of V-V construction from Indonesian into English is confusing since it can result ....
project through the analysis of V-V constructions in Bahasa Indonesia and ...
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Translation is a process of finding the textual equivalence of the source language in the target language to convey the meaning. A text, first of all, conveys “textual meaning” that refers to the way of the text in which it is organized as a piece of writing (or speech) (Eggins, 1994:12). A text is usually constructed by several sentences transmitting some informative messages. Each sentence has its own meaning shown by the use of verb as the center of sentence; hence, the verb becomes the most important part of a sentence. By considering the verb, we should get the information of sentence in the text. In a sentence, verb is usually in the form of verb phrase as the predicate of the sentence that occurs after the subject. In Bahasa Indonesia, there is a phenomenon using V-V construction in a monoclausal structure. Meanwhile in English, the predicate of a clause is clearly analyzed since there is no the use of VV construction in a monoclausal structure. There is a gerund in the use of double verbs in a monoclausal structure, classed as the noun. Sometimes, the translation of V-V construction from Indonesian into English is confusing since it can result in ambiguity meaning. The translation of Indonesian V-V construction is related to the arguments following it and one construction can result in different translation if it is followed by different arguments, which can be seen from the example below.
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SL
TL
1. Saat itu aku merasa jarum detik seluruh jam yang ada di dunia ini berhenti berdetak. (Hirata, 2008209)
At that moment it seemed as if all the hands on all the clocks in the entire world stood still. (Kilbane, 2009-170)
2. Jantungku berhenti berdetak sebentar kemudian berdegup kencang sekali dengan ritme yang kacau seperti kode morse yang meletup-letupkan petasan SOS. (Hirata, 2008-211)
My heart stopped beating for a few seconds before starting up again with an irregular rhythm, like an SOS distress code. (Kilbane, 2009-170)
Those sentences contain the same V-V construction berhenti berdetak in SL but they are translated into different form in TL ‘stood still’ and ‘stopped beating’ because they have different agent that influence the use of appropriate verb. In addition, the translator’s interpretation takes an important role in the translation of V-V constructions in accordance with the context of the text. The first V-V construction berhenti berdetak is translated based on the meaning of the construction in SL and translated into appropriate form in TL into ‘stood still’ since they share the same meaning that is ‘no movement’. Meanwhile, the V-V construction in the second sentence is translated singly without changing the message of SL, in which the V1 berhenti is translated into ‘stopped’ and V2 berdetak is translated into ‘beating’. The construction of two verbs in a sentence describes a single event, so the translator’s preference also influences the product of translation.
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Shift in the translation commonly occurs because of the different language system between Indonesian and English. We can see from the first example of TL in which the first verb berhenti and the second verb berdetak is translated into a verb ‘stood’ and an adverb ‘still’. The V-V construction in SL contains a meaning that the agent previously makes movement berdetak ‘beat’, then immediately does not make movement anymore’, but its translation in SL does not contain information on the previous movement meanwhile it is only a meaning of ‘stay in the same position of no movement’. It means that besides the shift of structure, there is also a shift in meaning. Based on the explanation above, the translation of V-V construction becomes interesting to be analyzed, especially the shifts in translation found in the translation of V-V construction from Indonesian text into English text. The V-V construction can be categorized into complex predicate and serial verb construction. These two terms are used to refer to such V-V construction since complex predicate and serial verb construction share some similarities. The understanding of the complex predicate is a semantic one; and the serial verb construction has largely been viewed in syntactic terms. This study discusses the types of V-V construction based on the semantic relation of the verbs whether it belongs to complex predicate or serial verb construction. A V-V construction is a syntactic phenomenon, which strings two verbs together in a sequence. The translation study of V-V construction is a kind of syntax study since it analyzes the translation form of V-V structure in Indonesian as the source language into English as a target language. According to Matthews (1982), syntax traditionally
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refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words, with or without appropriate inflection are arranged to show connection of meaning within the sentence. The analysis of V-V construction can be supported by the use of tree diagram to show the different structure of the Indonesian V-V construction translated into English. So, by using the tree diagram we can see clearly the translation shifts that are identified in the translation of V-V constructions between both languages.
1.2 Research Problems Based on the background above, generally this study is concerned with the structure equivalent of Indonesian V-V construction translated into English. Therefore, the problems are focused on answering the following questions: 1. What types of V-V constructions are found in “Laskar Pelangi” and its translation “The Rainbow Troops”? How are they translated and why are they translated in that way? 2. What shifts are employed in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into English found in the novel “Laskar Pelangi” and its translation “The Rainbow Troops”? 3. What factors determine the choice of the shifts made by the translator in the translation of Indonesian V-V constructions?
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1.3 Aims of the Research 1.3.1 General Aims Generally, the study aims at giving additional contribution to the translation studies about the analysis of Indonesian V-V construction since it is still rarely analyzed. Hopefully, this study can make a clear analysis of Indonesian V-V construction translated into English. The academic purpose of this study is to give contribution to the translation studies in terms of the translation process of Indonesian V-V construction into English. 1.3.2 Specific Aims The specific aims of this study are: 1. To identify and analyze the types of V-V construction in Indonesian and their equivalents in English found in the novel “Laskar Pelangi” and its translation “The Rainbow Troops” and analyze the method of their translation. 2. To classify and analyze the varieties of shifts in grammatical structure employed to translate Indonesian V-V construction into English and analyze their syntactic forms. 3. To indicate and analyze the factors that determine the choice of shifts made by the translator in translating Indonesian V-V constructions into English found in the novel.
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1.4
Significances of the Study
1.4.1 Theoretical Significances This study could give appropriate contribution to the students of translation studies and this study can also be used as a reference to develop the study of translation technique especially in translating the phenomenon of Indonesian V-V constructions into English. 1.4.2
Practical significances The practical significance of this study can be defined as follow:
a. This study can supply some information on the Indonesian V-V constructions phenomenon found in the novel and its equivalent in English. b. This study could give clear explanation about the appropriate method used in the translation of V-V constructions.
1.5
Scope of the Study This study discusses the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into
English found in the written text. It means that this study is a case study which is oriented towards the translation product. The data were taken from the translation of Indonesian novel entitled “Laskar Pelangi” into English “ The Rainbow Troops”. The scope of this study is limited to the types of Indonesian V-V constructions based on the semantic relation of the verbs, found in the novel compared with their equivalents in English to analyze the method of the translation and to analyze the types of shift taking place in their translation. To
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identify the types of V-V constructions, the data were analyzed based on the semantics contribution to the verbs construction and their equivalents. In analyzing the varieties of shift found in translating the Indonesian V-V construction, the data were analyzed syntactically and grammatically to show the structural differences of the constructions between Indonesian and English; therefore the shift of the constructions would clear.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review This study tries to analyze the construction of V-V constructions, which is oriented towards the translation as a product.
To support this study, some
information is needed from many different sources. There are many studies discussing the V-V construction whether it is in the form of complex predicate or serial verb construction, and the following description will highlight the differences of this study to the other studies. The study in verb serialization was conducted by Luh Putu Astiti Pradnyayanti (2010). In her study, she discussed about the serial verb constructions in Ngeto-Ngete Dialect of Bahasa Sasak compared with Bahasa Indonesia. She found that there are 9 types of serial verb constructions in NgetoNgete Dialect of Bahasa Sasak based on the semantic characteristic of the verbs i.e. 1) Motion, 2) Benefactive, 3) Manner, 4) Instrument, 5) Aspect, 6) Causative, 7) Locative, 8) Purpose, 9) Synonim. However, in her study, she did not discuss the serial verbs construction in relation with the translation study. In line with this, Subiyanto (2010: 54) discussed about V-V construction in Javanese that can be classified into complex predicate and serial verb constructions. In his study, he found that V-V constructions in Javanese can be distinguished based on the semantic relation of the verbs into six types; they were: 1) Motion, 2) Directional, 3) Manner, 4) Causative, 5) Cause-effect, and 6)
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Aspectual. He found that the complex predicate occurred in the causative type and aspectual type, and the others belonged to the serial verbs constructions. His study focused on the V-V compounds in the language system of Javanese and he did not relate it to the translation studies. Bowden (in Senft, 2008:75) discussed about the study of verb serialization in Taba. In his study, he provided a clear description of serial verb constructions in Taba based on the cross-linguistic characteristics of SVCs proposed by Durie. He also divided the typology of Taba SVCs types into: 1) Motion Serialisation, 2) Cause-effect serialisation, 3) Causative serialisation, 4) Instrumental serialisation, 5) Modal serialisation, 6) Aspectual serialisation, 7) Manner serialisation. As the study of serial verb constructions conducted by Astiti Pradnyayanti and Subiyanto, Bowden’s study was also focused on one language and analyzed the typology of one language only. This study was different to those three studies, in which this study related to the translation study of serial verbs construction phenomenon. Another study about serial verbs construction conducted by Seung Man Kang (1997) which focused on Korean language entitled “A Comparative Analysis of SVCs and Korean V-V Compounds”. In his study, he stated that the events on a monoclausal or sentence structure containing serial verb construction denoted by the two verbs in the series. In addition, the internal argument was shared by the two verbs. This study was different since Seung Man Kang’s study discussed about serial verb constructions in Korean language, while this study
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analyzes the phenomenon of the use of serial verb constructions in Bahasa Indonesia and their equivalents in English. Sutthichatchawanwong and Luksaneeyanawin (2007) conducted the study of the translation of serial verb constructions, entitled A Study of The Translation of Thai Serial Verb Constructions with Directional Verbs. They discussed about the translation of Thai Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs) with six Directional Verbs (DVs) such as go, come, enter, exit, ascend and descend in terms of their syntactic and semantic aspects and their English translation. They found that Thai SVCs with DVs totally denote seven concepts i.e. directional, purposive, aspectual, time, sequential, resultative, and success. In their study, they used the KWIC Concordance Program (Key Word in Context) as a tool to collect, compare and analyze the data. However, they did not give a clear and detail analysis of the translation of Thai serial verb constructions into English. They only categorized and grouped the Thai serial verb constructions and their equivalents in English syntactically and semantically and put them in the table without any explanation of their categories. This study aimed at giving clear analysis of the translation of Indonesian serial verb constructions into English and categorized them based on the semantic meaning of the verbs. Those studies mentioned above have inspired the writer to do the same project through the analysis of V-V constructions in Bahasa Indonesia and related them to the translation project to find their equivalents in English. As what Astiti Pradnyayanti, Subiyanto, Bowden, Seung Man Kang have mentioned in their studies that the types of V-V construction whether complex predicate or serial
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verbs construction can be categorized based on the semantic relation of the verbs. While Subiyanto and Seung Man Kang have compared the construction of complex predicate and serial verb construction and have given a clear explanation about their differences. Those studies can be an inspiration and comparison for this study since this study discusses about Indonesian V-V constructions. Sutthichatchawanwong and Luksaneeyanawin have done a translation study of serial verb construction that they categorized and grouped the Thai serial verb constructions and their equivalents in English syntactically and semantically and put them in the table. However, in their study, they did not give a clear explanation of their categories and did not analyze them based on the translation technique and method. This study contributes the types of Indonesian V-V construction based on the semantic relation of the verbs and their equivalents in English, and then it is combined with the translation study in terms of the translation methods and shifts to find the equivalent of SL and TL. This study becomes the completion of the previous studies, since the previous studies mostly discuss the phenomenon of V-V constructions in linguistic domain of one language; meanwhile this study discusses the phenomenon of V-V constructions in social domain since it relates to the translation study.
2.2 Concepts The basic concepts used in this study are the concept of V-V construction, translation equivalence and shifts in translation ideas that are going to be
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explained in this part to support this study. 2.2.1 V-V Construction The terms ‘complex predicate’ and ‘serial verb construction’ are often used to refer to the use of V-V constructions. Alsina, et all. (1997:1) defined complex predicate as predicates which are multi headed; they are composed of more than one grammatical element that contribute part of the information ordinarily associated with a head. Complex predicate can be formed as in the form of serialization, but not all serial verb constructions or V-V constructions belong to complex predicate because serial verb construction has different properties from those of complex predicate. Aikhenvald (2004:1-10) defined serial verb as follow: A serial verb construction is sequence of verbs which act together as a single predicate, without any overt marker of coordination, subordination, or syntactic dependency of any other sorts. Serial verb construction describe what is conceptualized as a single event. SVC may also share core and other arguments. Each component of an SVC must be able to occur on its own right. Serial verb construction has several properties, they are: 1) the verbs form a single predicate of a single clause, 2) serialization verbs has no conjunction or linker between verbs composing a serial verb construction, 3) each of the verbs occurs on its own right in non-serial context, 4) one of the most challenging aspects of verb serialization for syntactic theory is the property of argument sharing. 2.2.2 Translation Equivalence The concept of translation is proposed by Catford (1965:20) that states about the meaning of translation as the replacement of a textual material in one
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language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). The overriding purpose of any translation should be to achieve “equivalent effect”, i.e. to produce the same effect as close as possible on the readership of the translation as was obtained on the readership of the original (Newmark, 1988: 48). This opinion is also supported by Nida (1969:12) who gives a statement that translation consists of reproducing the closest natural equivalent of the message from the source language into the receptor language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Based on those three experts definition, it can be concluded that translation means to change the forms of SL to achieve the naturalness in TL, which is resulting in the occurrence of shift; meanwhile, the meaning is preserved in order to get the equivalence of the message. The translators take important role in the process of translation since their personal competence influenced the translation result in order to find the closest natural equivalent of the message. 2.2.3 Shifts in Translation Catford (1965:73) proposed that shift means to change a grammatical category, which means that the substitution of one grammatical category for another that is used to convey the same semantic weight or equivalent.
2.3 Theoretical Framework This study is based on the linguistics theory and the translation theory. To the answer of the first problem, the theory of linguistics is used appropriately to
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categorize the types of V-V constructions. The main theory of translation is used to answer the second problem especially the theory of translation shifts and methods of translation. 2.3.1 Grammatical Theory of Verbs The grammatical theory is used to identify the use of V-V construction in the sentence and the tree diagram is used to support the analysis of the second problem in describing the translation shifts used to show the syntactic form of VV constructions in both languages. In the grammatical construction of a clause or sentence, verb becomes the head. Verb refers to a state or activity that presupposes a number of participants or arguments depending on the verb and the semantic type concerned. Verb is the head of the phrasal category of verb phrase. In English grammar, verb can be divided into two kinds, such as lexical verb (i.e. give, take, come, go, etc.) and auxiliary verb (i.e. must, do, did, have, had, etc.) (Quirk, et.al., 1973). In Bahasa Indonesia grammar, based on “Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia”, morphologically verb can be in the form of lexical words or free morphemes, such as; tulis, duduk, tidur ambil, jatuh etc.; and it can also be in the form of polimorpheme by adding bound morphemes (afixes meng-, per-, ber-, ter-, di-, ke-, -kan, -i, and –an) to the lexical words (free morphemes) which can be in the form of a verb, noun or adjective, such as; lari (verb)
berlari
atap(noun)
beratap
kuning (adjective)
menguning
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Verb or VP can function as Predicate, Subject, Object, Complement and Adverb in the sentence. In addition, the verb can also function as attributive and appositive verb (Alwi, dkk., 2003:162-165). It can be explained in detail as follows. a. Verb or verb phrase as a predicate Generally, verb functions as a predicate in a sentence. It can be seen from the example below: 1) Kaca jendela itu pecah. 2) Orang tuanya bertani. Those examples show that words pecah and bertani are the predicate of the sentence that occur after the subject. b. Verb or verb phrase as a subject Verb or verb phrase can be a subject in the sentence. The main verb generally become the subject but if the verb is followed by other elements such as object or adverb and in form a verb phrase, so all elements of the verb phrase become the subject of the sentence. It can be seen in the example below. 1) Membaca telah memperluas wawasannya. 2) Bersenam setiap pagi membuat orang itu sehat. Those sentences contain a verb and verb phrase as the subject. The example no.2 contains a verb phrase in which the main verb is bersenam and followed by adverb of time setiap pagi.
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c. Verb or verb phrase as an object The examples below show the use of verb and verb phrase as the object of the sentences. 1) Dia sedang mengajarkan menari pada adik saya. 2) Dia sedang mencoba tidur tanpa batal. The examples show that the verb menari and tidur tanpa bantal are the objects of the sentences. Those are regarded as the objects of the sentences which can be proved by changing the sentence structure into passive in which the object can be the subject. Those sentences can be changed into passive as follows. 3) Menari sedang diajarkan oleh dia pada adik saya. 4) Tidur tanpa bantal sedang dicoba oleh dia. d. Verb or verb phrase as a complement Verb or verb phrase can be a complement that can be seen in the examples below. 1) Mertuanya tidak merasa bersalah. 2) Dia sudah berhenti merokok. We can see from the example that the verbs bersalah and merokok are regarded as the complement of the sentences. To identify the verb as the complement or the object of the sentence can be tested by changing the sentence structure into passive.
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e. Verb or verb phrase as an adverb The sentences below show the use of verb and verb phrase as the adverb. 1) Ibu sudah pergi berbelanja. 2) Saya bersedia membantu anda. The examples above show that there are two verbs occur in each sentence. The first verb is functioned as the predicate of the sentence and the second verb is the adverb which contain the meaning of “aim or purpose” of the first verb. Therefore, between the first and the second verb can be added by: pergi untuk berbelanja and bersedia untuk membantu anda. f. Verb as attributive Verb can be attributive in which it can give an additional information of noun so it can occur in the phrase. 1) Anjing tidur tak boleh diganggu. 2) Emosi tak terkendali sangat berbahaya. Each verb tidur, and tak terkendali modify the noun ‘anjing’ and ‘emosi’. The attributive function of the verb is a short form of the use of yang within the noun phrase, so the longer form could be ‘anjing yang tidur’ and ‘emosi yang tak terkendali’. g. Verb as appositive The use of verb as appositive can be seen in the sentences below. 1) Pekerjaannya, mengajar, sudah ditinggalkannya. 2) Usaha pak Suroso, berdagang kain, tidak begitu maju.
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Verb or verb phrase above are functioned as appositive in which each verb is added in the noun ‘pekerjaannya’ and noun phrase ‘usaha pak Suroso’. Those verb and verb phrase are the complement of the noun and noun phrase. In Bahasa Indonesia, verb can be categorized based on the semantic function in the grammatical construction which relates to the correlation between the verb and other elements of the sentence, they are transitive and intransitive verb. The verb can be categorized into transitive verb if it determines two arguments, such as subject and object in form of a noun occured after the verb and the object can be a subject when it is translated into passive. Meanwhile, the verb is regarded as intransitive when there is no a noun after the verb which is regarded as the object of the sentence and it cannot be a subject in the passive sentence. Active sentence is usually identified by the use of verb with affix me-, and passive sentence is usually identified by the use of verb with affix di-. The examples of transitive and intransitive verbs can be seen from the sentences below. 1) Ibu sedang membersihkan kamar itu. 2) Dia tertidur di kursi panjang itu. The example 1 uses transitive verb since the object kamar itu can be a subject when the sentence structure is changed into passive, ‘Kamar itu sedang dibersihkan oleh ibu’. On the other hand, the example 2 uses intransitive verb since there is no object after the verb and the sentence cannot be changed into passive because the sentence could not make sense and the construction is not appropriate.
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Givon (1984) divided verb into three different types based on their scale of times, they are: i. state verbs are the verb stating conditions and not involving change across time, ii. event verbs are the verb stating the time stability that changes across time, and iii. action verbs are the verb with responsible agents which is identified at the same time and will show the process of cause and effect. Sentences are structured into structural units that are called as constituents. Constituents of a sentence are not only in form of words but also in the phrases. All of the sentence elements are always in the form of phrases. Subject and object which consist of noun are realized as Noun Phrase (NP); predicate which contains a verb is always in form of Verb Phrase (VP); Adverbial is realized as adverbial phrase (Adv P) and sometimes in form of Prepositional Phrase (PP). Those categorical constituents can be presented in terms of the tree diagram below (Radford, 1988:53). S NP D
M N
VP V
AP ADV
PP A
P
NP D
This
boy must
seem incredibly
stupid to
that
N girl
The words that construct the sentence above can be classified according to their categories, such as:
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This boy is a noun phrase with a noun boy as the head of NP must is an auxiliary verb seem incredibly stupid to that girl is a Verb Phrase (VP) which contains seem is a verb as the head of VP incredibly stupid is adjective phrase with an adjective stupid as the head of AP to that girl is a prepositional phrase, a preposition to as the head of PP 2.3.2 V-V Construction Complex predicate has several properties, they are: 1) the argument structure is complex, in which two or more semantic heads contribute arguments; 2) The grammatical functional structure is that of a simple predicate; it means that there is only a single predicate and a single subject; 3) The phrase structure may be either simple or complex (Butt, 1995, in Alsina, et all., 1997). Durie (1997:291) proposes some key characteristics and sequences of the serial verb construction, they are: a. A single serial verb complex describes what is conceptualized as single event. A serial verb complex can often be best translated into a nonserializing language using a single, mono-verbal clause. b. The serial complex has shared tense, aspect, modality and polarity. c. Serial verbs share at least one and possibly more arguments. d. Intonational properties of a clause with serialization are those of a mono-verbal clause. There are no pause between the verbs in a serial construction.
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e. The complex takes only one subject/ external argument. f. There is a strong diachronic tendency to lexicalization and grammaticization of the meaning of serial complexes. Complex predicate and serial verb construction share some similarities, as they both are concerned with semantic integration. Bukhari (2009; as cited in Subiyanto, 2010) identified the difference between complex predicate and serial verb construction in Gojri, one of the Indo-Aryan languages by giving the following examples. (1) kaloo-ne
seb
chillii
khayo
Kaloo-ERG apple-NOM peel-PF eat-PF ‘Kaloo peeled the apple and ate it’ (2) kaloo-ne
seb
chil
Kaloo-ERG apple-NOM peel
diyo give-PF
‘Kaloo peeled the apple (for someone else)’ Sentence (1) above is a serial verb construction, indicating that there are two different events described by two verbs which come together in a sequence. It means that two different events have their own individuality in the course of action. Meanwhile, sentence (2) descibes one action since the second verb diyo ‘give’ in the sequence is a light verb. The light verb does not have its full lexical meaning but contributes some aspectual meanings of ‘completivenes’. Therefore, sentence (2) is claimed as a complex predicate construction. The sequencing is according to recurrent construction types based on the semantic of the verbs constructed V-V constructions, such as:
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1. Cause-Effect Cause-effect construction involves V1 and V2 that are understood as the argument and the result. One will be the cause of something and another will be the result of the action. Example:
a. White Hmong (Jarkey in Alsina, et al 1997:331)) nws ntaus tus
dev khiav kiag
(s)he beat CLF dog flee completely ‘He beat the dog off.’ 2. Goal/ Benefactive In the goal/benefactive construction, the goal/ benefactive verb will generally come second, since it stands in an effect relationship with the preceding verb. V2 is a verb which might be regarded as ditransitive, often ‘give’, however the ordering principle is equally applicable in cases where the first verb might be understood as (at least conceptually) ditransitive, and the second verb is clearly transitive. Example:
b. Jabêm (Zahn in Alsina, et al 1997: 334) aê ka-kêng mo gê-dêng ngoc ngapalê I 1SG-give taro 3SG-go.to my child ‘I give my child taro.’
3. Motion
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A very common pattern of construction involves a verb of motion. A motion verb occurs in the position dictated by temporal sequencing of sub events. Example:
c. Terun (van Klinken in Senft 2008:36) K-tene
k-á
1SG-go 1SG-eat ‘I go (and/to) eat.’ 4. Direction The construction is defined by a sequence in which the second verb in form of direction verb specifies the path or location of a motion action event. Direction construction can be distinguished into two types, such as: a. Intransitive: the construction consists of an intransitive verb followed by a directional verb. Example: d. Hatam (Reesink in Senft 2008:39) Sop
cin i-mbut
i-kwei
su
woman pair 3PL-walk 3PL-come already ‘The two women had already walked (and) come.’ b. Transitive: the construction consists of the first verb which regarded as transitive verb, the object is typically the moving entity. Example: e. Hatam (Reesink in Senft 2008:39) Ji-krau
munggwom cin
2PL-hold child
pi-ma
kwei
two ANAPH-that come
‘You bring the two children.’
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5. Instrumental An instrument adding verb comes in V1 position, can also be motivated in terms of a causal event chain. Example:
f. Maybrat (Dol in Senft 2008:43) T-fat
ara m-kah
pam
1SG-fell tree 3U-with axe ‘I felled the tree with an axe.’ 6. Coincidence Motion or Posture It involves an action while moving or maintaining a posture. It can occur as V1 or V2. Example:
g. Sranan (Sebba in Alsina, et al 1997:336)) a e
waka luku
he T/A walk look ‘He is searching.’ (He is walking about looking) 7. Manner Manner construction involves use of a serial verb to describe the manner in which an action is done. Example:
h. Tidore (cf. van Staden in Senft 2008:44) Rustam wo-oyo wo-dedo 3M 3M:A-eat 3M:A fast ‘Rustam eats fast.’
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8. Synonymic Synonymic is the combining of verbs that are closely related in meaning, usually near synonyms, but sometimes antonyms and the two verbs are not ordered either causally or temporally.
Example:
i. Keo (Baird in Senft 2008: 61) Imu kai mbana pasa rede So’a 3sg go go market east So’a ‘She went to the market in So’a.’
2.3.3 Methods of Translation Translation can be defined as the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Text in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees such as: fully or partially equivalent; in respect of different levels of presentation such as: context, semantics, grammar, lexis, etc; and at different ranks such as: word-for word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence (Bell, 1991:6). The process of translation involves three phases (Nida, 1975), they are: 1. Analyze the message of the text in question into its simplest forms in the source language, 2. Transfer the message to the receptor language, 3. Restructure it at the simple level to the receptor language which is most appropriate for the particular type of audience in mind.
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Equivalence at word level is the first element that the translators see as single units in order to find a direct equivalent term in the target language (Baker, 1992). The translation of Indonesian V-V constructions could be in many different ways, whether it is translated literally or freely. Therefore, the method of translation will be used to analyze the translation of V-V constructions to answer the first problem of this study. Newmark (1988:45) proposes the method of translation that can be categorized into SL emphasis and TL emphasis in the form of flattened V diagram below. SL emphasis
TL emphasis
Word-for-word translation
Adaptation
Literal translation
Free translation
Faithful translation Semantic translation
Idiomatic translation Communicative translation
Each method has different way of translation, and those methods can be explained more detail as follows. a. Word-for-word translation This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation in which the SL word order is translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context and the cultural word is adopted as the original word into TL; for example the word tempe (Machali, 2009:78). This method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language. b. Literal translation
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The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. For example, the translation of sentence “It’s raining cats and dogs” into Hujan kucing dan anjing. The translation is out of context and results in an unmeaningful sentence inTL, since it is impossible that cats and dogs fall from the sky (Machali, 2009:78).
c. Faithful translation This method reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures to transfer cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms in the translation. As the example, the translation of sentence “Ben is too well aware that he is naughty” into Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa ia nakal. The translation seems like a translation result of foreigner who has learnt Indonesian. Even though the SL meaning is faithful to the TL meaning, but it will be better if it is appropriated to the Indonesian style into Ben sangat sadar bahwa ia nakal (Machali, 2009: 79). d. Semantic translation Semantic translation takes more account of the natural sound of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. For example, the translation of sentence “He is a book-worm” into Dia (laki-laki) adalah seorang yang suka sekali membaca (Machali, 2009: 79). The translation is
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functional and easier to be understood by the target reader, even though the translation does not use the same meaning idiom in TL. e. Adaptation It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. For example, the translation of Shakespeare drama entitled “Macbeth” that is adapted by W.S. Rendra and performed at Taman Ismail Marzuki in 1994. Rendra adopted all original characters and plots of the story, but the dialog was converted to the Indonesian culture. f. Free translation Free translation reproduces the content without the form of the original. It is usually a paraphrase much longer than the original and not translation at all. For example, the translation of news title below: SL: (Time, May 28th, 1990): “Hollywood Rage for Remakes” TL: (Suara Merdeka, 15 Juli 1990): “Hollywood Kekurangan Cerita: Lantas Rame-Rame Bikin Film Ulang” (Machali, 2009: 81). It can be seen that TL is longer than SL but the news contain is shorter than the original. g. Idiomatic translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where
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these do not exist in the original. For example, the translation of sentence below: SL: Mari minum bir sama-sama; saya yang bayar. Tl: I’ll shout you a beer. In the translation above, the English version (Australian English) sounds more idiomatic than the Indonesian version. Actually, it can be translated based on the semantic meaning (semantic translation) into “Let me buy you a beer” (Machali, 2009: 82). h. Communicative translation Communicative translation renders the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. For example the translation of word “spine” in phrase “thorns spines in old reef sediments”. If the word is translated by the expert of biology, it will be translated into spina (it’s term in biology), but if it is translated for the public, it must be translated into duri (Machali, 2009: 83). 2.3.4 Shifts in Translation Catford (1965:73) proposed that shift means to change a grammatical category, which means that the substitution of one grammatical category for another that is used to convey the same semantic weight or equivalent. Meanwhile, Vinay and Dalbernet (2000 as cited in Baker, 1998) states shift as transposition, which is a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense. The theory of translation shift become the main theory in this
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study since shifts in translation is appropriate to be employed in translating the serial verbs construction to show the substitution of one grammatical category for another, from the source language into the target language. Shifts in the translation can be caused by linguistics differences or cultural differences (Salkie, 2001:433-441). Therefore, translation shifts can be divided into: 1. Transposition: it relates to linguistics system in which it shows the changes in grammatical categories. 2. Modulation: it relates to cultural system to show the changes of point of view. In the translation, transposition results in level shift in structure and modulation results in semantic field shift to enhance the meaning. 2.3.4.1 Transposition Transposition reflects the grammatical change that occurs in translation from source language into target language (Salkie, 2001:433-441). Transposition can be categorized into three subdivisions of shifts: 1. Transposition structural Shift 2. Transposition unit shift 3. Transposition category shift a. Transposition Structural Shift Transposition structural shift involves a change in grammatical structure between the source language and the target language. Structure shift can be divided into two factors that affect the use of target language through its application in the society. Those are:
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1. Linguistic factor In the process of translation, the translator actually decodes the source language and tries to find the equivalent meaning of those words phrases and symbols and produce it in the target language. A linguistic equivalence can be achieved if the specific medium of target language carries the same intended meaning or message that the source language carries. The structure shift influenced by the linguistic factor can be seen in the structure of noun phrase from Indonesian that is usually in form of Head + Modifier translated into English become Modifier + Head. It can be seen in the example of noun phrase syal yang biru which is translated into English becomes blue scarf. 2. Social factor In the process of translation, the translator decodes the source language and find its equivalence in the target language through the application of the target language in its society which affected by its social background, such as religions, political system, ethnicity, family values, physical attributes (skin color, body type, etc.), education, economic status, etc. b. Transposition Unit Shift Transposition unit shift is the change of rank which means that the departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. Unit shift can be divided into two kinds that depends on the linguistic
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system behind the SL and TL and the cultural factors affected the terms in both languages; they are: 1. Low to High The definition of Low to High is the unit change from a lower level in SL into a higher level in TL. It means that the transformation of rank changes from a word level in SL into a phrase or a clause level in TL; or it can be in form of a phrase level in SL into a clause level in TL. It can be seen in the translation of manusia in SL into human being in TL, which shows a shift from noun into noun phrase. The transformation is processed by finding the equivalence between the word or phrase in SL and the phrase or clause in TL therefore it is according to the linguistic system and cultural factors which affected the terms of both languages. 2. High to Low The definition of Low to High is the unit change from a higher level in SL into a lower level in TL. It means that the transformation of rank changes from SL to TL is from a clause or a phrase level in SL into a word in TL; or it can be from a clause level in SL into a phrase or a word level in TL. It can be seen in the translation of mata air in Indonesian into spring in English. In Indonesian, mata air is regarded as a noun phrase meanwhile when it is translated into English it changes into a noun.
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c. Transposition Category Shift Transposition category shift is being ‘normal’ or ‘free’ translation that refers to the unbounded and rank bounded translation in which SL-TL equivalences are set up at whatever rank is appropriate. It can be sentencesentence equivalence, but it may shift up and down the rank level from SL to TL. Category shift can be divided into two subdivisions, they are: 1. Obligatory Obligatory shift has the same meaning with literal translation which transfers a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text. It is most common when translating between two languages of the same family (e.g. between French and Italian). 2. Optional Optional shift is basically depending to the discretion of the translator. From the stylistic point of view, it can be seen that the base and the transposed expression do not necessarily have the same value. Translators must, therefore, choose to carry out a transposition if the translation thus obtained fits better into the utterance, or allows a particular nuance of style to be retained. 2.3.4.2 Modulation Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti, 2000) explains that modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. Molina and Albir (2002) proposed that modulation is a shift in point of view. Newmark (1978:89) following Vinay and Dalbernet, discusses this translation
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procedures, which is useful for analyzing perspective and nuances of meaning in translation and is used when the TL rejects literal translation. The change of point of view can be lexically or structurally. Modulation shift can be divided into three subdivisions such as: 1. Lexical Dense The lexical density of a text tries to measure the proportion of the content (lexical) words over the total words. The higher density of a text, the harder the text to be read. 2. Lexical Loose Modulation lexical loose is mostly used in a difficult text, such as poetries and heavy novels. Instead of making the meanings of words easily to understand, modulation lexical loose is precisely hides them behind the terms. 3. Focus Modulation Basically, focus modulation is a translation shift, which functions as the focus on the natural expression of speech. There should be avoidance to the original lexical or structure form but focus on the meaning to make naturalness in TL.
2.4 Research Model The model of the research can be shown in form of the chart that shows the correlation between the topic, the problems, the theory and the analysis of the data.
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SL-TL Text
Theory of Translation
Verbs
Methods of Translation
Macro Linguistics
Micro Linguistics
Types of V-V Construction
Translation Shifts
Factors determining the choice of shifts
Results Figure 2.1 Research Model
The translation of V-V constructions can be investigated based on the theory of V-V construction in which the constructions in SL are categorized based on the semantics meaning of verbs that construct the V-V constructions and then compared with its translation in TL. The data in both languages are analyzed by the translation theory, such as the grammatical theory is used to analyze the V-V construction in SL and its equivalent translation in TL. Then, they are analyzed by using the theory of semantic and communicative translation to find the methods that were applied by the translator in translating the Indonesian V-V construction. It is also used to find the shift occurred in the translation of Indonesian V-V
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construction into English and to indicate the factor that determines the choice of the shifts made by the translator in translating Indonesian V-V constructions into English found in the novel. Finally, the results of the study are obtained.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
The research method is necessary for the researchers because it can guide the researchers to achieve their aims of the study based on the problems arising in the study (Sudaryanto, 1988:25). The research method in this study can be divided into five subdivisions, such as: research approach, data source, method and technique of collecting data, method and technique of analyzing data, and method and technique of presenting the result.
3.1 Research Approach Bogdan and Biklen (1992:2) proposed that this study belongs to qualitative research, which is characterized by observation and description in form of words and sentences. This study was conducted through the observation of the data source that was in Indonesian language and its translation into English to find the data of V-V constructions and their equivalents in English. Afterwards, this study gave a complete description about the phenomenon of V-V constructions in Indonesian and how they were translated into English. In this translation study, the most important thing needed to be analyzed was the procedures of translation especially the translation shift shown by the shifts of the constructions syntactically and semantically.
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3.2 Data Source The data were taken from a bestseller novel in Indonesia entitled “Laskar Pelangi” by an Indonesian novelist, Andrea Hirata, with its translation into English entitled “The Rainbow Troops” translated by Angie Kilbane. This novel was chosen as the data source since it contains so many clauses or sentences with V-V construction as the predicate related to the topic of this study. In addition, the story of this novel was also interesting and gave inspiration of love, friendship and education to us. That also supported the reason of choosing this novel as the data source. Indonesian became the source language because the phenomenon of V-V constructions were mostly used in Indonesian so the Indonesian novel became the first data source and the English novel became the second data source to find the contrasted data of Indonesian serial verbs construction. Thus, it was important to analyze the use of V-V construction in this novel and find the equivalents of the Indonesian V-V constructions in English.
3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data Since it was a research of a translation product in a written text, in the process of data collection, the method used was by reading the source. Firstly, the Indonesian novel was read carefully in several times to find out the use of V-V constructions. Then, the note taking technique was used to list the V-V constructions in a clause or sentence found in source language text. After the process of listing the data in form of Indonesian language, the English novel was
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read to find the equivalents of the Indonesian V-V constructions and they were listed in parallel to make the process of analyzing easier.
3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data The collected data were classified based on the verbs semantic characteristics to find the types of V-V constructions found in the data source. Then, they were analyzed by comparing them with their translation into English in order to analyze the method of translation organized in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into English. Then, the data were analyzed by using the theory of translation to find the shift procedure identified in the translation of V-V construction and the structure of V-V constructions were analyzed syntactically by using the tree diagram. For the last step of this study, the data were grouped based on the shift types to indicate the factor that determined the shift in translating Indonesian V-V constructions into English found in the data source. This method of study can be categorized as qualitative-descriptive method since it aims to describe systematically, factually, and accurately the characteristic and correlations occurring among the phenomenon based on the theory applied in this study (Djajasudarma, 1993:10). According to Mahsun (2005: 18), the relation between the method, data and theory in this study can be figured out as follow.
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Problems
Theory
Methods
Data
Figure 3.1 Triangle of Study Analysis
The diagram shows that, in the analysis, the theory is the central of this study, since it gives a clear explanation to the answer of study problems and it results in the choice of methods and data used in this study. Therefore, the theory is positioned in the middle of this triangle.
3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting the Result The appropriate data were presented based on each type of V-V constructions and based on the types of shift employed in the translation. This method was called as descriptive method, which means that the data were presented by elucidating it in words or sentences. The description of shift was supported by the tree diagram to show the different constructions between the Indonesian V-V constructions and their translation equivalents in English.
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CHAPTER IV INDONESIAN V-V CONSTRUCTIONS IN “LASKAR PELANGI” AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN “THE RAINBOW TROOPS”
4.1 Types of Indonesian V-V Constructions and Their Translations in English The typology of Indonesian V-V contsruction and its translation into English can be classified based on the transitivity of the verb construction. Since, there is no V-V construction in English, the translation of Indonesian V-V constructions are usually in the form of single verb in English. It can be seen in the figure below. SL
TL
Transitive – Transitive Transitive – Intransitive
Transitive
Intransitive – Transitive Intransitive – Intransitive
Intransitive
Figure 4.1 Typology of V-V Construction The V-V construction that consists of transitive - transitive verb can be translated into transitive verb, transitive – intransitive verb can be translated into transitive verb, intransitive – transitive verb can be translated into intransitive verb and intransitive – intransitive verb can be translated into intransitive verb. These constructions are found in the novel, and some constructions can be translated differently from the typology above just because of the translator preferences in the translation of V-V construction from Indonesian into English.
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Based on the characteristics of V-V construction, several sentences contain V-V construction as a single predicate in the sentence are found in the novel. They can be categorized based on the semantic meaning of the verbs into several types of V-V construction. There are 8 types of V-V constructions found in the novel “Laskar Pelangi”, such as (1) cause-effect, (2) motion, (3) direction that can be divided into (a) intransitive and (b) transitive, (4) instrumental, (5) coincidence motion or posture, (6) manner, (7) synonymic, and (8) aspect. The following sub chapters discuss about those types of Indonesian V-V construction found in the novel “Laskar Pelangi” and compared with their translation equivalents in English in “The Rainbow Troops”. 4.1.1 Cause-Effect This type shows cause-effect relationship between the first and the second verb, in which one is the cause of something, and another one is the effect of the cause. It can be seen in the example below. SL 1) Tingkah ini diikuti Sahara yang sengaja menumpahkan air minum A Kiong sehingga anak Hokian itu menangis sejadijadinya seperti orang ketakutan dipeluk setan. (Hirata, 2008-14)
TL On top of this, Sahara, that small, veil wearing girl, deliberately knocked over A Kiong’s water bottle, causing the Hokian-Chinese child to cry like he had seen a ghost. (Kilbane, 200915
2) Aku menyaksikan dari sela-sela kaki pengunjung air matanya mengalir membasahi pipinya yang rusak berbintik-bintik hitam. (Hirata, 2008-92)
I saw bodenga’s tears streaming down his pockmarked cheeks. (Kilbane, 2009-76)
3) Wajah Flo memerah menahan girang. (Hirata, 2008-424)
Flo’s face was red from holding back her excitement. (Kilbane, 2009403)
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Cause-effect meaning can be seen in those sentences. The V-V construction in sentence (1) ketakutan dipeluk consists of intransitive verb ketakutan and transitive verb dipeluk, in which the first verb shows the effect of action in the second verb. SL Orang ketakutan dipeluk setan
TL he had seen a ghost
The semantic meaning in the V-V construction ketakutan dipeluk shows the cause and effect relationship since the second verb dipeluk (setan) ‘being hugged (by the ghost)’ causes the effect into the subject that is shown by the first verb ketakutan ‘fear’. Meanwhile, the effect meaning of V-V construction in source language is implicitly transferred into ‘had seen’ in the target language, which also causes the effect of ‘fear’ when the agent had seen the ghost. The V-V construction in SL ketakutan dipeluk means that the agent feel something bad because of being frightened since the agent is being hugged by the ghost. Meanwhile, it is translated into a transitive predicate in the form of verb phrase ‘had seen’ in TL which means that the agent had seen the ghost which contains the implicit effect of ‘fear’ by seeing the ghost. In this case, the translator changes the point of view of ‘being hugged’ into ‘had seen’ even though both cause the same effect of ‘to be fear’. In SL, the construction contains hyperbole expression dipeluk setan since it describes that an invisible thing “a ghost” can hug a human. Meanwhile, it is translated by ignoring the hyperbole expression into its natural sound to be “had seen” since in English believe, there is no ghost/ invisible thing that can hug a
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human. By those, we can see that the translator used communicative method in translating V-V construction ketakutan dipeluk into ‘had seen’, which are equivalent in the message. It shows that the translator seems to make the translation more communicative so it can be easier to be understood by the target reader. The sentence (2) has a V-V construction mengalir membasahi which consists of intransitive verb mengalir and transitive verb membasahi. The cause and effect relationship can be seen from the first verb mengalir ‘stream’ that causes an effect meaning to the second verb membasahi ‘to wet’. SL air matanya membasahi pipinya
mengalir
TL bodenga’s tears streaming down his pockmarked cheeks
The semantic meaning in the V-V construction mengalir membasahi shows the cause and effect relationship since the first verb mengalir ‘to stream’ causes the effect into the object ‘cheek’ that is shown by the second verb membasahi ‘to make something wet’. As same as the V-V construction in sentence 1, the effect meaning of V-V construction in source language is implicitly transferred into an intransitive predicate in the form of phrasal verb ‘streaming down’ in the target language, in which the effect ‘to make something wet’ can be seen by the result of construction ‘streaming down’ since it indirectly causes the cheeks wet. By those, we can see that the translator used semantic method in translating V-V construction mengalir membasahi into ‘streaming down’, which are equivalent in meaning. In this case, the translator tends to give natural sounds in the target language, compromising the appropriate meaning in the target language.
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The V-V construction in the sentence (3) has the same construction with the V-V construction in sentence (1) since it also contains an intransitive verb memerah and a transitive verb menahan. The first verb shows the effect of the second verb, and the second verb is the cause of the first verb. The second verb menahan ‘to hold’ causes the effect meaning to the subject that is shown by the first verb memerah ‘becoming red’. SL Wajah Flo menahan girang
TL memerah
Flo’s face was red from holding back her excitement
In this sentence, the effect meaning of the first verb memerah ‘becoming red’ refers to the subject that is the face of the agent ‘Flo’, which is caused by the action of the second verb menahan ‘to hold’. Therefore, there is a cause effect meaning in this V-V construction. It is directly translated by using literal translation method since the V-V construction memerah menahan is translated by converting the SL grammatical constructions into the nearest TL equivalent constraint into intransitive predicate ‘was red from holding back’ that is not in the form of the lexical verb anymore, but in the form of verb phrase and gerund. In this construction, the translator transferred the meaning of the V-V construction in SL into TL without changing the original construction of SL and finding the nearest equivalent construction of TL.
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4.1.2 Motion A very common pattern of construction involves a verb of motion. As same as the name, this sequence consist of a motion verb as the first one which shows that the agent do a movement to do another action of the second verb. A motion verb occurs in the position dictated by temporal sequencing of sub events.
SL
TL
4) Kami lari terbirit-birit mencari perlindungan ke rumah penduduk. (Hirata, 2008-187)
We ran for our lives to find shelter in one of the villager’s homes. (Kilbane, 2009-153)
5) Aku mengamati pesawat yang pergi membawa cinta pertamaku menembus awan-awan putih nun jauh tinggi di angkasa tak terjangkau. (Hirata, 2008-299)
My eyes were fixed on the vessel taking my love up into the white unreachable clouds, high up in the sky. (Kilbane, 2009-259)
6) Setelah Syahdan, Mahar dan pengikut setianya A Kiong-lah yang datang menjengukku. (Hirata, 2008-305)
And then Mahar and his faithful follower A Kiong came to visit me. (Kilbane, 2009-263)
In sentence (5), we can see the V-V construction lari terbirit-birit mencari that contains a motion verb which occurs as the first verb of the construction and is followed by the second verb that is regarded as an action or motion verb. SL Kami lari terbirit-birit mencari perlindungan ke rumah penduduk.
TL We ran for our lives to find shelter in one of the villager’s homes.
The motion verb is in the form of intransitive verb lari (terbirit-birit ) ‘to run (in a rush)’. Meanwhile, the second verb is regarded as transitive verb mencari ‘to
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find’ which also has the purposive meaning. It seems that the first motion verb is done by the agent to do the second verb. The second verb mencari ‘to find’ is the purpose of the first motion lari (terbirit-birit) ‘to run (hurriedly)’. The V-V construction lari terbirit-birit mencari is translated into a transitive predicate “ran for our lives to find”. In this sentence, the V-V construction is translated by using the literal translation method combined with communicative translation method. The verbs are converted to their TL equivalents and the lexical words are translated singly, since the verb lari is translated into verb ‘ran’ and the verb mencari is translated into to infinitive ‘to find’. Meanwhile, in the translation of word terbirit-birit the translator use communicative translation method, since the translator transferred the message within the word terbirit-birit that shows “the manner of the first verb done in hurriedly with the purpose to save the agent’s life” and it is translated into ‘ran for our lives’ which shows that they are equivalent in the meaning. The motion construction can also be seen in sentence (6) that is in the V-V construction pergi membawa. The motion verb occurs as the first verb of the construction and it is followed by the second verb that is regarded as an action or motion verb. SL Aku mengamati pesawat yang pergi membawa cinta pertamaku
TL My eyes were fixed on the vessel taking my love up
The motion verb in the construction is in the form of intransitive verb pergi ‘to go’ and the second verb is regarded as transitive verb, membawa ‘to bring’, which also has purposive meaning. The first motion verb is done by the agent in the
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purpose of doing the second verb. The verb membawa ‘to bring’ is the purpose of the motion verb pergi ‘to go’. The V-V construction in this sentence is translated by using semantic translation method, since the V-V construction pergi membawa which means ‘to take something leaving the previous place into another place’ is translated into a transitive predicate with a phrasal verb in TL ‘taking something up’ which means ‘to move something into a particular position that is higher than previous one’. We can see that the translator tends to transfer the same meaning of the message from SL into TL with flexibility to change the form of SL into TL to make natural sounds in TL. The sentence (7) also contains the motion construction datang menjenguk that contains a motion verb, which occurs as the first verb of the construction and the second verb is regarded as an action or motion verb. SL Mahar dan pengikut setianya A Kiong-lah yang datang menjengukku
TL Mahar and his faithful follower A Kiong came to visit me.
The motion verb is in the form of intransitive verb datang ‘to come’ and the second verb is regarded as transitive verb menjenguk ‘to visit’, which also has the purposive meaning. As same as the V-V constructions of the sentence (5) and (6), the first motion verb is also done by the agent to do the second verb. The second verb menjenguk ‘to visit’ is the purpose of the first motion datang ‘to come’. In this sentence, the V-V construction is translated by using the literal translation method since the verbs are converted to their TL equivalents and the lexical words are translated singly. The verb datang is translated into verb ‘came’ and the verb menjenguk is translated into to infinitive ‘to visit’ without any change in the
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meaning. The V-V construction datang menjenguk is translated into a transitive predicate ‘came to visit’ which are equivalent in the grammatical construction and meaning. 4.1.3 Direction The construction is defined by a sequence in which the second verb in form of direction verb specifies the path or location of a motion action event. Direction construction can be distinguished into two types, such as: a. Intransitive: as same as the name of this type, the construction consists of an intransitive verb followed by a directional verb. SL
TL
7) Badanku gemetar ketika aku melintas menuju pohon karet dengan cara menggeser-geserkan genggaman tanganku yang mencekik tambang erat-erat. (Hirata, 2008-168)
My body shook as I made my way along the rope, hand over hand, toward the rubber tree. (Kilbane, 2009-132)
8) Pelangi yang menghunjam di daratan ini melengkung laksana jutaan bidadari berkebaya warnawarni terjun menukik ke sebuah danau terpencil bersembunyi malu karena kecantikannya (Hirata, 2008-160)
The rainbow curved, resembling millions of maidens wearing colorful kebayas jumping down into a remote lake, hiding bashfully because of their beauty. (Kilbane, 2009-125)
9) Aku berlari melintasi lapangan menuju pokok pohon gayam. (Hirata, 2008-298)
I ran across the yard toward the filicium tree. (Kilbane, 2009-258)
The direction intransitive meaning can be seen in the V-V construction of sentence (8) which consists of intransitive verb melintas ‘to pass’ as the first verb and direction transitive verb menuju ‘toward’ as the second verb.
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SL aku melintas menuju pohon karet
TL I made my way …. toward the rubber tree.
The intransitive verb in the V-V construction is shown by the first verb melintas ‘to pass’ that is in the form of motion verb, meanwhile the direction meaning is shown by the second verb menuju ‘toward’ that refers to a position of something/ place. The second verb of serialization menuju ‘toward’ shows a direction of the first verb melintas ‘to pass’ that is toward the direction of pohon karet ‘rubber tree’. The V-V construction melintas menuju is translated into transitive predicate ‘made my way…toward’. The translator used semantic translation method in translating the first verb since the translator translated the verb melintas into ‘made my way’ which is equivalent in meaning to give natural sound of translation in the TL. Meanwhile, in the translation of the second verb, the translator used literal translation since it is translated into its nearest TL equivalent. The V-V construction in the SL melintas menuju means that to pass one place toward another place, and it is translated into a phrasal verb in TL ‘made my way toward’ which means to manage to go to a place or position. It seems that the translator transferred the meaning of SL into natural sound in TL. The V-V construction in sentence (9) consists of two intransitive verbs, such as terjun ‘to jump’ and menukik ‘nosedive’. Therefore, this V-V construction can be categorized into intransitive serialization. SL jutaan bidadari berkebaya warnawarni terjun menukik ke sebuah danau terpencil
TL millions of maidens wearing colorful kebayas jumping down into a remote lake
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In this V-V construction, the direction meaning can be seen in the second verb menukik ‘nosedive’ that shows direction of the first verbs terjun ‘to jump’ into sebuah danau terpencil ‘a remote lake’. The V-V construction terjun menukik is translated into an intransitive predicate ‘jumping down’ by using communicative translation method, since the V-V construction terjun menukik that has the meaning of ‘to jump into a lower position with the head come first’ is translated into a phrasal verb ‘jumping down’ which only translate the word terjun into ‘jumping’ and the word menukik is translated into ‘down’. Even though the meaning of the way of jumping with the head come first is left translated into TL, but actually they are equivalent in the meaning of the intended direction that is into a lower direction. It is used to make the translation more comprehensible for the target reader. The V-V construction in sentence (10) consists of intransitive verb berlari ‘to run’ and transitive verb melintasi ‘to cross’. The intransitive meaning is shown by the first verb berlari, therefore this V-V construction can be categorized into intransitive construction. SL Aku berlari melintasi lapangan
TL I ran across the yard
In this V-V construction, the direction meaning can be seen in the second verb melintasi ‘to cross’ that shows direction of the first verb berlari ‘to run’ from one side to the other side of the place lapangan ‘the yard’. The V-V construction berlari melintasi is translated into intransitive predicate in the form of phrasal verb ‘ran across’. This V-V construction is translated by using literal translation method since the words berlari and melintasi are translated singly to their nearest
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equivalent in the TL into ‘ran’ and ‘across’ without changing the original meaning of SL.
b. Transitive: the construction consists of the first verb which is regarded as transitive verb, and the second verb is typically the moving entity. SL
TL
10) Arena semakin membara dan gairah tarian mendidih ketika dua puluh prajurit Masai menyerbu masuk untuk menyelamatkan kami. (Hirata, 2008-244)
The street grew hotter as the Masai soldiers burst onto the scene to save us. (Kilbane, 2009-193)
11) Karena di Belitong tidak ada rumah sakit jiwa bahkan sampai sekarang maka orang Belitong yang mentalnya sakit parah sering dikirim melintasi laut ke rumah sakit jiwa ini. (Hirata, 2008-446)
Because there were no mental hospitals in Belitong which still holds true to this very day, people there who suffered from serious mental illnesses were often sent across the sea to the mental hospital in Bangka. (Kilbane, 2009-426)
12) Kursi dan meja roda dibawa pulang. (Hirata, 2008-484)
Wheelchairs and examination tables were taken home. (Kilbane, 2009450)
The direction transitive can be seen in the V-V construction of sentence (11) which consists of transitive verb menyerbu ‘to burst’ and it is followed by the intransitive verb masuk ‘to enter’ in the second verb. Therefore, this V-V construction can be categorized into transitive serialization. SL dua puluh prajurit Masai menyerbu masuk untuk menyelamatkan kami
TL the Masai soldiers burst onto the scene to save us
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The sentence consists of transitive motion verb in the first position and is followed by the second verb in form of direction verb that refers to a position of something/ place. The transitive verb is shown by the verb menyerbu ‘to burst’ and the direction meaning is shown by the second verb masuk ‘to enter’ which refers to go into a place. The second verb of construction masuk ‘enter’ shows a direction into a place of the first verb menyerbu ‘to burst’. The V-V construction in sentence (11) menyerbu masuk is translated into intransitive predicate in the form of phrasal verb ‘burst onto the scene’. The V-V construction is translated by using literal translation method that is combined with semantic translation method since the verbs are converted to their nearest TL equivalents and the words are translated singly into ‘burst onto’ with some additional information ‘the scene’ to make it clearer and more comprehensible in TL. The V-V construction in sentence (12) consists of two transitive verbs, such as the first verb dikirim ‘to be sent’ and the second verb melintasi ‘to cross’. Therefore this construction can be categorized into transitive serialization. SL orang Belitong yang mentalnya sakit parah sering dikirim melintasi laut ke rumah sakit jiwa ini
TL people there who suffered from serious mental illnesses were often sent across the sea to the mental hospital in Bangka
In this V-V construction, the direction meaning can be seen in the second verb melintasi ‘to cross’ that shows direction of the first verb dikirim ‘to be sent’ from one side to the other side of the place laut ‘the sea’. The V-V construction dikirim melintasi is translated into transitive predicate in the form of phrasal verb ‘were sent across’. This V-V construction is translated by using literal translation
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method since the words dikirim and melintasi are translated singly to their nearest equivalent in the TL into ‘were sent’ and ‘across’ without changing the original meaning of SL. The direction transitive can be seen in the V-V construction of sentence (13) which consists of transitive verb dibawa ‘to be brought’ and it is followed by the intransitive verb pulang ‘to go home’ in the second verb. Therefore, this V-V construction can be categorized into transitive serialization. SL Kursi dan meja roda dibawa pulang
TL Wheelchairs and examination tables were taken home
The V-V construction of the sentence consists of transitive motion verb in the first position and is followed by the second verb in form of direction verb that refers to a position of something/ place. The transitive verb is shown by the verb dibawa ‘to be brought’ and the direction meaning is shown by the second verb pulang ‘to go home’ which refers to go to a place of living. The second verb of construction pulang ‘to go home’ shows a direction into a place of the first verb dibawa ‘to be brought’. The V-V construction is translated into transitive predicate in the form of verb phrase ‘were taken home’ by using literal translation method since they are converted to their nearest TL equivalents and the words are translated singly, in which the first verb dibawa is translated into ‘were taken’ and the second verb pulang is translated into ‘home’. They are translated literally without changing the meaning of the SL.
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4.1.4 Instrumental This type of construction is a construction that uses an instrument verb to do the action. An instrument adding verb comes in V1 position, can also be motivated in terms of a causal event chain. SL
TL
13) Kapal keruk digergaji menjadi besi kiloan. (Hirata, 2008-484)
The dredges were sawed to pieces and sold by the kilogram. (Kilbane, 2009-450)
Sentence (14) contains a V-V construction digergaji menjadi, which uses a transitive verb in the first verb digergaji and an intransitive verb in the second verb menjadi. The verb digergaji shows that the instrument gergaji ‘saw’ is used to do the activity. The construction means that the argument kapal keruk is cut into pieces by using the instrument gergaji ‘saw’. V-V construction digergaji menjadi is translated into transitive predicate in the form of phrasal verb ‘were sawed to’ by using literal translation method since the SL grammatical construction is converted to the nearest TL equivalent. The construction digergaji menjadi and its translation in TL ‘were sawed to’ share the same meaning that is ‘to use a saw to cut something into pieces’. The instrumental meaning in SL is still converted into the TL and the words are translated singly without changing the original meaning of the SL. 4.1.5 Coincidence Motion or Posture It involves an action while moving or maintaining a posture. It can occur as V1 or V2.
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SL
TL
14) Namun, hari ini Lintang hanya seorang laki-laki kurus yang duduk bersimpuh menunggu giliran kerja rodi. (Hirata, 2008-471)
But today, Lintang was only a thin man sitting on his heels waiting for his shift of hard labor to begin. (Kilbane, 2009-443)
15) Aku hanya berdiri mematung, berbicara dengan diriku sendiri. (Hirata, 2008-87)
All I could do was stand there like a statue and talk to myself. (Kilbane, 2009-71)
The V-V construction in sentence (15) consists of two intransitive verbs in the first and the second verb, such as duduk ‘to sit’ and bersimpuh ‘cross legged’, meanwhile the third verb is in the form of transitive verb, that is menunggu ‘to wait’. SL seorang laki-laki kurus yang duduk bersimpuh menunggu giliran kerja rodi
TL a thin man sitting on his heels waiting for his shift of hard labor to begin
The sentence contains V-V construction, which maintains a posture. It can be seen from the second verb of the construction. The construction is duduk bersimpuh menunggu which consists of an action or motion verb as the first and the third verbs, and action verb while maintaining the posture as the second verb. The V-V construction in that sentence duduk bersimpuh menunggu means to sit on the heels by crossing both legs while waiting for something, so the process of maintaining the posture is shown by the verb bersimpuh ‘cross legged’. The V-V construction duduk bersimpuh menunggu is translated into intransitive predicate ‘sitting on his heels waiting’. The translator used literal translation method that is combined with
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semantic translation method since the words duduk and menunggu of SL are translated singly and have equivalent meaning with TL into ‘sitting’ and ‘waiting’. The semantic translation method is used in the translation of the second verb bersimpuh which transfers the meaning of SL into TL but not the single equivalent words, since there is no cultural equivalent in TL for the word bersimpuh, so it is translated into ‘on his heels’. The V-V construction of sentence (16) consists of two intransitive verbs, such as the first verb berdiri ‘to stand’ and the second verb mematung ‘to stay like a statue’. SL Aku hanya berdiri mematung
TL All I could do was stand there like a statue
The sentence contains V-V construction, which maintains a posture. It can be seen from the second verb of the construction mematung ‘to stay like a statue’. The VV construction consists of an action or motion verb as the first verb and action verb while maintaining the posture as the second verb. The V-V construction in that sentence berdiri mematung means to stand like a statue without any movement. The process of maintaining the posture is shown by the second verb mematung which shows that the posture of the body is static and there is no any movement like a statue. The V-V construction of sentence (16) berdiri mematung is translated into intransitive predicate ‘stand there like a statue’. It is directly translated by using literal and semantic translation method, since the word berdiri is translated singly into TL ‘stand’ and the word mematung is translated based on the semantic meaning of the word into ‘like a statue’.
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4.1.6 Manner Manner construction involves the use of a serial verb to describe the manner in which an action is done. SL 16) Untungnya A Miauw, seperti menjerit memerintahkan misterius agar menjulurkan di kotak merpati. (Hirata, 207)
TL biasa, nona kapur 2008-
Fortunately A Miauw barked a command to the mysterious girl to pass the box of chalk through the pigeon cage door. (Kilbane, 2009168)
17) Setiap kali Pak Harfan ingin menguji apa yang telah diceritakannya kami berebutan mengangkat tangan, bahkan kami mengacung meskipun beliau tak bertanya, dan kami mengacung walaupun kami tak pasti akan jawaban.( Hirata, 2008-25)
When Pak Harfan wanted to test us on the story he just finished, our hands shot up-even though we weren’t sure whether or not we knew the answer and vied for the chance to answer before he even had a chance to ask his question. (Kilbane, 2009-27)
18) Trapani menjerit-jerit memanggil ibunya jika nenek sihir itu mengobrak-abrik kampung. (Hirata, 2008-427)
Trapani cried like a baby for his mother every time the witch destroyed a village. (Kilbane, 2009407)
In the sentence (17) we can see that the V-V construction consists of intransitive action verb menjerit ‘to shout’ as the first verb and transitive motion verb memerintahkan ‘to give a command’ as the second verb.
SL Untungnya A Miauw, seperti biasa, menjerit memerintahkan nona misterius
TL Fortunately A Miauw barked a command to the mysterious girl
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In this V-V construction, the first verb of construction, menjerit ‘to shout’ shows the manner of doing the action of the second verb memerintahkan ‘to give a command’ which means that the agent give a command in shouting way. The VV construction menjerit memerintahkan is translated into transitive predicate ‘barked a command’. The translator used literal translation method since the translator transferred the meaning of SL by maintaining the manner meaning of SL into TL without changing the grammatical construction of SL and the words seem to be translated singly into the nearest equivalent in TL. In the SL, the V-V construction means that the agent give a command in shouting way or in a loud voice to get somebody’s attention of his/her command and it is translated into TL ‘barked a command’ which means that the agent give orders in a loud and unfriendly way. Therefore, we can see that the V-V construction in SL menjerit memerintahkan and its translation in TL ‘barked a command’ share the same meaning without changing the grammatical construction. The V-V construction of sentence (18) consists of intransitive action verb berebutan ‘to be stampeded’ as the first verb and transitive motion verb mengangkat ‘to raise’ as the second verb.
kami tangan
SL berebutan
mengangkat
TL our hands shot up
In this sentence, the first verb of construction berebutan ‘to be stampeded’ shows the manner of doing the action of the second verb mengangkat ‘to raise’ which means that the agent moves something to a higher level, in this case about his/her hand, with a very hard effort to get the chance. It is directly translated by using
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semantic translation method into intransitive predicate in the form of phrasal verb ‘shot up’ which means that the arguments ‘our hands’ are moving higher aimed to compete with somebody else to get the chance. It can be seen from the result of the translation that the translator seems to transfer the original meaning of SL into the most appropriate form and natural sound of TL. ‘Shot up’ in the TL share the same meaning with berebutan mengangkat in SL but there is a change of the grammatical form to make a natural sound in the TL. The V-V construction of sentence (19) consists of intransitive action verb menjerit-jerit ‘to scream’ as the first verb and transitive motion verb memanggil ‘to call’ as the second verb.
SL Trapani menjerit-jerit memanggil ibunya
TL Trapani cried like a baby for his mother
The first verb of serialization menjerit-jerit ‘to scream’ shows the manner of doing the action of the second verb memanggil ‘to call’ which means that the agent ‘Trapani’ call his mother in screaming way in a loud voice for many times. The V-V construction menjerit-jerit memanggil is directly translated by using idiomatic translation method into intransitive predicate ‘cried like a baby for’ which means that the agent ‘Trapani’ is shouting loudly for his mother without good reason. The translator reproduced the original message by preferring colloquialism in TL to make a natural translation.
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4.1.7 Synonymic Synonymic construction is the combining of verbs that are closely related in meaning, usually near synonyms, but sometimes antonyms and the two verbs are not ordered either causally or temporally. SL
TL
19) Komidi berputar berbalik arah dalam kecepatan tinggi, penumpangnya pun terjungkal. (Hirata, 2008-485)
The Ferris wheel had switched direction at a high speed, and sent its passengers tumbling backwards. (Kilbane, 2009-448)
20) Aku melamun merenungkan cerita Mahar. (Hirata, 2008-163)
I mused over Mahar’s (Kilbane, 2009-127)
21) Lintang akan duduk di samping pria kecil berambut ikal yaitu aku, dan ia akan sekolah di sini lalu pulang pergi setiap hari naik sepeda. (Hirata, 2008-11)
Instead, Lintang would sit beside the other small boy with curly hair, me, and would ride a bike to and from school every day. (Kilbane, 2009-11)
tale.
The V-V constructions in those sentences consist of two verbs that are closely related in meaning. We can see the V-V construction in sentence (20) ‘berputar berbalik’ consists of two motion intransitive verbs berputar and berbalik SL Komidi berputar berbalik arah dalam kecepatan tinggi
TL The Ferris wheel had switched direction at a high speed
The verbs that constraint the V-V construction in that sentence are nearly synonyms since the verb berputar and berbalik have the same meaning ‘to change the direction’. The V-V construction berputar berbalik is directly translated into transitive predicate in the form of verb phrase ‘had switched’ by using semantic
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translation method. The translator transferred the original meaning of SL ‘to change the direction’ into TL ‘had switched direction’ in natural sound and functionally equivalent. In the sentence (21) the V-V construction ‘melamun merenungkan’ consists of an action intransitive verb melamun and an action transitive verb merenungkan. SL Aku melamun merenungkan cerita Mahar
TL I mused over Mahar’s tale
The construction melamun merenungkan are also nearly synonyms, since they have the same meaning ‘to think something deeply’. The V-V construction melamun merenungkan is directly translated into phrasal verb ‘mused over’ which means to think carrefully about something and ignoring what is happening around. The translator used the semantic translation method in the translation of V-V construction melamun merenungkan into intransitive predicate ‘mused over’ since the translator transferred the original meaning of SL into TL in natural sound and functionally equivalent. Meanwhile the V-V construction in sentence (22) pulang pergi consists of two motion intransitive verbs that are antonyms in meaning, in which the verb pulang means ‘to go home’ and the verb pergi means ‘to leave home’. So, the serializations can also be regarded as synonymic serialization, even though they have antonymic meaning.
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SL ia akan sekolah di sini lalu pulang pergi setiap hari naik sepeda
TL would ride a bike to and from school every day
The V-V construction pulang pergi is directly translated into ‘to and from’ by using semantic translation since the V-V construction is translated based on the original meaning of SL by finding the nearest TL equivalents. In this sentence, the V-V construction is not translated into a verb but into preposition, meanwhile the sentence in TL contains a transitive predicate “would ride a bike”. 4.1.8 Aspect This construction relates to the use of various aspects such as inception, completion or continuation. Those aspects occur implicitly in the V-V construction that is from the meaning of the construction. The meaning identify the action “going to happen”, “already happened”, or “happening at this moment”. It can be seen in the following data. SL
TL
22) “Jika kita berhasil melintasi pelangi maka kita akan bertemu dengan orang-orang Belitong tempo dulu dan nenek moyang orang-orang Sawang.” (Hirata, 2008-161)
“If we were to succeed in crossing the rainbow, we would meet our ancient Belitong ancestors and the Sawang’s predecessors.” (Kilbane, 2009126)
23) Samson, Kucai, dan Trapani turut menggoyang-goyang tubuh Syahdan, berusaha menyadarkannya. (Hirata, 2008-173)
Samson, Kucai, and Trapani shook Syahdan, trying to wake him up. (Kilbane, 2009-142)
Aspects serialization can be seen in those sentences. The V-V construction in sentence (23) berhasil melintasi consists of intransitive verb berhasil and transitive verb melintasi.
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SL kita berhasil melintasi pelangi
TL we were to succeed in crossing the rainbow
The semantic meaning in the V-V construction berhasil melintasi shows the aspect serialization since the first verb berhasil ‘got success’ contains the implicit meaning of completion aspect which indicates that the action of the second verb melintasi ‘to cross’ has been finished by the agent and got success. The V-V construction is translated into intransitive predicate ‘were to succeed in crossing’ without changing the meaning of SL by using the literal translation method since the grammatical construction is converted to the nearest equivalent in TL. The words are also translated singly in which the first verb berhasil is translated into phrasal verb ‘were to succeed in’ and the second verb melintasi is translated into a gerund ‘crossing’. The V-V construction in sentence (24) berusaha menyadarkan consists of intransitive verb berusaha and transitive verb menyadarkan. SL Samson, Kucai, dan Trapani turut menggoyang-goyang tubuh Syahdan, berusaha menyadarkannya
TL Samson, Kucai, and Trapani shook Syahdan, trying to wake him up
The aspect meaning in the V-V construction berusaha menyadarkan is shown by the first verb berusaha ‘doing some effort’ contains the implicit meaning of continuation aspect which indicates that the agent is doing some effort to do the second verb menyadarkan ‘to wake someone up’. It means that the action is
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happening now. The construction berusaha menyadarkannya is translated into ‘trying to wake him up’. In this translation, we can see that the V-V construction is translated by using the literal translation method since the grammatical construction is converted to the nearest equivalent in TL. The words are also translated singly in which the first verb berusaha is translated into ‘trying’ which means that the agent is doing some effort to do something and the second verb menyadarkannya is translated into transitive verb in the form of to infinitive ‘to wake him up’ which share the same meaning to make someone awake.
4.2 Shifts in the Translation of Indonesian V-V Constructions into English Shifts in the translation can be the change in the grammatical structures and point of view. Therefore, translation shifts can be divided into transposition that is the shifts in grammatical categories and modulation that is the shift of point of view. 4.2.1 Transposition As the name of V-V construction, the construction consists of two verbs that occur as a sequence of one predicate function in a sentence. The grammatical shift that is also known as transposition can be divided into structure shift, category shift and unit shift. The shifts that occur in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction must be come from the verb into other word class or a higher grammatical level. Since there are two verbs in the construction, one verb is usually translated in the same word class into verb or may be translated into a higher level as a verb phrase; meanwhile another one will be translated into other
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word class or other grammatical level. There are several variations of translation shifts of verb, as follows. 4.2.1.1 Verb-Verb to Verb-Adjective The translation of Indonesian V-V construction causes shift from verb in SL into adjective in TL. It can be seen in the following data. SL
TL
Aku juga merasa beruntung telah menjadi orang yang pernah mengungkapkan cinta. (Hirata, 2008456)
I suddenly felt lucky to be someone who had at least expressed his love. (Kilbane, 2009-432)
SL
TL
merasa beruntung menjadi
felt lucky to be
The V-V construction consists of strong verb merasa (to feel), and two weak verbs as the complement of the strong verb, such as verb beruntung (get lucky) and menjadi (to be). When it is translated into English, the first verb of SL merasa is translated into ‘felt’, the second verb beruntung is translated into ‘lucky’ and the third verb menjadi is translated into ‘to be’. It means that there is a transposition category shift in the translation of the second verb of SL since the word class ‘verb’ changes into word class ‘adjective’ without changing the message of SL. The category shift is oblique since there is no equivalent verb in English to show the meaning of verb beruntung “to feel lucky”, so it is translated directly into an adjective “lucky”.
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The tree diagram below will show clearly the shift that occurs in the translation of this V-V construction. K
FN
FAdv.
Pro
Adv
FV
V’
K
V
V” V’ V
V’ Adv
V
Aku juga merasa beruntung telah menjadi (orang yang pernah mengungkapkan cinta) S
NP Pro
Adv
VP V
Adj.
S
NP
I
VP
V
I
suddenly felt
lucky Ø
to
S
be (someone who had at least expressed his love)
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4.2.1.2 Verb-Verb to Verb-Noun The translation of Indonesian V-V construction causes shift from verb in SL into a noun in TL. The translation of verb can be in the form of gerund, which is also regarded as a noun. It can be seen in the following data. SL
TL
Menyekolahkan anak berarti mengikatkan diri pada biaya selama belasan tahun dan hal itu bukan perkara gampang bagi keluarga kami. (Hirata, 2008-3)
Sending a child to school meant tying oneself to years of costs, and that was no easy matter for our family. (Kilbane, 2009-192)
SL
TL
berarti mengikatkan
meant tying
The V-V construction consists of strong verb berarti (to mean), and weak verb mengikatkan (to tie). When it is translated into English, the first verb of SL berarti is translated into a verb ‘meant’, and the second verb mengikatkan as the complement of the first verb is translated into a noun in the form of gerund ‘tying’. It means that there is a transposition category shift in the translation of the second verb of SL since the word class ‘verb’ changes into word class ‘noun’ without changing the message of SL. The category shift is oblique since the occurrence of sequent verbs in English is usually in the form of gerund in the second verb. The tree diagram below will show clearly the shift that occurs in the translation of this V-V construction.
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K
FN
V
FV
N
V’
V
V’ V
FN N
Menyekolahkan
anak
berarti
mengikatkan
diri
S
NP
VP
V
NP
N
Sending a child to school
meant tying
N
oneself
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4.2.1.3 Verb-Verb to Verb-Adverb Indonesian V-V construction consists of two verbs but sometimes they are translated into different unit, one could be a verb and another could be an adverb. The following data shows that one verb is translated into a verb and another is translated into an adverb. SL
TL
Pada awalnya kami menari bersukacita sesuai dengan skenario (Hirata, 2008-241)
At first, we danced joyfully according to the choreography. (Kilbane, 2009-192)
SL
TL
menari bersukacita
danced joyfully
The V-V construction of the sentence consists of strong verb menari (to dance) and weak verb bersukacita (feel happy). The first verb is translated into a verb ‘danced’ and another verb as the complement of the first verb is translated into an adverb ‘joyfully’. In the translation of this V-V construction, there is a transposition category shift since the second verb bersukacita is translated into an adverb of manner ‘joyfully’ without changing the meaning of SL. It is oblique since there is no equivalent verb to translate the verb bersukacita to transfer the original meaning, so it is translated into an adverb “joyfully” (in a happy way). The tree diagram below shows the shift that occurs in the translation of this V-V construction.
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K
FP
FN
FV
Pro
V’’
FAdj
V’
Adj
V
FP
P
N
V
Pada awalnya
kami
menari bersukacita
sesuai dengan skenario.
S
PP
NP
Pro
At first,
VP
V
we danced
AdvP
PP
Adv
P
joyfully according to
NP
the choreography
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Another example can be seen in the following data since the verb is translated into an adverb of place. SL
TL
Baru pertama kali ini trofi itu dibawa pulang oleh sekolah kampung. (Hirata, 2008247)
It was the first time that trophy was taken home by a village school. (Kilbane, 2009-195)
SL
TL
dibawa pulang
was taken home
The sentence above has a V-V construction dibawa pulang that is translated into ‘was taken home’. The first verb of the V-V construction dibawa (to be taken) as the strong verb is translated into verb phrase ‘was taken’ that consists of auxiliary ‘was’ and verb ‘taken’. Meanwhile, the second verb pulang (to go to home) as the weak verb is translated into an adverb of place ‘home’ since it is completed the first verb and shows the place that becomes the direction of the first verb. As same as the previous sentence, the translation of the V-V construction in this sentence causes transposition unit shift, in which the first verb is translated into a higher level that is a verb phrase, and there is a transposition category shift, in which the second verb is translated into an adverb. The category shift is oblique since the grammatical English requires the occurrence of adverb after the verb “were taken”. It will be clear by the tree diagram below.
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K
FAdv
FN
FV
N
M
V’
V
FP
V’
V
Baru pertama kali ini trofi
P
FN
itu dibawa pulang oleh sekolah kampung
S
NP
Pro
VP
V
NP
S
NP
D
Aux VP
N
V
AdvP
Adv
It
was the first time
that trophy was taken home
PP
P
NP
by a village school
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4.2.1.4 Verb-Verb to Verb-Preposition The translation of Indonesian V-V construction causes shift from verb in SL into a preposition in TL. The following data shows that one verb is translated into a verb and another is translated into a preposition. SL Wujudnya menjelma puluhan pasang kaki (Hirata, 2008-447)
TL menjadi manusia.
The steel bars transformed into dozens of human legs. (Kilbane, 2009-427)
SL
TL
menjelma menjadi
transformed into
The sentence above has a V-V construction menjelma menjadi that is translated into ‘transformed into’. The V-V construction consists of two fix verbs. The first verb of the V-V construction menjelma ‘to transform’ is translated into verb ‘transformed’. Meanwhile, the second verb menjadi (to be) is translated into a preposition ‘into’ to show a change in state. The translation of the V-V construction in this sentence causes transposition category shift, in which the second verb is translated into a preposition. The category shift is oblique since in the grammatical English requires the use of phrasal verb “transformed into” to translate the V-V construction menjelma menjadi. It will be clear by the tree diagram below.
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K
FN
FV
V’
V
FN
V
Wujudnya menjelma
menjadi
puluhan pasang kaki manusia.
S
NP
VP
V
PP
P
The steel bars transformed into
NP
dozens of human legs.
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4.2.1.5 Verb-Verb to Verb-Noun Phrase In the translation of Indonesian V-V construction, the verb could be translated into a noun phrase. The following data is the example of noun phrase for the translation of verb. SL
TL
Untungnya A Miauw, seperti biasa, menjerit memerintahkan nona misterius agar menjulurkan kapur di kotak merpati. (Hirata, 2008-207)
Fortunately A Miauw barked a command to the mysterious girl to pass the box of chalk through the pigeon cage door. (Kilbane, 2009168)
SL
TL
menjerit memerintahkan
barked a command
The V-V construction consists of strong verb menjerit (to shout), and weak verb memerintahkan (to command). It is translated into English in which the first verb of SL menjerit is translated into a verb ‘barked’, and the second verb memerintahkan is translated into a noun phrase ‘a command’. It means that there is a transposition unit shift from low to high level in the translation of the second verb of SL since the verb changes into a higher level as a noun phrase that consists of an article ‘a’ and a noun ‘command’ without changing the message of SL. The tree diagram below will show clearly the shift that occur in the translation of this V-V construction.
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K
FAdv
FN
Adv
N
FAdv
FV
V’
V
FN
V’ V
Untungnya A Miauw, seperti biasa, menjerit memerintahkan nona misterius…
S
AdvP
NP
Adv
N
VP
V
NP
D
Fortunately A Miauw
barked
a
PP
N
P
command to
NP
the mysterious girl...
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4.2.1.6 Verb-Verb to Verb-Adjective Phrase The translation of Indonesian V-V construction causes shift from verb in SL into adjective phrase in TL. It can be seen in the following data. SL
TL
Di sekolah, mata pelajaran mulai terasa bermanfaat. (Hirata, 2008-191)
At school, lessons became more useful. (Kilbane, 2009-157)
SL
TL
mulai terasa bermanfaat
became more useful
The sentence above has a V-V construction mulai terasa bermanfaat that is translated into ‘became more useful’. The first and the second verbs are strong verbs of the V-V construction mulai terasa (start to be felt) is translated into a verb ‘became’, while the second verb bermanfaat as the weak verb is translated into an adjective phrase ‘more useful’ that consists of a determiner ‘more’ and an adjective ‘useful’. The translation of the V-V construction in this sentence causes transposition unit shift of low to high level, in which the second verb is translated into a higher level that is an adjective phrase and there is a fuse of two verbs mulai and terasa that are translated into one verb ‘became’. The tree diagram below will show it clearly.
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K
FP
FN
FV V’
P
N
N
N
V
V
V’ V
Di sekolah, mata pelajaran mulai
terasa
bermanfaat
S
PP
P
NP
N
VP
N
V
AdjP
Adv At school, lessons became more
Adj. useful
4.2.1.7 Verb-Verb to Verb-Prepositional Phrase In the translation of Indonesian V-V construction, the verb could be translated into a prepositional phrase. The following data is the example of prepositional phrase for the translation of verb. SL
TL
Kami semua terlibat perang mulut, kecuali Trapani, ia diam melamun. (Hirata, 2008-428)
We were in a war of words, but Trapani stood in a daze. (Kilbane, 2009-408)
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SL
TL
diam melamun
stood in a daze
The sentence above has a V-V cnstruction that consists of two fix verbs diam and melamun since they can stand alone in the sentence without another verb. The VV construction diam melamun is translated into ‘stood in a daze’. The V-V construction consists of verb diam (to stand) and melamun (to daydream). When it is translated into English, the first verb of SL diam is translated into a verb ‘stood’, and the second verb melamun is translated into prepositional phrase ‘in a daze’. It means that there is a transposition unit shift in the translation of the second verb of SL since the second verb changes into a prepositional phrase to transfer the message of SL. The tree diagram below will show clearly the shift that occur in the translation of this V-V construction. K
S
FN
FV
NP
Pro
V’
Pro
ia
V
V
diam
melamun
VP V
PP
P
Trapani stood
in
NP
a daze
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4.2.1.8 Verb-Verb to Verb-Clause The translation of Indonesian V-V construction causes shift from verb in SL into adjective phrase in TL. It can be seen in the following data.
SL
TL
Kami tercengang mendengar ceritanya. (Hirata, 2008-87)
We were dumbfounded when we heard his (Kilbane, 2009-71)
SL
TL
tercengang mendengar
were dumbfounded when we heard
reason.
The V-V construction in the sentence above tercengang mendengar is translated into ‘were dumbfounded when we heard’. The first verb of the V-V construction tercengang (to be surprised) as the strong verb is translated into a verb phrase ‘were dumbfounded’, while the second verb mendengar (to hear) as the weak verb to complete the first verb is translated into a clause ‘when we heard’ that consists of a sentence linker ‘when’ which indicates about the time, a pronoun ‘we’ and a verb ‘heard’. The translation of the V-V construction in this sentence causes transposition unit shift of low to high level. The first verb is translated into a higher level in the form of a verb phrase that is also the second verb is translated into a higher level in the form of a clause. The tree diagram below will show it clearly.
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K
FN
FV
Pro
V’
FN
V
V’
N
V
Kami tercengang mendengar
ceritanya
S
NP
Pro
Aux
VP
VP
V
S
Conj.
NP
Pro
We
were dumbfounded when
VP
V
we heard
NP
D
N
his
reason
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4.2.1.9 Active to Passive Form The verb of V-V construction in SL can be transferred into verb in TL but there could be a shift in the structure, which changes the active form into passive. The greater naturalism can often be achieved by transposition from one mode to the other. In English grammatical structure, except in passive SL
TL
24) Setiap kali Pak Harfan ingin menguji apa yang telah diceritakannya kami berebutan mengangkat tangan, bahkan kami mengacung meskipun beliau tak bertanya, dan kami mengacung walaupun kami tak pasti akan jawaban.( Hirata, 2008-25)
When Pak Harfan wanted to test us on the story he just finished, our hands shot up-even though we weren’t sure whether or not we knew the answer and vied for the chance to answer before he even had a chance to ask his question. (Kilbane, 2009-27
SL
TL
berebutan mengangkat
shot up
The V-V construction berebutan mengangkat is translated into ‘shot up’. It can be seen that the first verb berebutan as the strong verb is translated into verb ‘shot’ and the second verb mengangkat as the weak verb is translated into an adverb ‘up’. The transposition category shift happens in the translation of the second verb. Besides the transposition category shift, the structure shift also occur in this data, since the phrasal verb “shot up” in the form of passive is more appropriate to transfer the meaning of V-V construction berebutan mengangkat which also causes the object of active form in SL is transferred as a subject of passive form in TL. The tree diagram below shows it clearly.
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K
FN
FV
Pro
V’ V
FN V’
N
V
kami
berebutan mengangkat
tangan
S
NP
D
VP
N
V
AdvP
Adv
our
hands
shot
up
In SL, the V-V construction berebutan mengangkat has two arguments, they are a pronoun kami as the subject and a noun tangan as the object. The V-V construction berebutan mengangkat requires an object to occur after it. Meanwhile in its translation into TL, the verb phrase ‘shot up’ does not need an object to follow it. The tree diagram shows that the subject of TL is a noun phrase ‘our hands’, which means that the object of SL is restored into a subject in TL. It
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can be concluded that the active voice is translated into passive voice without changing the original meaning. Therefore, there is a structure shift of active into passive in the translation of this V-V construction.
4.2.2 Modulation Modulation is the shift of point of view which involves changes to semantic categories or even alteration of the processes by which thoughts are expressed. The change of point of view can cause lexical loose or lexical dense. The following data will show the modulation that happen in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction found in the novel. 4.2.2.1 Lexical Loose The shift of point of view between SL and TL which causes lexical loose in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction can be identified in the following data. SL
TL
25) Pelangi yang menghunjam di daratan ini melengkung laksana jutaan bidadari berkebaya warna-warni terjun menukik ke sebuah danau terpencil bersembunyi malu karena kecantikannya (Hirata, 2008-160
The rainbow curved, resembling millions of maidens wearing colorful kebayas jumping down into a remote lake, hiding bashfully because of their beauty. (Kilbane, 2009-125)
26) Azan magrib menggema dipantulkan tiang-tiang tinggi rumah panggung orang Melayu, sahut menyahut dari masjid ke masjid. (Hirata, 2008-162)
The call for magrib prayer echoed among the high posts of stilled Malay homes, crying out from mosque to mosque. (Kilbane, 2009126)
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The change of point of view in sentence (26) can be seen in the translation V-V construction terjun menukik into ‘jumping down’. The lexical loose happens in the translation of the second verb menukik which explains ‘the way of jumping into a lower position with the head come first’, into an adverb ‘down’ which contains the direction of jumping into a lower position. The lost meaning is the way of jumping with the head comes first. In sentence (27), it is clear that the lexical loose happens in the translation of the second verb of Indonesian V-V construction dipantulkan into ‘among’. The word dipantulkan which contains the cause meaning to the first verb menggema is only translated into a preposition ‘among’ which shows the position of the verb ‘echoed’. Therefore, the lexical loose in this translation is the loose of cause meaning. 4.2.2.2 Lexical Dense Meanwhile, the change of point of view between SL and TL which causes lexical dense in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction can be identified in the following data. SL
TL
27) Tak sebiji pun meleset, meruntuhkan semangat kami yang sedang belepotan memegangi potongan lidi, bahkan belum selesai dengan operasi perkalian tahap pertama. (Hirata, 2008-107)
He wasn’t even off by a digit, which broke our spirits while we were busily arranging our twigs, not yet finished with the first phase of the operation. (Kilbane, 2009102)
The change of point of view in sentence (28) can be seen in the translation of V-V construction belepotan memegangi into ‘were busily arranging’. The
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lexical dense happens in the translation of the second verb memegangi which explains ‘the activity of holding something in hands’, into a verb ‘arranging’ which explains the activity of putting something in a particular order, of course by hands. The dense meaning is the activity of putting something in a particular order, even though both verbs show the object is on the subject’s hands.
4.3 Factors that Determine the Shifts in the Translation of Indonesian V-V Constructions into English Shifts in the translation are caused by difference linguistic system within two languages, source and target language. Transposition shifts occur when the translation is influenced by the different grammatical system. Transposition shift in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into English is aimed to make the natural sound of translation result, so it can be equivalent and can be understood by the target reader. Meanwhile, the translator commonly uses shift in the point of view that is known as modulation shift, because of the different culture between source and target language. Cultural distance within Indonesian and English causes the lexical differences, which relates to the meaning system. There are three factors influenced the translation within languages; they are linguistic differences, cultural differences and translator preference. Those three factors influence the occurrence of shifts in the translation of Indonesian VV construction into English. The following data show how the three factors can
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result in the translation shifts in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into English. 4.3.1 Linguistic Differences Transposition shift as a result of linguistic differences factor can be oblique or optional. The shift can be oblique when the verb in SL has no equivalent verb in TL, so the translator changed the category from verb in SL into another category in TL to keep the equivalent meaning of SL into TL. The oblique shifts usually occur in the transposition shift. It can be seen in the example below. SL 28) Pada awalnya kami menari bersukacita sesuai dengan skenario. (Hirata, 2008-241)
TL At first, we danced joyfully according to the choreography. (Kilbane, 2009-192)
In the translation of V-V construction above, the second verb is translated into an adverb of manner. This shift is obligatory since there is no equivalent verb in TL to show the same meaning of verb bersukacita. In SL, the V-V construction menari bersukacita contains the manner serialization meaning since the second verb bersukacita indicates the manner of how the first verb menari is done by the subject. Therefore, the verb bersukacita is translated into an adverb of manner “joyfully” to transfer the equivalent meaning into TL. The shift caused by linguistic differences factor can be optional when the verb is translated into different category but actually, there is an equivalent category of verb in TL. This optional shift is used by the translator to show the
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translation style of the translator and the competence of the translator in translation. In the optional shift, the translator preferences also take an important role to give a purposive effect to the target reader. In this case, the translator usually transfers the meaning by referring to the target reader. The following example shows the optional shift caused by the linguistic differences factor. SL 29) Kami tercengang mendengar ceritanya. (Hirata, 2008-87)
TL We were dumbfounded when we heard his reason. (Kilbane, 200971)
The V-V construction in the sentence above tercengang mendengar is translated into a verb phrase and a clause. The shift in the translation of the first verb is oblique since there is no equivalent verb in TL to show the same meaning of verb tercengang. However, an adjective in TL can transfer the same meaning of the verb, therefore, it is translated into a verb phrase that consist of an auxiliary verb “were” and an adjective “dumbfounded”. The optional shift occurs in the translation of the second verb, since the verb mendengar is translated into a higher unit, a clause. The verb mendengar actually has an equivalent word in TL that is “hear”. In English, the constraint of two verbs or more is usually in the form of the use of gerund or to infinitive. The Indonesian V-V construction actually can be translated into “were dumbfounded to hear” in TL by using the equivalent of the second verb. The verb mendengar is translated into a clause because of the translation style of the translator, but it does not change the original meaning of SL.
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4.3.2 Cultural Differences The lexical differences caused by the cultural distance relates to the meaning system. Therefore, the cultural differences can cause the occurrence of shift in term of cultural lexical. The following data shows one example of the translation of cultural lexical. SL
TL
30) Namun, hari ini Lintang hanya seorang laki-laki kurus yang duduk bersimpuh menunggu giliran kerja rodi. (Hirata, 2008-471)
But today, Lintang was only a thin man sitting on his heels waiting for his shift of hard labor to begin. (Kilbane, 2009-443)
The cultural difference causes the occurrence of shift in the translation of V-V construction in the sentence above. It can be seen in the translation of the second verb bersimpuh, which shows a culture of Indonesian people in the way of sitting. Indonesian usually sits in this way when they pray to the God and it becomes a culture of Indonesian. There is no special term in English that share the same meaning with this verb bersimpuh. Therefore, it is translated by paraphrasing the word based on its meaning, which causes the occurrence of shift in its translation. 4.3.3 Translator Preferences Translation preferences give a big influence to the result of translation since it indicates the competence of the translator. In the translation, translator seems to serve the natural result to the target reader. The translator preferences can be seen in the optional shift caused by linguistic difference factor. Besides, it can also be seen in the modulation shift which shows that the translator tried hard
91
to give the closest natural sound in TL to serve the target reader. In this case, the translator seems to transfer the meaning of SL without any effort to find the most equivalent lexical. The following data shows the translation influenced by the translator preferences. SL
TL
31) Komidi berputar berbalik arah dalam kecepatan tinggi, penumpangnya pun terjungkal. (Hirata, 2008-485)
The Ferris wheel had switched direction at a high speed, and sent its passengers tumbling backwards. (Kilbane, 2009-448)
The translation of V-V construction berputar berbalik into ‘had switched’ shows that the translator tend to transfer the meaning and not to keep the original structure. Actually, the verb berputar can be translated into its equivalent lexical in TL “take around” and the verb berbalik can be translated into its equivalent lexical “turn back”. However, in this translation, the translator does not keep the original structure and transfer the original meaning with the most natural sound in TL. The original meaning of SL is ‘to change the direction’ and it is translated into TL ‘had switched direction’ to give the natural sound and functionally equivalent in TL so it can be readable and be understood by the target reader. SL Bu Mus menyelamatkan aku dengan buru-buru menyuruhku berhenti bernyanyi sebelum lagu merdu itu selesai. (Hirata, 2008-131)
TL Bu Mus saved me by hastily asking me to stop before the great song was over. (Kilbane, 2009-114)
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The V-V construction in the sentence above shows how the translator preference influenced the result of translation. There is a deletion of verb in its translation, since the first verb berhenti is translated into “to stop” meanwhile the second verb bernyanyi is left translated in TL. It seems that the translator tried to transfer the meaning of the V-V construction and relate it to the context, since in the whole text; the context of “singing” is already mentioned in the previous sentences. Therefore, this translator preference to omit this verb does not change the original message and does not give negative effect to the target reader. By those, we can see that the translation is always influenced by the translator preferences, which usually refer to the target reader to make the reader enjoy reading the translation since it is readable and easily to understand.
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion By referring to the problems of the study, the conclusion is related to the answer of them. Based on the analysis result, the V-V constructions found in the novel “Laskar Pelangi” can be categorized based on the semantic meaning of the verbs into eight categories. They are (1) cause-effect, (2) motion, (3) direction that can be divided into (a) intransitive and (b) transitive, (4) instrumental, (5) coincidence motion or posture, (6) manner, (7) synonymic, and (8) aspect. Each category can be in the form of transitive-transitive, transitive-intransitive, intransitive-transitive and intransitive-intransitive. The transitive-transitive and transitive-intransitive are translated into transitive predicate. The intransitivetransitive and intransitive-intransitive are translated into intransitive predicate and sometimes it is based on the translator preferences. In the translation of each type of V-V construction, the translator applied different method aimed to transfer the original meaning of SL into TL, which are mostly translated by using semantic translation method since there is no V-V construction in English. There are two types of shift in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into English found in the data source, they are: 1. Transposition; that can be divided into unit shift, category shift, and structure shift 2. Modulation; that can be divided into lexical loose and lexical dense
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Transposition in the translation of Indonesian serial verbs construction comes from the verb into several grammatical structures. Category shift found in the novel can be Verb-Verb to Verb-Adjective, Verb-Verb to Verb-Noun, Verb-Verb to Verb-Preposition and Verb-Verb to Verb-Adverb. Unit shift can be Verb-verb to Verb-Noun Phrase, Verb-Verb to Verb-Adjective Phrase, Verb-Verb to VerbPrepositional Phrase and Verb-Verb to Verb-Clause. Structure shift can be from active sentence into passive. There are three factors that influenced the occurrence of shifts in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into English, such as linguistic differences that can be divided into oblique and optional, cultural differences and translator preferences. The optional linguistic differences factor also relates to the translator preferences, which show the translation style of the translator. Translator preferences take the most important role to the translation of V-V construction, since the translator transferred the original meaning of the Indonesian V-V construction into its most natural equivalent in English. Even though, the translator sometimes prefers to omit one verb in its translation, it does not give negative effect to the target reader since the translator relates it to the context of the text. Even, it can make the translation more natural and readable.
5.2 Suggestion Translation is aimed to transfer messages, ideas and content from source language into the target language. Therefore, in the translation of V-V construction, the translator must be a good bilingual. The translator should master
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the meaning of Indonesian verb and the semantic meaning occurred by the V-V construction. The lexical verb can be translated into several verbs that have the same meaning in TL, but the V-V construction occurring the semantic meaning that must be translated as equivalent as the original meaning.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aikhenvald, Alexandra . 2005. “Serial Verb Construction in Typological Perspective.” In Serial Verb Constructions: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. Eds. Alexandra Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon , Oxford University Press. Alsina, A., J. Bresnan & Peter Sells.eds. 1997. Complex Predicates, United States: CSLI. Alsina, A., J. Bresnan & Peter Sells. 1997. “Complex Predicate: Structure and Theory” In Alsina, A. et al. eds. Complex Predicates. United States: CSLI. Alwi, Hasan dkk. 2003. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Astiti Pradnyayanti, Luh Putu. 2010. Konstruksi Verba Beruntun Bahasa Sasak Dialek Ngeto Ngete (Master Thesis). Denpasar: Universitas Udayana. Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Sage Publication. Baker, Mona, ed. 2001. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. Bell, R.T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman. Bogdan, R and Biklen, SK. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Butt, M. 1997. ”Complex Predicates in Urdu” In Complex Predicates, (ed) A. Alsina et al. United States: CSLI. Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press. Collins, Chris. 1993. Topics in Ewe Syntax. Ph. D. dissertation. MIT. Cambridge, MA. Djajasudarma. 1993. Metode Linguistik – Rancangan Metode Penelitian dan Kajian. Bandung: Eresco. Durie, M. 1997. “Grammatical Structures in Verbs Serialisation” In Complex Predicates, (eds.) A. Alsina et al. United States: CSLI. Givon, T. 1984. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction. Vol. 1. Amsterdam/Philadelph.
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Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar, second edition. New York: Edward Arnold. Larson, M.L. 1998. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America. Machali, Rochayah. 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah. Bandung: Kaifa. Mahsun, M.S. 2005. Metode Penelitian Bahasa: Tahapan Strategi, Metode, dan Tekniknya. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Molina, L. and Albir, A.H. 2002. “Translation Technique Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach” in Meta, Vol. XLVII, no. 4, pp. 499-512. http://www.erudit.org. Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall International. Nida, Eugene A. 1964. Toward A Science of Translating. London: Prenticehall Quirk, et.al. 1973. A University Grammar of English. Hongkong: Commonwealth Printing Press Ltd. Radford, Andrew. 1988. Transformational Grammar: The First Course. New York: Cambridge University Press. Salkie, Raphael. 2001. A New Look at Modulation. Translation and Meaning Part 5. School of Languages, University of Brighton. United Kingdom. Senft, Gunter, ed. 2008. Serial Verb Constructions in Austronesian and papuan Languages. Canbera: The Australian National University. Seung-Man Kang. 1997. A Comparative Analysis of SVCs and Korean V-V Compounds. The 40th Anniversary of Generativism, Proceeding of Electronic Conference. University of Florida. http://fccl.ksu.ru/issue001/conf_gen.97/kang.pdf Subiyanto, Agus. 2010. Complex Predicates and Serial Verb Constructions in Javanese. Perspektif Bahasa-Bahasa Austronesia dan Non-Austronesia. Denpasar: Udayana University Press. Sudaryanto. 1992. Metode Linguistik. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Sutthichatchawanwong, Wanlee and Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin. 2007. A Study of the Translation of Thai Serial Verb Constructions with Directional Verbs. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Pan-Pacific Applied Linguistics Association, pp. 232-244. Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea. http://www.paaljapan.org/reources/proceedings/PAAL11/pdfs/19.pdf
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Venuti, L. (ed.). 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility. A History of Translation. London: Routledge. Vinay, Jean-Paul and Jean Darbelnet. 2004. in The Translation Studies Reader. edited by Lawrence Venuti. London and New York: Routledge.
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APPENDICES
100
No.
SL
TL
1.
Ayahku duduk di sampingku, memeluk pundakku dengan kedua lengannya dan tersenyum mengangguk-angguk pada setiap orangtua dan anak-anaknya yang duduk berderet-deret di bangku panjang lain di depan kami. (Hirata, 2008-1)
My father sat beside me, hugging my shoulders with both of his arms as he nodded and smiled to each parent and child sitting side by side on the bench in front of us. (Kilbane, 2009-1)
2.
Menyekolahkan anak berarti Sending a child to school meant mengikatkan diri pada biaya tying oneself to years of costs, and selama belasan tahun dan … … (Kilbane, 2009-2) (Hirata, 2008-3)
3.
Pagi ini mereka terpaksa berada di sekolah ini untuk menghindarkan diri dari celaan aparat desa karena… (Hirata, 2008-3)
This morning they were forced to be at this school, either to avoid reproach from government officials … (Kilbane, 2009-3)
4.
Kedua, karena firasat, anak-anak mereka dianggap memiliki karakter yang mudah disesatkan iblis … (Hirata, 2008-4)
The second, the parents feared that their children had weak character and could easily be led astray … (Kilbane, 2009-4)
5.
Beliau bersiap-siap memberikan He looked devastated as he pidato terakhir. (Hirata, 2008-6) prepared to give his final speech. (Kilbane, 2009-7)
6.
Ibu Muslimah yang beberapa menit lalu sembap, gelisah, dan corengmoreng kini menjelma menjadi sekuntum Crinum giganteum. (Hirata, 2008-9)
7.
… dan ia akan sekolah di sini lalu … and would ride a bike to and pulang pergi setiap hari naik from school every day. (Kilbane, sepeda. (Hirata, 2008-11) 2009-11)
8.
Di dekatnya, aku merasa seperti Being close to Lintang, I felt like I ditantang mengambil ancang- was being challenged to run in a hundred-meter dash. (Kilbane,
Bu Mus, who, just a few minutes earlier, had been on edge with a puffy, smudge face, now transformed into a budding Giant Himalaya Lily. (Kilbane, 2009-9)
101
ancang untuk sprint seratus meter.
2009-12)
9.
… Borek dan Kucai didudukkan berdua bukan karena mereka mirip tapi karena sama-sama susah diatur. (Hirata, 2008-14)
But Borek and Kucai were seated together not because they looked alike, but because they were both difficult to control. (Kilbane, 200915)
10.
… sehingga anak Hokian itu … causing the Hokian-Chinese menangis sejadi-jadinya seperti child to cry like he had seen a orang ketakutan dipeluk setan. ghost. (Kilbane, 2009-15) (Hirata, 2008-14)
11.
… ia akan berkembang menjadi manusia paling genius yang pernah kujumpai seumur hidupku. (Hirata, 2008-15)
12.
Kami tak berkedip menatap sang We didn’t even blink watching juru kisah yang ulung ini. (Hirata, this magnificent storyteller. 2008-25) (Kilbane, 2009.26)
13.
Jika ia mengucapkan sesuatu kami pun terpaku menyimaknya dan tak sabar menunggu untaian kata berikutnya. (Hirata, 2008-25)
When he spoke, we listened, fixed in enchantment and observing intently, impatiently waiting for his next string of words. (Kilbane, 2009.27)
14.
Setiap kali Pak Harfan ingin menguji apa yang telah diceritakannya kami berebutan mengangkat tangan,… (Hirata, 2008-25)
When Pak Harfan wanted to test us on the story he just finished, our hands shot up-even though… (Kilbane, 2009.27)
15.
Di akarnya yang menonjol kami On its protruding roots, we sat duduk berkeliling mendengar kisah around listening to Bu Mus… Bu Mus tentang petualangan Hang (Kilbane, 2009-52) Jebat,… (Hirata, 2008-64)
16.
Kami terpesona mendengarnya, The entire class was stunned, but namun Kucai gemetar. (Hirata, Kucai visibly shaken. (Kilbane, 2008-71) 2009-59)
… as he evolved into the most brilliant person I’ve ever met in all the years of my life. (Kilbane, 2009-16)
102
17.
Aku paham, belahan bola tenis ini dimaksudkan bekerja seperti sebuah benda aneh bertangkai kayu, … (Hirata, 2008-80)
18.
… dan tubuhku mulai menciut. (Hirata, 2008-81)
19.
Aku melompat kabur pontang- I broke free from his grasp, panting. (Hirata, 2008-82) jumped away and bolted off. (Kilbane, 2009-68)
20.
Belahan bola tenis inovasi genius dunia body building itu pun terpental ke udara dan jatuh berguling-guling lesu di atas tumpukan jerami. (Hirata, 2008-82)
That genius body-building invention flew up into the air before sluggishly tumbling down onto a stack of straw. (Kilbane, 2009-68)
21.
Sempat aku menoleh ke belakang dan melihat Samson masih berputar-putar memegangi selangkangnya, lalu manusia Hercules itu pun tumbang berdebam di atas tanah. (Hirata, 2008-82)
I stole a peek back and saw the boy Hercules hurl over and clutch his legs before falling down with a thud. (Kilbane, 2009-68)
22.
Kami tercengang mendengar We were dumbfounded when we ceritanya. (Hirata, 2008-87) heard his reason. (Kilbane, 200971)
23.
Aku hanya berdiri mematung, All I could do was stand there berbicara dengan diriku sendiri. like a statue and talk to myself. (Hirata, 2008-87) (Kilbane, 2009-71)
24.
… aku tak kan kembali pulang I wasn’t about to turn around gara-gara buaya bodoh ini. (Hirata, just because of that stupid 2008-88) crocodile. (Kilbane, 2009-71)
25.
Ia berjalan menghampiriku. He walked in bowlegged steps in (Hirata, 2008-89) my direction. (Kilbane, 2009-72)
26.
Aku termenung mendengar cerita I
And then I understood. The tennis ball halves were supposed to work like the strange thing with a wooden handle… (Kilbane, 200967)
terasa My body seemed to be shrinking. (Kilbane, 2009-68)
became
lost
in
my
own
103
Lintang. (Hirata, 2008-90)
thoughts. (Kilbane, 2009-74)
27.
…karena mereka menolak …because they refused to stop meninggalkan penyembahan buaya worshipping crocodiles as gods. sebagai Tuhan. (Hirata, 2008-91) (Kilbane, 2009-75)
28.
Pada suatu sore warga kampung berduyun-duyun menuju lapangan basket Sekolah Nasional. (Hirata, 2008-92)
29.
Aku menyaksikan dari sela-sela kaki I saw bodenga’s tears streaming pengunjung air matanya mengalir down his pockmarked cheeks. membasahi pipinya yang rusak (Kilbane, 2009-76) berbintik-bintik hitam. (Hirata, 2008-92)
30.
Delapan puluh kilometer pulang He pedaled 80 kilometers pergi ditempuhnya dengan sepeda roundtrip every day. (Kilbane, setiap hari. (Hirata, 2008-93) 2009-77)
31.
Kami termenung mendengarkan ia We were stunned to hear him bernyanyi dengan sepenuh jiwa. sing so soulfully. (Kilbane, 2009(Hirata, 2008-94) 78)
32.
…angka-angka tua yang samar di lembaran itu seakan-akan bergerakgerak hidup, menggeliat, berkelapkelip, lalu menjelma menjadi kunang-kunang yang ramai beterbangan memasuki pori-pori kepalanya. (Hirata, 2008-102)
33.
Jarinya tak pernah berhenti His index finger incessantly mengacung tanda ia bisa pointed upward as a sign that he menjawab. (Hirata, 2008-105) knew the answer. (Kilbane, 2009101)
34.
Kami tergopoh-gopoh membuka karet yang mengikat segenggam lidi, untuk mengambil tiga belas lidi, mengelompokkannya menjadi enam tumpukan, susah payah
One evening, villagers came flocking to the national School’s basketball court. (Kilbane, 200975)
Each number and letter squirmed about and then lit up, transforming into fireflies buzzing around him and then penetrating his mind. (Kilbane, 2009-83)
We hastily took the rubber bands off our handful of twigs, took out 13 of them-six times- and painstakingly added each set.
104
menjumlahkan semua tumpukan itu. (Kilbane, 2009-102) (Hirata, 2008-106) 35.
Hasilnya kembali disusun menjadi The result was replicated as we tujuh kelompok… (Hirata, 2008- arranged six more piles twigs… 106) (Kilbane, 2009-102)
36.
Tak sebiji pun meleset, meruntuhkan semangat kami yang sedang belepotan memegangi potongan lidi… (Hirata, 2008-107)
37.
Kami berkecil hati, termangu- We became discouraged, puzzled, mangu menggengggami lidi. measly gripping our twigs. (Hirata, 2008-107) (Kilbane, 2009-102)
38.
Ibu Mus bersusah payah menahan Bu Mus made every effort to tawanya. (Hirata, 2008-107) stifle her giddy laughter. (Kilbane, 2009-103)
39.
…..mendengarkan suara ribut burung-burung kecil prenjak sayap garis yang berteriak-teriak beradu kencang dengan suara kumbangkumbang betina pantat kuning. (Hirata, 2008-130)
40.
Namun, aku menyanyi melompati But as I sang, I jumped from beberapa oktaf secara drastis…. octave to octave. (Kilbane, 2009(Hirata, 2008-131) 114)
41.
… mereka juga menderita menahan … they too were suffering from kantuk, lapar dan haus di tengah sleepiness, hunger and thirst in the hari yang panas ini… (Hirata, midday heat. (Kilbane, 2009-114) 2008-131)
42.
Bu Mus menyelamatkan aku dengan Bu Mus saved me by hastily asking buru-buru menyuruhku berhenti me to stop before the great song bernyanyi sebelum lagu merdu itu was over. (Kilbane, 2009-114) selesai. (Hirata, 2008-131)
43.
Bu Mus terus tersenyum Bu Mus returned to smilling in mengantisipasi kekonyolan apa lagi anticipation of yet another
He wasn’t even off by a digit, which broke our spirits while we were busily arranging our twigs … (Kilbane, 2009-102)
…. had been captured by the boisterous chatter of the stripewinged, tiny prinia birds shouting over the buzz of female yellowback beetles.(Kilbane, 2009-112)
105
yang akan ditampilkan muridnya. ridiculous performance by one of (Hirata, 2008-133) her students. (Kilbane, 2009-115) 44.
Bahkan, kumbang-kumbang dan kawanan burung prenjak sayap menjadi senyap, berhenti menjeritjerit demi mendengar lantunannya. (Hirata, 2008-137)
45.
Dan kami serentak berdiri memberi We gave him a standing ovation standing applause yang sangat for at least five minutes. (Kilbane, panjang untuknya, lima menit! 2009-119) (Hirata, 2008-138)
46.
Tanpa mereka, kelas kami tak lebih dari sekumpulan kuli tambang melarat yang mencoba belajar tulis rangkai indah di atas kertas bergaris tiga. (Hirata, 2008-140)
47.
Aku terpesona melihat perahu kecil I was spellbound by the little sago itu berputar-putar sendiri di dalam leaf boat spinning around in the baskom. (Hirata, 2008-141) bucket. (Kilbane, 2009-123)
48.
Pelangi yang menghunjam di daratan ini melengkung laksana jutaan bidadari berkebaya warnawarni terjun menukik ke sebuah danau terpencil… (Hirata, 2008160)
The rainbow curved, resembling millions of maidens wearing colorful kebayas jumping down into a remote lake … (Kilbane, 2009-125)
49.
“Jika kita berhasil melintasi pelangi maka kita akan bertemu dengan orang-orang Belitong tempo dulu dan nenek moyang orangorang Sawang.” (Hirata, 2008-161)
“If we were to succeed in crossing the rainbow, we would meet our ancient Belitong ancestors and the Sawang’s predecessors.” (Kilbane, 2009-126)
50.
Azan magrib menggema dipantulkan tiang-tiang tinggi rumah panggung orang Melayu, sahut menyahut dari masjid ke
The call for magrib prayer echoed among the high posts of stilled Malay homes, crying out from mosque to mosque. (Kilbane,
Even the yellow-backed beetles and their friends, the stripe-winged prinias, stopped their chatter to hear Mahar’s song. (Kilbane, 2009-119)
Without them, our class would have been nothing more than a bunch of deprived mining coolie kids trying to learn how to write in cursive on three-lined paper. (Kilbane, 2009-122)
106
masjid. (Hirata, 2008-162)
2009-126)
51.
Kami diajari tak bicara jika azan We had been taught not to speak berkumandang. (Hirata, 2008-162) while the call to prayer sounded.
52.
Aku melamun merenungkan cerita I mused over Mahar’s Mahar. (Hirata, 2008-163) (Kilbane, 2009-127)
53.
Aku merinding memikirkan betapa masih dekatnya komunitas kami dengan kebudayaan primitif. (Hirata, 2008-163)
I got goosebumps thinking about how close our community was to primitive culture. (Kilbane, 2009128)
54.
Badanku gemetar ketika aku melintas menuju pohon karet dengan cara menggeser-geserkan genggaman tanganku yang mencekik tambang erat-erat. (Hirata, 2008-168)
My body shook as I made my way along the rope, hand over hand, toward the rubber tree. (Kilbane, 2009-132)
55.
Samson, Kucai, dan Trapani turut Samson, Kucai, and Trapani shook menggoyang-goyang tubuh Syahdan, trying to wake him up. Syahdan, berusaha (Kilbane, 2009-142) menyadarkannya. (Hirata, 2008173)
56.
Adapun warga suku Sawang The Sawangs, on the other hand, termangu-mangu memeluk tiang- idly hugged the posts of their long tiang rumah panjang mereka… house. (Kilbane, 2009-144) (Hirata, 2008-177)
57.
Setiap kali berdiri di bibir pantai Each time I stood at the edge of the aku selalu merasa terkejut, … beach I felt surprised,… (Kilbane, (Hirata, 2008-179) 2009-149)
58.
Larangan itu bertalu-talu The prohibition appears over and disebutkan dalam buku Budi Pekerti over again in our Muhammadiyah Muhammadiyah. (Hirata, 2008-186) Ethics book.. (Kilbane, 2009-153)
59.
Kami lari terbirit-birit mencari We ran for our lives to find perlindungan ke rumah penduduk. shelter in one of the villager’s (Hirata, 2008-187) homes. (Kilbane, 2009-153)
tale.
107
60.
Dengan kekuatan imajinasinya Mahar berusaha mengabadikan sifat-sifat misterius burung ini. (Hirata, 2008-188)
61.
Di sekolah, mata pelajaran mulai At school, lessons became more terasa bermanfaat. (Hirata, 2008- useful. (Kilbane, 2009-157) 191)
62.
Kami memiliki beberapa pot striHirata, 2008ed canna beauty dan sepakat menempatkannya pada posisi yang terhormat… (Hirata, 2008-193)
We had a few pots of Canna Stripped Beauties, and we agreed to place them in the most distinguished position… (Kilbane, 2009-159)
63.
Ratusan jenis barang bertumpuktumpuk mencapai plafon di dalam ruangan kecil yang sesak. (Hirata, 2008-201)
Hundreds of kinds of merchandise were stacked up to the ceiling of the small, stuffy space. (Kilbane, 2009-163)
64.
Jika kita terburu-buru membeli obat diare cap kupu-kupu, maka jangan harap A Miauw dapat segera menemukannya. (Hirata, 2008-201)
If you were in a rush to buy Butterfly brand diarrhea medicine, don’t expect A Miauw to find it right away. (Kilbane, 2009-163)
65.
Untungnya A Miauw, seperti biasa, menjerit memerintahkan nona misterius agar menjulurkan kapur di kotak merpati. (Hirata, 2008-207)
Fortunately A Miauw barked a command to the mysterious girl to pass the box of chalk through the pigeon cage door. (Kilbane, 2009168)
66.
Namun, tinggal beberapa langkah mencapai kotak merpati sekejap angin semilir yang sejuk berembus meniup telingaku, hanya sekejap saja. (Hirata, 2008-207)
But just a few steps toward the pigeon cage door, a cool breeze blew into my ear, lingering only a brief moment. (Kilbane, 2009-168)
67.
Saat itu aku merasa jarum detik seluruh jam yang ada di dunia ini berhenti berdetak. (Hirata, 2008209)
At that moment it seemed as if all the hands on all the clocks in the entire world stood still. (Kilbane, 2009-170)
The idea behind Mahar’s painting was to try and capture the essence of misterious pelintang pulau birds. (Kilbane, 2009-154)
108
68.
Semua gerakan alam tersentak diam dipotret Tuhan dengan kamera raksasa dari langit… (Hirata, 2008209)
All moving things froze as if God had captured their movement with a giant camera from the sky. (Kilbane, 2009-170)
69.
…jantungku berhenti berdetak sebentar kemudian berdegup kencang sekali dengan ritme yang kacau seperti kode morse yang meletup-letupkan petasan SOS. (Hirata, 2008-209)
My heart stopped beating for a few seconds before starting up again with an irregular rhythm, like an SOS distress code. (Kilbane, 2009-170)
70.
…aku masih terduduk terbengong- I fell to my shaking knees… bengong bertumpu di atas lututku (Kilbane, 2009-171) yang gemetar. (Hirata, 2008-211)
71.
…darahku berdesir menyelusuri Blood tringled throughout my seluruh tubuhku yang berkeringat clammy body. (Kilbane, 2009-171) dingin. (Hirata, 2008-211)
72.
Aku berbalik meninggalkan toko I turned to leave the shop and felt dan merasa kehilangan seluruh weightless. (Kilbane, 2009-172) bobot tubuh dan beban hidupku. (Hirata, 2008-212)
73.
Aku kembali melayang menembus I was flying again through the bintang gemerlapan, … (Hirata, stars,… (Kilbane, 2009-172) 2008-213)
74.
Pada lapisan kedua berjejer mobil- Their second line was made up of mobil hias yang didandani cars decorated as boats and berbentuk perahu, pesawat terbang, airplanes. (Kilbane, 2009-176) helikopter,… (Hirata, 2008-216)
75.
Setiap siswa disarankan memakai pakaian profesi orangtua karena kami tak punya biaya untuk membuat atau menyewa baju karnaval. (Hirata, 2008-221)
76.
Dan telah tiga malam pula Mahar Mahar stayed up for three nights bersemadi mencari inspirasi. as well, meditating for inspiration.
It was suggested to every student to use their father’s work uniform because we didn’t have the funds to rent carnival costumes. (Kilbane, 2009-179)
109
(Hirata, 2008-223)
(Kilbane, 2009-181)
77.
Ia duduk melamun menatap langit He stared at the sky and suddenly lalu tiba-tiba berdiri, …. (Hirata, got up,… (Kilbane, 2009-181) 2008-224)
78.
Apakah ia akan berhasil membuktikan sesuatu pada event yang mempertaruhkan reputasi ini? (Hirata, 2008-224)
79.
Kami masih kaget dengan ide luar We were still in shock from the biasa itu ketika Mahar kembali incredible idea when Mahar yelled berteriak menggelegar again, enlivening our spirits. melambungkan gairah kami. (Kilbane, 2009-183) (Hirata, 2008-225)
80.
Kaki dihentak-hentakkan ke bumi, tangan dibuang ke langit, berputarputar bersama membentuk formasi lingkaran, kemudian cepat-cepat menunduk seperti sapi akan menanduk, lalu melompat berbalik,…. (Hirata, 2008-227)
Feet stomped the ground, arms were flung up to the sky, a circle formed as we spun simultaneously. Then, heads were quickly bowed down like bulls ready to attack, a jump and turn was executed,….(Kilbane, 2009-184)
81.
Keseluruhan fragmen itu diiringi oleh tabuhan tiga puluh tabla yang lantang bertalu-talu memecah langit. (Hirata, 2008-229)
The whole scenario was accompanied by tablas, their rhythm ceaselessly piercing the sky… (Kilbane, 2009-185)
82.
Pakaian pemain marching band Their costume differed according dibedakan berdasarkan instrumen to the instruments they played. yang dimainkan. (Hirata, 2008-234) (Kilbane, 2009-189)
83.
Langkahnya cepat panjang-panjang Their strides were long and they dan sering kali memekik memberi frequently snapped orders. perintah. (Hirata, 2008-236) (Kilbane, 2009-190)
84.
Penonton terbelalak menerima sajian musik etnik menghentak yang tak diduga-duga. Mereka berdesakdesakan maju merepotkan para
Would he be successful in redeeming our school from dozens of years of being looked down on in the carnival? (Kilbane, 2009182)
Spectators shot forward, eyes wide open, to see the spontaneous movements of young figures bending and curving like ocean
110
pengaman. (Hirata, 2008-237)
waves … (Kilbane, 2009-191)
85.
… sorak sorai ribuan penonton …thousands of spectators cheered membahana menyambut kejutan for the beating tablas. (Kilbane, aksi seksi tabla. (Hirata, 2008-239) 2009-191)
86.
Pada awalnya kami menari At first, we danced joyfully bersukacita sesuai dengan skenario. according to the choreography. (Hirata, 2008-241) (Kilbane, 2009-192)
87.
Kami bertekad mengalahkan We were highly determined to Marching Band PN. (Hirata, 2008- defeat the PN marching band. 241) (Kilbane, 2009-192)
88.
Arena semakin membara dan gairah The street grew hotter as the Masai tarian mendidih ketika dua puluh soldiers burst onto the scene to prajurit Masai menyerbu masuk save us. (Kilbane, 2009-193) untuk menyelamatkan kami… (Hirata, 2008-244)
89.
Para penonton tersihir melihat The spectators were stunned to kami trance secara kolektif… witness such a work of art spring (Hirata, 2008-245) … (Kilbane, 2009-194)
90.
Baru pertama kali ini trofi itu It was the first time that trophy dibawa pulang oleh sekolah was taken home by a village kampung. (Hirata, 2008-247) school. (Kilbane, 2009-195)
91.
Bu Mus tak berminat mendebatku. Bu Mus wasn’t interested in (Hirata, 2008-250) debating with me. (Kilbane, 2009204)
92.
Dia adalah pria berwajah He was a boy with a peculiar but mengerikan tapi lucu. (Hirata, amusing face. (Kilbane, 2009-208) 2008-255)
93.
…sampai beragam produk kecantikan disusun bertumpuktumpuk laksana gunung di atas meja-meja besar tadi. (Hirata, 2008-259)
94.
…maka
yang
berhasil
…and assorted beauty products are heaped together in big mountainous piles on the large tables. (Kilbane, 2009-214)
dibawa Consequently, all they managed to
111
pulang hanya tubuh yang remuk, bring home was a sugar cane, a sebatang tebu, beberapa bungkus few packages of coconut sagon… (Hirata, 2008-264) cookies,… (Kilbane, 2009-217) 95.
Jika Flo tersesat ke sini ia tak mungkin dapat kembali mundur karena tenaganya pasti tak akan cukup untuk kembali mendaki punggung granit yang curam. (Hirata, 2008-312)
If Flo indeed was lost to the north, she couldn’t possibly get back, for she wouldn’t have enough strength to scale the steep granite ridge. (Kilbane, 2009-228)
96.
Jika ia memaksa, sangat mungkin ia akan terpeleset jatuh dan terhempas di atas batu-batu karang. (Hirata, 2008-312)
If she forced herself, it was highly likely that she’d slip and fall, sending her small body crashing down. (Kilbane, 2009-228)
97.
Pilihan satu-satunya hanya Her one and only choice was to berenang melintasi Sungai Buta swim across the Buta River. yang horor dengan kelebaran (Kilbane, 2009-228) hampir seratus meter. (Hirata, 2008-312)
98.
“Kalau dia bisa berubah menjadi burung bayan, tak perlu susahsusah kita mencari-cari seperti ini”, desah Kucai sambil terengah-engah. (Hirata, 2008-321)
99.
Ia menunduk diam. (Hirata, 2008- Mahar slumped down in silence. 324) (Kilbane, 2009-234)
100.
Kami beranjak meninggalkan We began to leave. (Kilbane, tempat itu. (Hirata, 2008-326) 2009-235)
101.
Darahku menggelak ketika ia My blood bubled as he crept mengendap-endap mendekati stealthily toward a male moose. seekor moose jantan. (Hirata, 2008- (Kilbane, 2009-239) 271)
102.
Pemuda-pemuda Melayu berusaha Young Malay men trying to membuat kekasihnya terkesan tak’ impress their sweethearts wouldn’t kan membiarkannya turun dari stoop to ask their girls to hop off the back of the bike on the way
“If that shaman can turn himself into a parrot, then we shouldn’t even have to search like this.” (Kilbane, 2009-233)
112
sepeda. (Hirata, 2008-285)
up,.. (Kilbane, 2009-246)
103.
Setelah tanjakan Selinsing ini After conquering the Selinsing ditaklukkan maka sepeda akan ascent, the bicycle would dive menukik turun. (Hirata, 2008-285) down into its descent. (Kilbane, 2009-246)
104.
Keringat bercucuran mengalir deras melalui celah-celah leher baju, daun telinga, dan mata, sampai membasahi celana. (Hirata, 2008-286)
Sweat would flow heavily down the eyes, earlobes and neck through one’s shirt and drip down to soak one’s pants. (Kilbane, 2009-246)
105.
Dari puncak bahu ini tampak rumah-rumah penduduk teruraiurai mengikuti pola anak-anak Sungai Langkang yang berkelakkelok seperti ular. (Hirata, 2008286)
From the peak of that shoulder, one would see houses scattered along the banks of Langkang River’s estuaries, winding like snakes. (Kilbane, 2009-247)
106.
Jangan terburu-buru menuruni If you travel along this path, don’t lembah. (Hirata, 2008-287) rush down from Selumar’s peak toward the valley. (Kilbane, 2009247)
107.
Aku gugup dan bergegas After A Miauw gave his order, I menghampiri lubang kotak kapur hurriedly approached the chalk segera setelah A Miauw memberi box opening. (Kilbane, 2009-254) perintah. (Hirata, 2008-294)
108.
Ujung gelang diukir berbentuk kepala ular beracun kuat pinang barik yang menganga lapar siap menyambar. (Hirata, 2008-294)
109.
Ia berinisiatif mengambil kotak Syahdan took the chalk box. kapur itu. (Hirata, 2008-297) (Kilbane, 2009-257)
110.
Nanti dia terbang naik pesawat She’ll take the nine o’clock flight. pukul 9. (Hirata, 2008-297) (Kilbane, 2009-257)
111.
Aku berlari melintasi lapangan I ran across the yard toward the menuju pokok pohon gayam…
Heads of venomous pinang barik snakes ready to lunge were carved at each end of the bracelet. (Kilbane, 2009-254)
113
(Hirata, 2008-298)
filicium tree. (Kilbane, 2009-258)
112.
Aku mengamati pesawat yang pergi membawa cinta pertamaku menembus awan-awan putih nun jauh tinggi di angkasa tak terjangkau. (Hirata, 2008-299)
My eyes were fixed on the vessel taking my love up into the white unreachable clouds, high up in the sky. (Kilbane, 2009-259)
113.
Bodenga yang telah lama menghilang tiba-tiba muncul mengambil alih pemerintahan kabupaten… (Hirata, 2008-303)
At that moment, Bodenga, the long lost crocodile shaman reemerged to take over the government. (Kilbane, 2009-262)
114.
Setelah Syahdan, Mahar, dan And then Mahar and his faithful pengikut setianya A Kiong-lah yang follower A Kiong came to visit datang menjengukku. (Hirata, me. (Kilbane, 2009-263) 2008-305)
115.
Lereng-lereng bukit yang tak teratur The scattered slopes of hills looked tampak seperti berjatuhan, like they were cascading. puncaknya seperti berguling-guling (Kilbane, 2009-270) tertelan oleh langit sebelah barat,… (Hirata, 2008-333)
116.
Pegunungan yang tinggi yang tak berbentuk itu mulai terurai menjadi bukit-bukit hijau dan lembahlembah luas. (Hirata, 2008-333)
I imagined high mountaintops whose slopes plunged into green hills and vast valleys. (Kilbane, 2009-270)
117.
Ketika ia bercerita tentang padang sabana yang terhampar di Bukit Derbyshire yang mengelilingi Edensor rasanya aku terbaring mengistirahatkan hatiku yang lelah… (Hirata, 2008-334)
When he described the meadows spread out over the hills of Derbyshire surrounding Edensor, I wanted nothing more than to stretch out over them and rest my tired heart,… (Kilbane, 2009271)
118.
Sudah selama 115 jam, 37 menit, 12 detik aku kehilangan A Ling dan saat ini kuputuskan untuk berhenti mengiba-iba mengenang cinta pertama itu. (Hirata, 2008-339)
After 115 hours, 37 minutes, and 12 seconds of mourning my loss of A Ling, I decided to stop feeling sorry for myself and dwelling on my first love. (Kilbane, 2009 271)
114
119.
Bu Mus bersusah payah menahan Bu Mus tried very hard to emosinya. (Hirata, 2008-351) contain her emotions. (Kilbane, 2009-278)
120.
Bapak berwajah orang penting tadi The important-faced man tried to berusaha tersenyum ramah. give a friendly smile. (Kilbane, (Hirata, 2008-353) 2009-280)
121.
…para Laskar Pelangi, bersimpuh membentuk lingkaran, tercengang dengan mata berbinar-binar mendengar kejaiban-keajaiban petilasan mereka dalam dunia magis. (Hirata, 2008-393)
122.
Kami berdebar-debar menunggu Our hearts thumped anticipating hari H,… (Hirata, 2008-406) the day of departure. (Kilbane, 2009-389)
123.
Uang yang sebagian besar logam The money, most of which was in itu bergemerincing bertumpuk- piles of coins, jingled. (Kilbane, tumpuk. (Hirata, 2008-406) 2009-389)
124.
Nakhoda mencoba membalikkan The captain tried to turn around, arah perahu tapi mesin 40 PK itu but the 40 horsepower engine tak berdaya,… (Hirata, 2008-408) wasn’t powerful enough. (Kilbane, 2009-391)
125.
Mereka menjerit-jerit ketakutan, They screamed with fear, menimbulkan kepanikan yang overcome by gripping panic. mencekam. (Hirata, 2008-411) (Kilbane, 2009-393)
126.
Maka Flo bangkit menghampiri Flo moved closer to Mahar and Mahar, menarik tangannya. (Hirata, tugged his hand. (Kilbane, 20092008-417) 396)
127.
Lalu kami melihat puluhan sosok bayangan lelembut berbentuk seperti jasad terbungkus kain kafan hitam beterbangan melesat cepat keluar dari dalam gua… (Hirata, 2008-419)
…Laskar Pelangi, squatted brighteyed and astonished on our heels in a circle as we listened to their miraculous findings in the magical world. (Kilbane, 2009-331)
Dozens of shadowy figures aKilbane, 2009eared like corpses covered in black cloth flying out of the cave,…(Kilbane, 2009-397)
115
128.
Kami langsung kabur (Hirata, 2008-421)
pulang. … we fled. (Kilbane, 2009-398)
129.
Wajah Flo memerah menahan Flo’s face was red from holding girang. (Hirata, 2008-424) back her excitement. (Kilbane, 2009-403)
130.
Trapani menjerit-jerit memanggil ibunya jika nenek sihir itu mengobrak-abrik kampung. (Hirata, 2008-427)
131.
Mereka tertawa terbahak-bahak They laughed loudly at the sight melihat S. Bagyo pontang-panting of S. Bagyo running like crazy dikejar setan. (Hirata, 2008-427) from the witch. (Kilbane, 2009407)
132.
Harun mengangguk-angguk Harun nooded in full support of mendukung mutlak pernyataan itu. Sahara’s opinion. (Kilbane, 2009(Hirata, 2008-428) 408)
133.
Kami semua terlibat perang mulut, We were in a war of words, but kecuali Trapani, ia diam melamun. Trapani stood in a daze. (Kilbane, (Hirata, 2008-428) 2009-408)
134.
Aku melamun memandangi tempat I stared longingly at the empty duduk di sebelahku yang kosong. seat beside me. (Kilbane, 2009(Hirata, 2008-429) 409)
135.
Senin pagi, kami semua berharap menjumpai Lintang dengan senyum cerianya dan kejutan-kejutan barunya. (Hirata, 2008-429)
136.
Ia menunduk diam, matanya She stared at the ground with berkaca-kaca. (Hirata, 2008-431) glassy eyes. (Kilbane, 2009-411)
137.
Ia telah menyihir kepercayaan diri kami sampai hari ini, membuat kami berani bermimpi melawan nasib, berani memiliki cita-cita. (Hirata,
Trapani cried like a baby for his mother every time the witch destroyed a village. (Kilbane, 2009-407)
The following Monday morning, we hoped to see Lintang with his bright smile and his latest surprising story. (Kilbane, 2009409)
He boosted our self-confidence, making us dare to dream, to fight our destiny and have aspirations. (Kilbane, 2009-412)
116
2008-431) 138.
Tapi sekian lama bekerja di sini aku telah terlatih memadamkan sementara fungsi gendang telinga. (Hirata, 2008-438)
139.
“Hoe vaak moet ik je dat nog “Hoe vaak moet ik je dat nog zeggen!!” hardiknya sambil zeggen!!” She dumped her words melengos pergi. (Hirata, 2008-438) on me and turned to leave. (Kilbane, 2009-418)
140.
Aku berlari menuju Jembatan I ran toward Sempur Bridge, Sempur. (Hirata, 2008-440) Bogor, West Java. (Kilbane, 2009420)
141.
…aku sering duduk melamun di … I sat down alone under a pokok pohon randu, di pinggir random tree at the edge of Sempur Lapangan Sempur,… (Hirata, 2008- Field … (Kilbane, 2009-421) 441)
142.
Aku rela kerja lembur berjam-jam, membantu menerjemahkan bahasa Inggris, menerima ketikan dan … (Hirata, 2008-443)
I was willing to work overtime and extra odd jobs as an English translator, typist, or … (Kilbane, 2009-424)
143.
… orang Belitong yang mentalnya sakit parah sering dikirim melintasi laut ke rumah sakit jiwa ini. (Hirata, 2008-446)
…people there who suffered from serious mental illnesses were often sent across the sea to the mental hospital in Bangka. (Kilbane, 2009-426)
144.
Kami masuk melintasi sebuah We entered a long hallway with ruangan panjang. (Hirata, 2008- patient rooms lining each side. 447) (Kilbane, 2009-427)
145.
Wujudnya menjelma puluhan pasang kaki (Hirata, 2008-447)
146.
Aku masuk lagi ke ruangan, I came back into the room and mencoba tersenyum seramah tried to smile even though my mungkin walaupun hatiku hancur heart was broken from imagining
However, having worked at the post office for so long, I was skilled in temporarily turning my ears off. (Kilbane, 2009-418)
menjadi The steel bars transformed into manusia. dozens of human legs. (Kilbane, 2009-427)
117
membayangkan penderitaan their suffering. (Kilbane, 2009mereka. (Hirata, 2008-451) 428) 147.
Bibirnya yang pucat mengucapkan namaku kali… (Hirata, 2008-452)
148.
Aku tersenyum mengenang I turned my gaze to Sinar Harapan nostalgia di Toko Sinar Harapan. and smiled to myself over (Hirata, 2008-456) nostalgic memories from the shop. (Kilbane, 2009-432)
149.
Aku juga merasa beruntung telah menjadi orang yang pernah mengungkapkan cinta. (Hirata, 2008-456)
I suddenly felt lucky to be someone who had at least expressed his love. (Kilbane, 2009432)
150.
Maka aku duduk bertahan sambil membalas senyumnya dengan senyum basi ala pramugari sementara perutku mual. (Hirata, 2008-461)
While the urge to vomit grew stronger, I held my position and answered his smile with a fake one like that of an airline stewardess. (Kilbane, 2009-437)
151.
Walaupun sekarang sudah bulan Mei tak ada yang berminat menyobek kalender bulan Maret,… (Hirata, 2008-468)
Even though it was already May, no one was interested in changing the page from March,… (Kilbane, 2009-440)
152.
Binar mata kepintaran dan senyum manis yang jenaka itu tak pernah hilang walaupun sekarang kulitnya kering berkilat dimakan minyak. (Hirata, 2008-468)
Despite his dry, greasy, oil-eaten skin, the sparkle of intelligence in his eyes and his sweet, humorous smile still decorated his face. (Kilbane, 2009-441)
153.
Sejak kecil aku tak pernah punya kesempatan sedikit pun untuk berhenti mengagumi tokoh di depanku ini. (Hirata, 2008-470)
Ever since we were little, I never had the slightest chance to stop admiring this figure before me. (Kilbane, 2009-442)
154.
Pikiranku melayang My thoughts flew away as I membayangkan dia memakai imagined him wearing long white celana panjang putih … (Hirata, pants … (Kilbane, 2009-443)
bergetar His lips trembled as they uttered berkali- my name over and over again… (Kilbane, 2009-429)
118
2008-471) 155.
Namun, hari ini Lintang hanya seorang laki-laki kurus yang duduk bersimpuh menunggu giliran kerja rodi. (Hirata, 2008-471)
But today, Lintang was only a thin man sitting on his heels waiting for his shift of hard labor to begin. (Kilbane, 2009-443)
156.
… rakyat Belitong menjerit menuntut ketidakadilan kompensasi atas PHK massal. (Hirata, 2008482)
… the people of Belitong screamed over the unjust compensation for their mass dismissal from work. (Kilbane, 2009-446)
157.
Tanda-tanda peringatan “Dilarang Masuk Bagi yang Tidak Memiliki Hak” diturunkan dan dibawa pulang untuk dijadikan koleksi sepertti cinderamata pecahan batu tembok Berlin. (Hirata, 2008-483)
The No Entryu for Those without the Right warning signs were taken down and brought home like souvenir chunks of the Berlin Wall. (Kilbane, 2009-449)
158.
Kursi dan meja roda dibawa Wheelchairs and examination pulang. (Hirata, 2008-484) tables were taken home. (Kilbane, 2009-450)
159.
Kapal keruk digergaji menjadi besi The dredges were sawed to pieces kiloan. (Hirata, 2008-484) and sold by the kilogram. (Kilbane, 2009-450)
160.
Komidi berputar berbalik arah The Ferris wheel had switched dalam kecepatan tinggi, … (Hirata, direction at a high speed, … 2008-485) (Kilbane, 2009-448)
