alternative
2010) and due to the presence of some toxic metals in the
eco-friendly sources to chemical and physical methods.
synthesis process that may create some dicey effects in
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using biological
biomedical applications (Bar et al., 2009a). These snags in
systems is a single-step, time reducing, low cost and eco-
the nanoparticle synthesis are overcome by either microbe-
friendly process and that is also considered as safe for the
mediated or plant-mediated biological process and this bio-
therapeutic use (Huang et al., 2007). Hence, the present
www.currentsciencejournal.info
Ganesan et al., 2013
study is aimed to synthesize the silver nanoparticles using
characterize
the leaf extract of Merremia tridentate (L.). Hall. f. and
synthesized during the above reaction. The characterization
characterize them.
was performed through the following analyses: UV-Visible
Materials and Methods
spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infra-Red
All the reagents used in the present study were
the
presence
of
silver
nanoparticles
Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis,
obtained from Himedia laboratories Pvt. Ltd., (Mumbai,
Scanning
Electron
Microscopy (SEM)
and
Energy
India). Merremia tridentata (L) Hall.f. belongs to
Dispersive X- ray analyses (EDX).
Convolvulaceae. It is a perennial herb with thick rootstock
Fig. 2. Colour change of the reaction medium (leaf broth of
giving off many elongate prostrate slender branches, with
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f. and I mM aqueous silver
the pale yellow flowers and globose capsules (Fig. 1).
nitrate during biological. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles).
Fresh and healthy leaves of Merremia tridentata (L) Hall. f.
A- Control; B – 0 hr; C – 30 min; D – 1 hr; E – 2 hr; F – 4
were collected from the campus of Ayya Nadar Janaki
hr; G – 24 hr.
Ammal College, Sivakasi. Tamil Nadu, India. Fig.1. Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f.
Results and Discussion The collected leaf samples were thoroughly washed
UV-Visible spectrum of silver nanoparticles
with tap water followed by distilled water to remove the
The aqueous silver nitrate when exposed to the leaf
surface contaminants and dried for 48 hours under shade.
broth was reduced in solution, to silver ions and formed
The dried leaves (10 g) were taken and ground to make fine
into silver nanoparticles. The leaf broth has pale yellow in
powder using mortar and pestle, suspended in 100 ml of
colour before addition of silver nitrate solution. When the
distilled water and boiled at 700C for 10 min to prepare the
leaf broth was exposed to aqueous silver nitrate changed its
leaf broth (Ponarulselvam et al., 2012). 10 ml of freshly
colour from pale yellow to dark brown within 24 hrs of
prepared leaf broth was re-suspended in 190 ml of aqueous
reaction which indicates the reduction of silver nitrate into
solution of silver nitrate and this mixture is used as reaction
silver ions (Fig. 2). The time taken for the change in colour
medium (Mubayi et al., 2012). This reaction medium was
of the reaction medium varies from plant to plant.
kept it in an Incubator cum shaker (ORBITEK-MODEL)
Interestingly, the leaf extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata
with 250 rpm at 270C for 24 hrs. From this reaction
and Shorea tumbuggaia made the colour change within 10
medium, a small aliquot of the sample was used to
and 15 min respectively (Savithramma et al., 2011). The
Ganesan et al., 2013
leaf extract of Acalypha indica reduced the silver nitrate
nitrate and stabilizing the synthesized silver nanoparticles.
and observed the colour change from pale yellow to brown
The nature of chemical bonds in the compounds was
within 30 min (Krishnaraj et al., 2010)
while the leaf
characterized by their absorption spectra. The FTIR
extract of Eucalyptus hybrida took three hours for the
spectrum of leaf broth before reaction, showed several
complete reduction of silver nitrate (Dubey et al., 2009).
absorption peaks at 464, 538, 601, 655, 750, 914, 1122,
Further, the colour changes are due to the excitation of
1191, 1334, 1400, 1456, 1668 , 2850, 2920, 3201 and 3315
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) vibrations of silver
cm-1(Fig. 4a). The FTIR spectrum of purified and dried
nanoparticles synthesized
in the reaction medium
reaction medium with silver nanoparticles (Fig. 4b) shows
(Mulvaney, 1996). In the present study, the SPR vibrations
the absorbance peaks at 464, 601, 655, 750, 811, 1112,
are found between 300 and 580 nm and has max at 440
1191, 1352, 1384, 1398, 1670, 3197 and 3315 cm-1. The
nm and absorbance was raised up to 1.0.a.u. (Fig. 3).
strong absorbance band at 1384cm-1 was associated with
Similarly the max of SPR vibrations was found to be at
the stretch vibration of functional groups such as –C-O-C-,
405 and 480 nm for the reaction media of silver nitrate and
-C-O-, -C=C, C=O (Elavazhagan and Arunachalam, 2011).
leaf broth of Enicostema hysopifolium and Rauvolfia
The absorbance bands are known to be associated with the
tetraphylla respectively (Veena et al., 2011). However,
stretching vibrations for – CC-O, -CC-, -C-C-, C-O (esters,
Prasad and Elumalai (2011) observed the SPR vibrations
ethers) and C-O (polyols) respectively (Bar et al., 2009b;
with the max raised from 430 to 440 nm. This kind of
Geethalakshmi et al., 2010). The total disappearance of the
broadening of peak ascribed to the particles which are poly
bands at 538, 914, 2850 and 2920 cm-1after bio-reduction
dispersed (Prasad and Elumalai, 2011).
may be ascribed to the reduction of silver ions into silver
Fig.
3.
UV-Visible
absorption
spectra
of
silver
nanoparticles, leading to unsaturated carbonyl groups with
nanoparticles synthesized by leaf aqueous extract of
broad peak at 1670 cm-1.
Merremia tridentate (L.) Hall. f.
Fig. 4a. FTIR spectra of synthesized silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf aqueous extract of Merremia tridentate (L.) Hall. f.
FTIR spectroscopic analysis FTIR measurements were performed to identify the possible bio-molecules of Merremia tridentata which are present in the leaf broth responsible for reducing silver
Ganesan et al., 2013
Fig. 4b. FTIR spectra of synthesized silver nanoparticles
nanoparticles formed are crystalline in nature (Dubey et al.,
using leaf aqueous extract with silver nitrate of M.
2009). This also suggested that the crystallization of bio-
tridentate (L.) Hall. f.
organic
phase occurred
on
the
surface
of silver
nanoparticles (Sathyavathi et al., 2010). Fig. 6. SEM images of synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf aqueous extract of M. tridentate (L.) Hall. f.
Fig. 5. XRD pattern of silver nanoparticles formed after reaction using leaf aqueous extract of M. tridentate (L.) Fig. 7. EDX images of synthesized silver nanoparticles Hall.f. using leaf aqueous extract of M. tridentate (L.) Hall.f.
XRD analysis The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained for the silver
SEM and EDX analyses
nanoparticles synthesized using M. tridentata leaf broth is
SEM image (Fig. 6) shows the surface morphology
shown in Fig. 5. The full width at half maximum (FWHM)
of the silver nanoparticles. The particles obtained are more
values measured for the plane of reflection were used with
or less spherical with sizes in the range 30 -50 nm (~). It
the Debye-Scherrer’s equation, d=0.9 / cos (Narasimha
confirms the existence of very small and uniformly
et al., 2011). The average size of the nanoparticles was
spherical nanoparticles. The relatively spherical shaped
estimated as 37nm using the observed XRD pattern at 2Ө
silver nanoparticles with a diameter ranging from 30 to 40
=27.00 marked within (111), 29.20 marked within (200),
nm were synthesized using Boswellia (Ankanna et al.,
32.50 marked within (220) and 38.50 marked within (311).
2010); 40 nm using Shorea tumbuggaia (Savithramma
The typical XRD pattern revealed that the silver
et al., 2011); plant extracts of Aloe vera (Chandran et al.,
nanoparticles formed are face centered cubic (fcc)
2006); Emblica officinalis (Ankamwar et al., 2005) and
structures. The XRD pattern thus showed that the silver
Carica papaya (Jain et al., 2009).
Ganesan et al., 2013
The significant presence of elemental silver was
physical and chemical syntheses due to its cost effective
confirmed from the strong silver peak obtained from the
and eco-friendly nature.
EDX spectrum as shown in Fig. 7. Metallic silver
Acknowledgements
nanoparticles generally show typical optical absorption
This work is supported by Science and Engineering
peaks approximately at 3kV due do Surface Plasmon
Research Board, Department of Science and Technology,
Resonance (Magudapatty et al., 2001). The EDX peaks of
Government of India, New Delhi. Authors thank the
Ag along with Cl, K and Al as the mixed precipitates
Principal and Management of Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal
present in the reaction medium. The EDX profile showed a
College, Sivakasi for providing facilities.
strong elemental signal along with weak oxygen, which
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of
table
monodisperse
silver