Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles

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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using biological systems is a single-step, time reducing, low cost and eco- friendly process and that is also considered as ...
INT J CURR SCI 2013, 6: E 87-93 RESEARCH ARTICLE

ISSN 2250-1770

Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f. Ganesan V*, A. Astalakshmi, P. Nima and C. Arunkumar Centre for Research and PG Studies in Botany, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous) Sivakasi-626 124, Tamil Nadu, India *Author for correspondence: E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: +91-9486162462 Abstract The present study deals with the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the leaf broth of Merremia tridentata (L) Hall. f. (Family: Convolvulaceae). The leaf broth was prepared and resuspended in aqueous solution of silver nitrate and it is known as reaction medium. This reaction medium was kept in an incubator cum shaker with 250 rpm at 270C for 24 hrs to reduce the silver nitrate in to silver nanoparticles. The colour change in reaction mixture (Pale yellow to dark brown colour) was observed during the incubation period. The formation of silver nanoparticles in the reaction medium that enables to produce colour change due to their specific optical properties. The formation of silver nanoparticles was evaluated and characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It is evident that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are capped by biomolecules which are responsible for reduction of silver ions. Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. This type of phyto-mediated synthesis appears to be cost effective, ecofriendly and easy alternative to conventional, physical and chemical methods of silver nanoparticle synthesis. Keywords: Merremia tridentata, silver nanoparticles, surface plasmon resonance Received: 14th December; Revised: 26thJanuary; Accepted: 19thFebruary; © IJCS New Liberty Group 2013 route attracts a considerable interest because of their eco-

Introduction Metal nanoparticles have been of great interest due to

friendliness and biocompatibility (Krumov et al., 2009).

their distinctive features such as catalytic, optical, magnetic

Plant extracts (Shankar et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2007;

and electrical properties (Rassaei et al., 2008; Bar et al.,

Narayanan and Sakthivel, 2008), leaves (Huang et al.,

2009a). The physical (Xu et al., 2008) and chemical

2007; Bar et al., 2009a; Cruz et al., 2010; Elumalai et al.,

processes (Wang et al., 2005) are the classical general

2010; Daizy, 2011; Satyavani et al., 2011a;), seeds (Bar

methods used for the fabrication of nanoparticles, but these

et al., 2009b), fruits (Jain et al., 2009; Dubey et al., 2010)

methods are not environmentally benign (Dubey et al.,

and barks (Sathishkumar et al., 2009) were the alternative

2010) and due to the presence of some toxic metals in the

eco-friendly sources to chemical and physical methods.

synthesis process that may create some dicey effects in

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using biological

biomedical applications (Bar et al., 2009a). These snags in

systems is a single-step, time reducing, low cost and eco-

the nanoparticle synthesis are overcome by either microbe-

friendly process and that is also considered as safe for the

mediated or plant-mediated biological process and this bio-

therapeutic use (Huang et al., 2007). Hence, the present

www.currentsciencejournal.info

Ganesan et al., 2013

study is aimed to synthesize the silver nanoparticles using

characterize

the leaf extract of Merremia tridentate (L.). Hall. f. and

synthesized during the above reaction. The characterization

characterize them.

was performed through the following analyses: UV-Visible

Materials and Methods

spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infra-Red

All the reagents used in the present study were

the

presence

of

silver

nanoparticles

Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis,

obtained from Himedia laboratories Pvt. Ltd., (Mumbai,

Scanning

Electron

Microscopy (SEM)

and

Energy

India). Merremia tridentata (L) Hall.f. belongs to

Dispersive X- ray analyses (EDX).

Convolvulaceae. It is a perennial herb with thick rootstock

Fig. 2. Colour change of the reaction medium (leaf broth of

giving off many elongate prostrate slender branches, with

Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f. and I mM aqueous silver

the pale yellow flowers and globose capsules (Fig. 1).

nitrate during biological. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles).

Fresh and healthy leaves of Merremia tridentata (L) Hall. f.

A- Control; B – 0 hr; C – 30 min; D – 1 hr; E – 2 hr; F – 4

were collected from the campus of Ayya Nadar Janaki

hr; G – 24 hr.

Ammal College, Sivakasi. Tamil Nadu, India. Fig.1. Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f.

Results and Discussion The collected leaf samples were thoroughly washed

UV-Visible spectrum of silver nanoparticles

with tap water followed by distilled water to remove the

The aqueous silver nitrate when exposed to the leaf

surface contaminants and dried for 48 hours under shade.

broth was reduced in solution, to silver ions and formed

The dried leaves (10 g) were taken and ground to make fine

into silver nanoparticles. The leaf broth has pale yellow in

powder using mortar and pestle, suspended in 100 ml of

colour before addition of silver nitrate solution. When the

distilled water and boiled at 700C for 10 min to prepare the

leaf broth was exposed to aqueous silver nitrate changed its

leaf broth (Ponarulselvam et al., 2012). 10 ml of freshly

colour from pale yellow to dark brown within 24 hrs of

prepared leaf broth was re-suspended in 190 ml of aqueous

reaction which indicates the reduction of silver nitrate into

solution of silver nitrate and this mixture is used as reaction

silver ions (Fig. 2). The time taken for the change in colour

medium (Mubayi et al., 2012). This reaction medium was

of the reaction medium varies from plant to plant.

kept it in an Incubator cum shaker (ORBITEK-MODEL)

Interestingly, the leaf extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata

with 250 rpm at 270C for 24 hrs. From this reaction

and Shorea tumbuggaia made the colour change within 10

medium, a small aliquot of the sample was used to

and 15 min respectively (Savithramma et al., 2011). The

Ganesan et al., 2013

leaf extract of Acalypha indica reduced the silver nitrate

nitrate and stabilizing the synthesized silver nanoparticles.

and observed the colour change from pale yellow to brown

The nature of chemical bonds in the compounds was

within 30 min (Krishnaraj et al., 2010)

while the leaf

characterized by their absorption spectra. The FTIR

extract of Eucalyptus hybrida took three hours for the

spectrum of leaf broth before reaction, showed several

complete reduction of silver nitrate (Dubey et al., 2009).

absorption peaks at 464, 538, 601, 655, 750, 914, 1122,

Further, the colour changes are due to the excitation of

1191, 1334, 1400, 1456, 1668 , 2850, 2920, 3201 and 3315

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) vibrations of silver

cm-1(Fig. 4a). The FTIR spectrum of purified and dried

nanoparticles synthesized

in the reaction medium

reaction medium with silver nanoparticles (Fig. 4b) shows

(Mulvaney, 1996). In the present study, the SPR vibrations

the absorbance peaks at 464, 601, 655, 750, 811, 1112,

are found between 300 and 580 nm and has max at 440

1191, 1352, 1384, 1398, 1670, 3197 and 3315 cm-1. The

nm and absorbance was raised up to 1.0.a.u. (Fig. 3).

strong absorbance band at 1384cm-1 was associated with

Similarly the max of SPR vibrations was found to be at

the stretch vibration of functional groups such as –C-O-C-,

405 and 480 nm for the reaction media of silver nitrate and

-C-O-, -C=C, C=O (Elavazhagan and Arunachalam, 2011).

leaf broth of Enicostema hysopifolium and Rauvolfia

The absorbance bands are known to be associated with the

tetraphylla respectively (Veena et al., 2011). However,

stretching vibrations for – CC-O, -CC-, -C-C-, C-O (esters,

Prasad and Elumalai (2011) observed the SPR vibrations

ethers) and C-O (polyols) respectively (Bar et al., 2009b;

with the max raised from 430 to 440 nm. This kind of

Geethalakshmi et al., 2010). The total disappearance of the

broadening of peak ascribed to the particles which are poly

bands at 538, 914, 2850 and 2920 cm-1after bio-reduction

dispersed (Prasad and Elumalai, 2011).

may be ascribed to the reduction of silver ions into silver

Fig.

3.

UV-Visible

absorption

spectra

of

silver

nanoparticles, leading to unsaturated carbonyl groups with

nanoparticles synthesized by leaf aqueous extract of

broad peak at 1670 cm-1.

Merremia tridentate (L.) Hall. f.

Fig. 4a. FTIR spectra of synthesized silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf aqueous extract of Merremia tridentate (L.) Hall. f.

FTIR spectroscopic analysis FTIR measurements were performed to identify the possible bio-molecules of Merremia tridentata which are present in the leaf broth responsible for reducing silver

Ganesan et al., 2013

Fig. 4b. FTIR spectra of synthesized silver nanoparticles

nanoparticles formed are crystalline in nature (Dubey et al.,

using leaf aqueous extract with silver nitrate of M.

2009). This also suggested that the crystallization of bio-

tridentate (L.) Hall. f.

organic

phase occurred

on

the

surface

of silver

nanoparticles (Sathyavathi et al., 2010). Fig. 6. SEM images of synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf aqueous extract of M. tridentate (L.) Hall. f.

Fig. 5. XRD pattern of silver nanoparticles formed after reaction using leaf aqueous extract of M. tridentate (L.) Fig. 7. EDX images of synthesized silver nanoparticles Hall.f. using leaf aqueous extract of M. tridentate (L.) Hall.f.

XRD analysis The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained for the silver

SEM and EDX analyses

nanoparticles synthesized using M. tridentata leaf broth is

SEM image (Fig. 6) shows the surface morphology

shown in Fig. 5. The full width at half maximum (FWHM)

of the silver nanoparticles. The particles obtained are more

values measured for the plane of reflection were used with

or less spherical with sizes in the range 30 -50 nm (~). It

the Debye-Scherrer’s equation, d=0.9 / cos (Narasimha

confirms the existence of very small and uniformly

et al., 2011). The average size of the nanoparticles was

spherical nanoparticles. The relatively spherical shaped

estimated as 37nm using the observed XRD pattern at 2Ө

silver nanoparticles with a diameter ranging from 30 to 40

=27.00 marked within (111), 29.20 marked within (200),

nm were synthesized using Boswellia (Ankanna et al.,

32.50 marked within (220) and 38.50 marked within (311).

2010); 40 nm using Shorea tumbuggaia (Savithramma

The typical XRD pattern revealed that the silver

et al., 2011); plant extracts of Aloe vera (Chandran et al.,

nanoparticles formed are face centered cubic (fcc)

2006); Emblica officinalis (Ankamwar et al., 2005) and

structures. The XRD pattern thus showed that the silver

Carica papaya (Jain et al., 2009).

Ganesan et al., 2013

The significant presence of elemental silver was

physical and chemical syntheses due to its cost effective

confirmed from the strong silver peak obtained from the

and eco-friendly nature.

EDX spectrum as shown in Fig. 7. Metallic silver

Acknowledgements

nanoparticles generally show typical optical absorption

This work is supported by Science and Engineering

peaks approximately at 3kV due do Surface Plasmon

Research Board, Department of Science and Technology,

Resonance (Magudapatty et al., 2001). The EDX peaks of

Government of India, New Delhi. Authors thank the

Ag along with Cl, K and Al as the mixed precipitates

Principal and Management of Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal

present in the reaction medium. The EDX profile showed a

College, Sivakasi for providing facilities.

strong elemental signal along with weak oxygen, which

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of

table

monodisperse

silver