Textiles B.S. Choudri1*, Yassine Charabi1, Mahad Baawain2, Mushtaque Ahmed3
ABSTRACT: A review of the literature published in 2016
Introduction
on topics relating to the treatment alternatives for
McCarthy (2016) provided an overview of the
wastewater from the textile industries is presented. This
global technical textiles sector. Technical textiles have been
review is divided into the following sections: a brief
defined as textile materials and products manufactured
introduction on the implementation of the Best Available
primarily for their technical and performance properties,
Techniques into textile industry, a review of the more
rather than for their aesthetic or decorative characteristics.
promising
The chapter traces the emergence of technical textiles,
treatment
technologies
distinguished
into
physico-chemical, biological and combined processes.
reviews the textile-processing routes used in their production, and illustrates key applications and end-use
KEYWORDS: biological process, combined process,
sectors. The chapter also addresses the impact of
physico-chemical process, reuse.
globalisation on the sector and examines future growth and developments.
doi: 10.2175/106143017X15023776270502
Qin (2016) offers a general introduction of medical textiles and the technical features they share with other technical textile materials. The four main types of medical textile materials such as healthcare and hygiene products, extracorporeal devices, implantable materials, and nonimplantable materials are described, and their performances and characteristics are outlined. Attempts are
—————————
also made to summarize the applications of many types of
1*Center
textile fibers in a diversified range of medical textile
for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos
University, Sultanate of Oman; e-mail:
[email protected]. 2Department
of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of
Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. 3Department
products. Ali and Shavandi (2016) provide an overview of various methods of medical textile performance testing,
of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College
care, and quality assurance that are essential to developing of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
and manufacturing products or devices with an objective to
1424 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
account for the importance of care and quality assurance of
hybrid hydrolytic nonhydrolytic sol-gel method using
medical textiles. The importance of medical textiles
aliphatic organic acid templates to study the effect of chain
performance testing using appropriate test standards, and
length on their properties. The catalyst prepared by
the validation of results by accredited authorities is
employing long chain acids octanoic acid and palmitic acid
accentuated in this overview. Finally, medical textiles and
had smaller size, narrow pore radius, higher surface area
future trends in this area are also highlighted by the
and showed better photocatalytic activity than the
authors.
commercially available Degussa P25 catalyst for the Raman and Kanmani (2016) provided a review
degradation of methylene blue dye. A new intermediate
the current knowledge of nano zero valent iron (nZVI)
was identified by tandem liquid chromatography mass
technique in the degradation of textile dyes. The
spectrometry studies during the degradation of methylene
application of nZVI on textile dye degradation is receiving
blue solution.
great attention in the recent years because nZVI particles
Khaparde and Acharya
(2016) synthesized
are highly reactive towards the pollutant, less toxic, and
isovalent (Mn, Cd, Cu, Co)-doped-ZnS nanoparticles
economical.
partial
having size vary in between 2 to 5 nm by coprecipitation
mineralization of the textile dye compound was achieved
route. The photocatalytic activity as a function of dopant
and suggest instead of stand alone technique, nZVI can be
concentration and irradiation time is systematically studied.
integrated with other suitable technique to achieve
The rate of de-coloration of dyes is detected by UV-Vis
complete degradation of textile dye.
absorption spectroscopy and organic dye mineralization is
This
review
conclude
that
Lin and Zhao (2016) used the Morishima
confirmed by table of carbon (TOC) study. The
elasticities of substitution (MES) model combined with
photocatalytic activity of Mn-doped ZnS is highest
asymmetric energy prices, trans-log cost function, and
amongst all dopants; however Co as a dopant is found to
other econometric methods to establish a framework to
reduce photocatalytic activity than pure ZnS.
measure the rebound effect in China׳s textile industry. The
Olteanu et al., (2016) designed effective low cost
empirical results of this paper indicate that the rebound
photoactive adsorbent materials (∼90% efficiency, 0–60
effect for China׳s textile industry is 20.991%. This reveals
mg L−1 dye loading), under sunlight irradiation, at a very
that energy efficiency improvement is conducive for energy
low content of functional components (0.13% ZnO and
saving to a certain degree. Finally, based on the analysis,
0.02% Au), by incorporating ZnO and Au nanoparticles as
future policy priorities are suggested.
synergistic couple in silica matrix. The tandem Au/ZnO
Physico-Chemical Processes
dispersed into silica matrix formed a Schottky barrier in
Photodegradation.
Bakre
et
al.,
(2016)
this type of structure and thus the band gap energy was
synthesized nano-sized titanium dioxide photocatalysts by
reduced to 2.25 eV and the photocatalytic activity under
1425 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
visible light irradiation was increased. Further, tandem
recycled (i.e.40% of the total water consumption at
adsorption and photodegradation processes, following a
facility), reducing fresh water demand for washing
first order kinetics, described the path ways and mechanism
operations.
of interaction between dye molecules and materials surface.
consumption and reduction of the cycle time are in favor of
Ozone. Kan et al., (2016) investigated the effect
Further,
energy
saving,
reduced
salt
recycling/reusing the washing/rinsing effluent.
of plasma-induced ozone treatment on the colour fading
In order to improve the color removal of methyl
behaviour of reactive dyed cotton fabric. In this study, a
orange and methylene blue, a flotation method with poly-
cotton fabric was dyed with yellow colour and was then
aluminum chloride (PAC), granular ferric hydroxide
subjected to plasma-induced ozone treatment under
(GFA), alum, ferrous sulfate and also simultaneous
different treatment conditions. The colour fading behaviour
application
of the treated fabric was evaluated by instrumental
UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 was used by Dehghani et al., (2016).
assessment using spectrophotometer and it was found that
Results of this study indicated the effect of flotation
the colour fading effect was controllable with proper
method well with coagulants in combination with advanced
selection of treatment parameters.
oxidation methods on removing and reducing the
Ge et al., (2016) investigated the degradation of
of
an
advanced
oxidation
method
concentration of soluble compounds in water like a color.
methyl orange by ozone in the presence of ferrous and
Wu et al., (2016) investigated the removal of a
persulfate ions in a rotating packed bed. The effects of
typical azo dye named C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) during
various operating parameters such as initial pH, rotational
low pressure ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine oxidation. Study
speed, gas-liquid ratio, ozone inlet concentration and
showed that increasing the free chlorine dose enhanced the
reaction temperature on the degradation rate of methyl
removal efficiency of RR2 and color by UV/chlorine
orange were studied with an aim to optimize the operation
oxidation.
conditions. Results reveal that the degradation rate
nitrobenzene (NB) or benzoic acid (BA) as scavengers
increased with an increase in rotational speed, gas-liquid
showed that radicals (especially radical dot OH) formed
ratio and ozone inlet concentration, and reached a
during UV/chlorine oxidation are important in the RR2
maximum at 25 °C and initial pH 4.
removal. Addition of HCO 3 − and Cl− to the RR2 solution
Advanced Oxidation Processes. Guyer et al., (2016) investigated recyclability and direct reuse of
Further,
experiments
performed
with
did not inhibit the removal of RR2 during UV/chlorine oxidation.
washing/bleaching wastewater from reactive dyeing of
Thiam et al., (2016) compared the performance
cotton fabric through advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)
of three electrochemical advanced oxidation processes,
(O 3 , UV-O 3 , O3-H 2 O 2 , and O 3 -H 2 O 2 -UV). This study
namely electro-oxidation with electrogenerated H 2 O 2 (EO–
showed in pad batch washing/rinsing, 100% water could be
H 2 O 2 ), electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF)
1426 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
for the treatment of aqueous solutions of the food azo dye
reactor. The electrode was made of stainless steel and oxide
Ponceau 4R in an undivided cell with a BDD anode and an
coated
air-diffusion cathode in terms of colour, dye concentration
respectively. This study observed that the electrode
and total organic carbon (TOC) removals. Results showed
Ti/RuO 0.3 Ti 0.7 O 2 effectively degrade the Evans blue dye
that
progressive
effluent and the kinetics of Evans blue dye degradation
decontamination of Ponceau 4R solutions in a real water
follows the pseudo first order kinetics. Further, developed
matrix even without the addition of electrolyte.
dispersion model simulation is compared with experimental
three
methods
allowed
the
Electrochemical Processes. Akbarpour et al., (2016) utilized a coupled photoassisted electrochemical system for degradation of C.I. Basic Yellow 28 (BY28) as a
expanded
titanium
as
cathode
and
anode
value and it is observed that the model matches well with correlation coefficient of 0.98. Khan et al., (2016) developed a novel, non-toxic
mode.
ecofriendly procedure for the green synthesis of silver nano
active
particle (AgNPs) using Caruluma edulis (C. edulis) extract
titanium/ruthenium oxide (Ti/RuO 2 ) anode and O 2 -
act as reductant as well as stabilizer agents. Results showed
diffusion cathode with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Results
the AgNP modified electrode (GC/AgNPs) exhibited an
of
function
excellent electro-catalytic activity toward the redox
demonstrated that the experimental data were fitted
reaction of phenolic compounds. Further, the AgNPs were
appropriately by all of the proposed models with an
evaluated for electrochemical degradation of bromothymol
adequate accuracy. Moreover, analysis of variance results
blue (BTB) dyes which showed a significant activity. It was
showed that there is no significant discrepancy among the
concluded that AgNPs showed potential applications in the
predicted values of the three proposed models.
field of electro chemistry, sensor, catalyst, nano-devices
cationic azomethine dye Experiments
were
comparison
Karthik
under recirculation
carried
out
according
et
al.,
to
by
the
(2016)
utilizing
errors
repoted
a
facile,
and medical.
reproducible and effortless biological synthesis of silver
Coagulation-Flocculation. Li et al., (2016)
nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) utilizing Cerasus serrulata (C.
studied the application of magnesium hydroxide as a
serrulata) leaves extract as reducing as well as stabilizing
coagulant for treating reactive dyes wastewater assisted
agent. Results showed that the Ag-NPs obtained using C.
with kaolin. The experiments showed that the higher
serrulata exhibited excellent catalytic activity towards
flocculation index value of the system, the higher reactive
reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NPh) to 4-aminophenol in the
dyes removal efficiency was obtained. Floc image showed
presence
that average floc size of reactive red (X-3B) is smaller than
of
NaBH4
and
demonstrate
noteworthy
electrochemical performance for 4-NPh reduction. Vijayakumar et al., (2016) investigated to treat
that of reactive yellow (X-R). Based on the changes of zeta potential and floc properties, charge neutralization and
Evans blue dye effluent using tubular electrochemical 1427 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
precipitate enmeshment authors have proposed to the main
Fe3+ with BPC-g-PAM achieves the best coagulation–
coagulation mechanisms.
flocculation performance.
Menkiti and Ejimofor (2016) investigated the
Membrane. Lin et al., (2016) proposed tight
potentials of Achatinoidea shell extract (ASE) as a
ultrafiltration membrane (UH004, Microdyn-Nadir) to
coagulant for the pretreatment of paint wastewater. ASE
fractionate the dye and Na 2 SO 4 in the textile wastewater.
preparation was adapted from the modified method of
Results showed that the UH004 membrane with a
Fernandez-Kim, with effective deacetylation of precursor
molecular weight cutoff of 4700 Da provided complete
by NaOH at 65 °C for 2 h. Results of this study indicated
passage of monovalent salts, with little rejection of
the process followed second order reaction with rate
Na 2 SO 4 . Further, results clearly demonstrate that tight
constant of 0.0001 (l/g.s) and period of 7.432 s. Optimum
ultrafiltration membranes can be a stand-alone alternative
performance of 99.22% was recorded at pH 4, 4 g/l dosage
to nanofiltration membranes for the effective fractionation
and 45 °C.
of dye and Na 2 SO 4 in the direct treatment of high-salinity
Han et al., (2016) reported a novel combination of
forward
osmosis
(FO)
process
with
textile wastewater. Mokhtar
et
al.,
(2016)
demonstrated
the
coagulation/flocculation (CF) has been experimentally
feasibility
conceived for the treatment and reuse of textile wastewater.
distillation
Resutls showed that the FO–CF hybrid system exhibits
wastewater for clean water production. Experimental
unique advantages of high water flux and recovery rate,
results showed that the in-house fabricated polyvinylidene
well controlled membrane fouling, high efficiency, and
fluoride-Cloisite 15A polymer-inorganic nanocomposite
minimal environmental impact. Authors concluded that the
membrane is robust and able to treat the industrial effluent
newly developed FO–CF hybrid process may open up new
by reducing at least 89% of the initial values of the water
exploration of alternative technologies for the effective
quality parameters measured.
treatment and reuse of textile effluents.
improvement on the membrane surface properties is
Zhu et al., (2016) developed the eco-friendly
of
employing
(DCMD)
for
direct treating
contact
membrane
industrial
textile
Authors suggest that
necessary to reduce fouling propensity and other foulants in
flocculation materials to achieve effective removal of
the textile wastewater.
pollutants from the surfactant effluents, the bamboo pulp
Jegatheesan
et
al.,
(2016)
reviewed
the
cellulose from Phyllostachys heterocycla employed as the
application of aerobic and anaerobic Membrane bioreactor
skeleton material to synthesize an eco-friendly bamboo
(MBR) for textile wastewater treatment as well as fouling
pulp
for
and control of fouling in MBR processes. This review has
flocculation. The results showed that the combination of
been found that long sludge retention time increases the
cellulose-g-polyacrylamide
(BPC-g-PAM)
degradation of pollutants by allowing slow growing 1428 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
microorganisms to establish but also contributes to
prepared adsorbent. Adsorption studies were conducted
membrane fouling. Further research aspects of MBR for
using Cd (II) as a model metal and the adsorbent was found
textile wastewater treatment are also considered for
to have ∼17 times higher uptake than the original material.
sustainable operations of the process.
Authors conclude that this study results may thus open a
Luong et al., (2016) developed a pilot-scale
way to make useful heavy metal adsorbents from waste
membrane bioreactor (MBR) in order to run two membrane
textile fibers to serve waste fiber recycling and heavy metal
modules in parallel for the treatment of model textile
treatment purposes.
wastewater (MTDW). In general the results of both
Wasti and Awan (2016) described the synthesis
membrane modules showed very good agreement. This
of modified immobilized activated alumina (MIAA) and its
study contributes to sustainable development in the textile
application for the removal of textile dye from aqueous
industry by improving water quality of treated textile
media. Immobilization was carried out by using the sol-gel
wastewater that helps to reduce fresh water consumption
method while modifications were made during the
and pollutant discharge.
synthesis by adding powder activated alumina. Results
Mondal and De (2016) prepared polysulfone
showed that removal efficiency of Cibacron reactive yellow
based nanofiltration (NF) hollow fibers upto 360 Da cut off
dye with an initial concentration of 400 mg/L was greater
by interfacial polymerization of meta-phenylenediamine
than 90% for 90 min contact time. Further, Langmuir and
and trimesoyl chloride. Hollow fibers were characterized in
Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applied which fitted
terms of scanning electron and atomic force microscopy,
the data with an R2 value of 0.99.
permeability, molecular weight cut off (MWCO), pore size
Vuono et al., (2016) studied the application of
distribution and surface zeta potential. A textile effluent
multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the adsorption of
containing four reactive dyes and salt was successfully
dyes from wastewater. Textile dyes are dangerous and
treated by this hollow fiber. A completely predictive steady
diffused pollutant in wastewater, and the results confirmed
state multicomponent model was developed to quantify the
the good adsorption ability of CNTs, with respect to classic
system performance.
active carbon, even for different dye types. The effect of
Adsorption. Bediako et al., (2016) developed
surface treatments of CNTs was primarily investigated,
low-cost renewable adsorbent from waste textile Lyocell
revealing that neither the presence of residual catalyst nor
via simple carboxymethylation and crosslinking reactions.
common surface treatment (oxidation) affects the CNT's
Results of this study showed factors such as sodium
performances.
chloroacetate
concentration
and
temperature
in
Hoa
et
al.,
(2016)
prepared
hierarchical
carboxymethylation and epichlorohydrin concentration for
mesoporous graphene@Fe 3 O 4 @chitosan hybrids by a one-
crosslinking, significantly affected the performance of the
step facile solvothermal method.
Scanning electron
1429 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
microscopyand transmission electron microscopy pictures
Birajdar and Lee (2016) developed a novel
showed that the Fe 3 O 4 @chitosan nanoparticles were well
triggering mechanism (uncorking) that combines sonication
dispersed on the graphene matrix. The incorporation of
triggering and seamless stable encapsulation. Core-shell
Fe 3 O 4 in the nanocomposite was confirmed by FT-IR and
nanofibers were chosen as encapsulation systems and silica
XRD. The composite exhibited rapid adsorption, high
nanoparticles as corks on the surfaces of the nanofibers.
capacity, and easy separation and reuse owing to the
Successful uncorking triggered zero-order release from the
mesoporous
and
core of the nanofibers. Uncorking left nanocraters on the
Fe 3 O 4 @chitosan nanoparticles, as well as to the magnetic
surface that acted as diffusion paths for release. Authors
property of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.
concluded this novel uncorking strategy for release will
nature
of
graphene
sheets
Chaudhary et al., (2016) studied characterization and nanoadsorbent application of surfactant and ionic
enable smart release control of nanofibers and textiles for various future applications.
liquid functionalized ZnO nanoparticles prepared by
Petkova et al., (2016) reported a simultaneous
microwave based synthetic method. The synthesized
sonochemical/enzymatic process for durable antibacterial
material was characterized in detail which revealed that the
coating of cotton with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs).
nanoparticles are well-crystalline, exhibiting superior
The study showed NPs-coated cotton fabrics inhibited the
optical properties with good adsorption tendency. The
growth of the medically relevant Staphylococcus aureus
absorption ability of ZnO nanoparticles has further checked
and Escherichia coli respectively by 67% and 100%. The
in spiked water samples from different sources. The
antibacterial efficiency of these textile materials resisted
recovery, utility in real samples and reusability of the
the intensive laundry regimes used in hospitals, though
adsorbent and adsorbate has made the treatment more
only 33% of the initially deposited NPs remained firmly
economical and applicable for industrial applications.
fixed onto the fabrics after multiple washings.
Sonication. Soltani and Safari (2016) evaluated
Foam Separation. Wang et al., (2016) developed
pulsed sonocatalysis of real textile wastewater in the
superhydrophobic cotton textile for oil/water separation
presence
surface
based on the formation of fly ash coating and subsequent
methodologically on the basis of central composite design.
hydrophobization. This study showed the as-prepared
According to preliminary results, the application of pulse
textile can effectively separate a series of oil/water
mode of sonication, together with the addition of periodate
mixtures with high separation efficiency up to 97.3%.
ions, produced the greatest sonocatalytic activity and
Furthermore, the obtained textile can be used under acidic,
consequently, the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD)
alkaline, salty, and ultraviolet irradiation conditions.
removal efficiency (73.95%) among all the assessed
Authors conclude that the as-prepared textile may be a
of
periodate
ions
response
options. 1430 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
promising candidate for the separation of oil/water
approach and a set of selected eco-efficiency indicators.
mixtures.
The environmental performance of the system is evaluated Onder et al., (2016) prepared rigid poly lactic
through the relevant midpoint environmental impact
acid (PLA) foams by thermally induced phase separation
categories.The
analysis
revealed
that
the
major
followed by solvent exchange and vacuum drying. A novel
environmental problems of the textile industry in the Italy
tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water solvent system was used for
are freshwater resource depletion, as well as human toxicity
the induction of liquid-liquid phase separation of PLA
and ecotoxicity.
solution at three different temperatures. Results showed
Tiuc et al., (2016) presented an experimental
that degree of porosity and the morphology of the pores,
study on acoustic properties improvement of rigid
such as the pore size and shape could be controlled by
polyurethane closed-cell foam, by incorporating various
tuning the fabrication parameters.
quantities of textile waste into the matrix. In order to obtain
Various. Barbero-Barrera et al., (2016) presented
a homogenous, easy to handle material, an optimal percent
the results of the research conducted to use textile fibre
of 10-50% textile waste was used.This stdy showed that
waste in boards. The study revealed that textile fibre were
composite materials obtained have better sound absorption
bindered with the minimum hydraulic lime in order to
properties compared to rigid polyurethane foam. The noise
reduce its environmental impact in comparison to other
reduction coefficient (NRC) of the composite material with
boards, while preserving its mechanical and physical
40% textile waste and 60% rigid polyurethane foam was
requirements for the purpose.
twice as high as the 100% rigid polyurethane material.
Borges et al., (2016) reported a green and
Biological Processes
efficient procedure for extraction of the dyes Malachite
Enzymes. Singh (2016) highlighted in a study
Green (MG), Methylene Blue (MB), and Reactive Red 195
on the role of Aspergillus enzymes in the textile industry,
(RR) using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). The
focusing on major investigations carried out till now and,
method was applied to the recovery of these dyes from a
the importance of future work in the related area to fully
textile effluent sample, resulting in values of K of 1.17 ×
tap the potential of Aspergillus as a source of enzymes for
104, 724.1, and 3.98 × 104 for MG, MB, and RR,
large-scale application in the textile industry. Author
respectively.
ATPS
concluded that Aspergillus is considered to be one of the
methodology provided a high degree of color removal
most important and promising microbial sources of
(96.5–97.95%) from the textile effluent.
industrial enzymes and its application in the textile industry
Authors
concluded
that
the
Angelis-Dimakis et al., (2016) briefly presented a
thus, is no different.
eco-efficiency
Vats and Mishra (2016) developed a cost
assessment of water-use systems, using a life-cycle oriented
effective and environment friendly approach to treat dyes
methodological
framework
for
the
1431 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
using enzymes from ligninolytic fungi and agro-waste as
recent years biochemical studies on bacterial enzymes
cultivation substrate. Three different agro-waste, wheat
capable of lignin modification have intensified.
bran (WB), wheat straw (WS) and orange peel (OP) were
Asgher et al., (2016) studied Schizophyllum
investigated as substrates for solid state cultivation of white
commune, a white rot basidiomycete for ligninolytic
rot fungus, Cyathus bulleri and respective culture filtrates
enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and
were examined for extracellular enzymes such as
laccase) production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) of rice
peroxidases, and laccases. Results indicated that the WB
straw. Results of this study suggested that lignocellulosic
culture filtrate showed maximum decolorization efficiency
waste could be utilized as low-cost substrate for the
(70–85%) followed by OP (60–75%) and WS (40–60%).
production of enzymes which play significant role in many
Chiong et al., (2016) investigated the potential
industrial and biotechnological sectors.
use of soybean peroxidase and Luffa acutangula (luffa)
Yeasts. Mahmoud (2016) evaluated baker’s yeast
peroxidase, extracted from bio-wastes of soybean hulls and
strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for its ability to
luffa skin peels respectively, for enzymatic degradation of
decolorize a synthetic dye aqueous solution and real
azo dye methyl orange from liquid effluents. This study
industry effluent from Giza spinning and weaving
showed Soybean peroxidase demonstrated a maximum dye
company, Giza, Egypt. Isothermal models were applied to
decolourisation efficiency of 81.4% under the conditions of
evaluate differences in the biosorption rates and uptakes of
1 h incubation at 30 °C using 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide,
textile dye with a high degree of correlation coefficients in
0.5 mL crude soybean peroxidase and 30 mg L−1 methyl
case of Freundlich’s isothermal model (R2 = 0.947). At the
orange at pH 5.0. Also, luffa peroxidase yielded a
end of the experiments, the treatment with Baker’s yeast
maximum decolourisation efficiency of 75.3% under the
strain could reduce color absorbance and chemical oxygen
conditions of 40 min at 40 °C.
demand value of real textile wastewater by 100% and
Gonzalo et al., (2016) provided an overview of
61.82%, respectively.
recent advances in the identification and use of bacterial
Holkar et al., (2016) presented different treatment
enzymes acting on lignin or lignin-derived products.
methods to treat the textile wastewater have been presented
Authors concluded that lignin provides strength and rigidity
along with cost per unit volume of treated water. Treatment
to plants and is rather resilient towards degradation. Further
methods discussed in this paper involve oxidation methods
highlighted that to improve the (bio) processing of
(cavitation, photocatalytic oxidation, ozone, H 2 O 2 , fentons
lignocellulosic feedstocks, more effective degradation
process), physical methods (adsorption and filtration),
methods of lignin are in demand. While such enzymes have
biological methods (fungi, algae, bacteria, microbial fuel
been well thoroughly studied for ligninolytic fungi, only in
cell). This review article will also recommend the possible
1432 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
remedial measures to treat different types of effluent
freshwater fungi for the treatment of dye-containing
generated from each textile operation.
effluents. the
Manai et al., (2016) investigated the treatment of
characterization of the first methylotrophic yeast with dye
an industrial textile effluent (ITE) by using a mono-culture
decolorizing ability, Candida boidinii MM 4035 and some
of a novel fungal strain Chaetomium globosum IMA1. This
insights into its decoloration mechanism. The analysis of
study showed the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and
two selected media revealed a possible two stages
colors (OD 620 ) removal yields reached 88.4% and 99.8%,
mechanism of Reactive Black 5 decoloration. This study
respectively. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy
showed that manganese dependent peroxidase but not
(FTIR) analysis of the treated effluent showed that the
laccase activity could be detected during decoloration.
decolourization was due to the degradation and the
Aromatic amines do not accumulate in culture media,
transformation
supporting an oxidative decoloration mechanism of
spectrophotometric examination showed that the complete
unknown ecophysiological relevance.
dye removal was through fungal adsorption (8%), followed
Martorell
et
al.,
(2016)
reported
Fungi or Fungal Processes. Deveci et al., (2016)
of
dye
molecules.
However,
by degradation (92%).
and
El-Rahim et al., (2016) focused a study on the
semiconductor photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) in
high cell density cultivation of the fungal strains identified
order
integrated fungal
as potential bioremediation agents. The growth of the
biodegradation and photocatalytic degradation of textile
fungal strains was tested on the sucrose medium in 7 liter
wastewater from reactive washing processes. The study
fermenter. Results of this study indicate that the dry weight
was found that color removal and chemical oxygen demand
accumulated by strains grown on molasses was better than
(COD) reduction efficiencies were 88% and 53% for
those of strains grown on sucrose. Fungal strain had the
photocatalytic degradation, respectively.
highest biomass dry weight accumulation. The study shows
used
strains
fungal
membrane
bioreactor
to test the efficiency of
(FMBR)
Yang et al., (2016) screened freshwater fungal
that the molasses as cheaper sugar sources were better than
isolated
sucrose for growing fungal biomass.
from
submerged
woods
for
the
decolorization of 7 synthetic dyes. Subsequently, 13
Bacteria or Bacterial Processes. Ito et al.,
isolates with high decolorization capability were assessed
(2016) evaluated to assess undetectable dyes and
in a liquid system; they belonged to 9 different fungal
byproducts in river sediments with the help of river
species. Several strains exhibited a highly effective
sediment bacteria to degrade dyes and aromatic amines.
decolorization of multiple types of dyes. These results
This study data strongly suggested that dyes remained in
showed the unexploited and valuable capability of
the river sediment and that aromatic amines were produced even in transparent- and no longer colored–river water, but
1433 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
these chemicals were degraded by the changing sediment
treatment on health care-associated infection risk and
bacteria. Authors concluded that time-course monitoring of
patient outcomes. Algae. Huang et al., (2016) studied the effects of
the degradation activities of key bacteria thus enables assessment of the fate of dye pollutants in river sediments.
water components (nature organic matters and inorganic
Bhandary et al., (2016) studied the parametric
cations) and pH on the anti-algae efficacy of silver
effect namely the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on
nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Microcystis aeruginosa.
Escherichia coli in removing methylene blue and methyl
Study showed that humic acid decreased the antimicrobial
orange dyes. Analysing the results shows that the Glucose
toxicity of AgNPs on M. aeruginosa while calcium and
and ammonium sulphate are proven to be the best carbon
magnesium ions enhanced toxicity. It is concluded that the
and nitrogen sources respectively, with some usage pause
dominating mode of action of the AgNPs may occur
on the maintenance of experimental conditions. The dye
through direct contact of AgNPs particles with algae cells
removal
rather than through toxicity effects from the silver ion.
performances
were
strongly
affected
by
Nautiyal et al., (2016) presented a study on
parameters such as initial concentration, pH, inoculum
utilization of the residual biomass (DB) of Spirulina
volume, temperature, carbon source and nitrogen source. Avila-Barba et al., (2016) studied cellulose
platensis algae, left after in-situ transesterification, for
producing microorganisms and to evaluate them in a wide
biochar preparation. The biochar (BC) prepared was
range of temperatures. For this purpose, a screening for
examined for its capacity to adsorb congo red dye from the
bacterial strains capable to degrade carboxymethyl-
aqueous solution. The results were compared with other
cellulose was performed, using decaying wood as a source
adsorbents used in the study such as commercial activated
for isolation. Results of this study results indicated the
carbon (AC), original algae biomass (AB) and residual
suitability of this strain as a proper cellulolytic agent for
biomass (DB). Further, the results of proximate analysis of
biotechnological applications in textile industries.
BC showed the decrease in the percentage of volatile
Openshaw antimicrobial
et
al.,
effectiveness
(2016) of
a
evaluated
silverbased
the
textile
matter and an increase in fixed carbon content compared to DB.
treatment (SilvaClean) that treats textiles with ionic silver
Jemec et al., (2016) investigated the ingestion
after each washing. Results of this study showed treating
and effects of ground polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
hospital patient textiles with ionic silver after each washing
textile
results in a significant decrease in microbial contamination.
crustacean Daphnia magna after a 48 h exposure and
However, it is concluded that further study is needed to
subsequent 24 h of recovery in microplastic fibers (MP)
better understand the role textiles play in hospital-acquired
free medium and algae. Study showed that regardless of the
infections and to quantify the influence of silver textile
feeding regime, daphnids were not able to recover from MP
microfibers
on
the
freshwater
zooplankton
1434 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
exposure after additional 24 h incubation period in a MP
removed by combined method. It is concluded that plenty
free medium with algae. The uptake and effects of PET
of large and complicated molecule structures had
textile MP on D. magna are presented first time in this
transformed into small and simple molecule structures. Aslanidou et al., (2016) optimized a tuneable
paper. Combined Processes. Liang et al., (2016)
green process of textile cleaning and the cleaning is
reported a combined technique of ultrasound (US) with
achieved with supercritical carbon dioxide and an aqueous
potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) degradation of aromatic
suspension as co-solvent. Results showed that the
amines in a textile-dyeing sludge. The reaction mechanisms
optimized process has been successfully applied on textiles
and the degradation kinetics of aromatic amines at various
infected with Aspergillus Niger fungi. The combination of
operating parameters were systematically examined by the
the exposure of the textile in a Ca(OH) 2 aqueous dispersion
combined system of US-KMnO 4 . The results indicated that
and the exposure in scCO 2 and CaCO 3 particles produced
there was a synergistic effect between US and KMnO 4 , as
in situ leads to textiles disinfection.
US greatly enhanced KMnO 4 in the degradation of aromatic
amines
and
exhibited
apparent
sludge
disintegration and separated pollutants from the sludge.
Aravind et al., (2016) reported an integrated treatment method viz biodegradation followed by photoassisted electrooxidation, as a new approach, for the
Lin et al., (2016) conducted a study too establish
abatement of textile wastewater. In the first stage of the
an efficient oxidation process for the degradation of
integrated treatment scheme, the chemical oxygen demand
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in textile dyeing
(COD) of the real textile effluent was reduced by a
sludge, the effects of various operating parameters were
biodegradation process using hydrogels of cellulose-
optimized during the ultrasound process, Fenton process
degrading Bacillus cereus. The obtained results indicated
and the combined ultrasound-Fenton process. The results
that the biological treatment allows obtaining a 93% of
showed that the ultrasonic density of 1.80 w/cm3, both
cellulose degradation and 47% of COD removal.
H 2 O 2 and Fe2+ dosages of 140 mmol/L and pH 3 were
Future of the Topic. The concept of clothing remains the
favorable conditions for the degradation of PAHs.
same for the past centuries, textiles are still attached to old
Hong et al., (2016) repoted a highly efficient
ways of thinking materials and dated methods of
ultraviolet
production and application revealing reluctance to dramatic
photolysis, ultrasound radiation and O 3 that was built to
changes and radical innovation within the sector. There has
treat bio-treated textile wastewater. This study showed
been always a demand and need for developing innovative
most abundant fluorescence portion in bio-treated textile
technologies and tools for management of textile wastes.
wastewater was tryptophan-like, and simple aromatic
The future review would involve topics related to treatment
protein-like and humic acid-like were relatively readily
alternatives for wastewater, best available techniques into
mult-oxidation
system
combined
with
1435 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
textile industry, providing an overview of more promising treatment
technologies
distinguished
into
physico-
chemical, biological and combined processes. References
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1439 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation
Wu, Q., Li, Y., Wang, W., Wang, T., Hu, H. (2016) Removal of C.I. Reactive Red 2 by Low Pressure UV/chlorine Advanced Oxidation. J Environ Sci., 41, 227-234. Yang, P., Shi, W., Wang, H., Liu, H. (2016) Screening of Freshwater Fungi for Decolorizing Multiple Synthetic Dyes. Brazilian J Microbiol., 47(4), 828-834. Zhu, H., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Shao, L., Zhang, X., Yao, J. (2016) Polyacrylamide Grafted Cellulose as an Eco-friendly Flocculant: Key Factors Optimization of Flocculation to Surfactant Effluent. Carbohydrate Polym., 135, 145152.
1440 Water Environment Research, Volume 89, Number 10 - Copyright © 2017 Water Environment Federation