http://informahealthcare.com/mdn ISSN: 1940-1736 (print), 1940-1744 (electronic) Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2 ! 2014 Informa UK Ltd. DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.855755
MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
The complete mitochondrial genome of Gonepteryx rhamni (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Coliadinae) Yunliang Wang1, Chaomin Peng1, Quanlin Yao2, Qinghui Shi1, and Jiasheng Hao1 1
Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China and Forest Pest and Disease Management & Quarantine Station of Diebu County, Diebu, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Keywords
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Linnaeus Gonepteryx rhamni (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Coliadinae) is a circular molecule of 15,023 bp in length, containing 37 typical coding genes and one non-coding AT-rich region. Its gene order and content are identical to the common type found in most insect mitogenomes. All protein coding genes (PCGs) start with a typical ATN initiation codon, except for the cox1, which use CGA as its start codon. Nine genes use standard complete termination codon (TAA), whereas the cox1, cox2, nad4 and nad5 genes end with single T. Except for trnS1(AGN), all tRNA genes display typical secondary cloverleaf structures as those of other insects. Additionally, the 371 bp long AT-rich region contains a few structures common to the other lepidopterons, such as the motif ATAGA followed by a 17 bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like (AT)10 element preceded by the ATTTA motif, and a 10 bp poly-A presented immediately upstream of trnM gene.
Coliadinae, Gonepteryx rhamni, mitochondrial genome, Pieridae
In the past several decades, mitochondrial DNA has been widely used as an informative molecular marker in diverse evolutionary study areas, including molecular phylogenetics and evolution, molecular ecology, comparative and evolutionary genomics, etc. (Caterino et al., 2000; Krzywinski et al., 2006). The Pieridae is one of the largest groups of butterflies, including about 1300 species distributed nearly all around the world, its taxonomy and systematics are still standing as controversial issues and waiting for further studies (Ackery et al., 1999; Braby, 2005; Braby et al., 2006; Chew et al., 2006; Mao et al., 2010). Currently, within its subfamily Coliadinae, only one complete mitochondrial genome of Catopsilia Pomona (Catopsilia) has been determined (Hao et al., 2013, in press). In this article, we present the complete mitochondrial sequence of another representative species of the Coliadinae, namely, Gonepteryx rhamni, in order to provide more molecular data for resolving the phylogenetic relationships of Pieridae. The complete mitogenome of G. rhamni is a circular molecule of 15,203 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and one major non-coding AT-rich region (Table 1). Its gene order and orientation are identical to those of all known butterfly mitogenomes. The nucleotide compositions of the genome are significantly AT biased (80.3%), with a slightly T skew (AT-skew ¼ 0.027) and a moderate C skew (GC-skew ¼ 0.206). Besides the AT-rich region, 13 intergenic spacers (119 bp in total) and eight overlapping regions (27 bp in total) are dispersed over the whole genome.
Correspondence: Jia-Sheng Hao, Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 553 3818721. Fax: +86 553 3869571. E-mail:
[email protected].
History Received 12 September 2013 Accepted 29 September 2013 Published online 10 January 2014
Table 1. Organization of the complete mitochondrial genome in Gonepteryx rhamni.
Gene trnM trnI trnQ nad2 trnW trnC trnY cox1 trnL(UUR) cox2 trnK trnD atp8 atp6 cox3 trnG nad3 trnA trnR trnN trnS1(AGN) trnE trnF nad5 trnH nad4 nad4L trnT trnP nad6
Direction F F R F F R R F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F R R R R R F R F
Position 1–67 68–129 126–194 243–1256 1255–1320 1313–1379 1380–1443 1451–2981 2982–3047 3048–3723 3724–3794 3801–3866 3867–4028 4022–4699 4699–5499 5502–5566 5567–5920 5924–5988 5989–6052 6066–6132 6133–6192 6194–6260 6259–6322 6323–8063 8064–8127 8127–9446 9458–9739 9747–9810 9811–9881 9887–10,411
Size Intergenic Start Stop (bp) length* codon codon 67 62 69 1014 66 67 64 1531 66 676 71 66 162 678 801 64 354 65 63 67 60 67 64 1741 64 1320 282 64 71 525
0 4 48 2 8 0 7 0 0 0 6 0 7 1 2 0 3 0 13 0 1 2 0 0 1 11 7 0 5
ATT
TAA
CGA
T
ATG
T
ATT ATG ATA
TAA TAA TAA
ATT
TAA
ATT
T
ATA ATG
T TAA
ATA
TAA
(continued )
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Mitochondrial DNA, Early Online: 1–2
Table 1. Continued
Gene cob trnS2(UCN) nad1 trnL1(CUN) rrnL trnV rrnS AT-rich region
Direction F F R R R R R R
Position
Size Intergenic Start Stop (bp) length* codon codon
10,422–11,570 1149 11,569–11,634 66 11,651–12,589 939 12,591–12,657 67 12,658–13,986 1329 13,987–14,053 67 14,054–14,832 779 14,833–15,203 371
10 2 16 1 0 0 0
ATA
TAA
ATG
TAA
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*The positive number indicates interval base pairs between genes, while the negative number indicates the overlapping base pairs between genes.
All PCGs are initiated by a typical ATN codon, except for the cox1 gene, which uses unusual CGA(R) as its start codon. These unconventional start codons are also found in the other sequenced butterflies (Hao et al., 2013; Hong et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2006). Nine PCGs have a complete stop codon (TAA), while the remaining four genes end with a single nucleotide T (Table 1). The incomplete stop codons have been frequently found in most insect mitogenomes sequenced to date (Park et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2012). All tRNAs can be folded into the typical predicted secondary cloverleaf structures, except for trnS1(AGN), which loses its dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. Furthermore, the rrnL (1329 bp) and rrnS (779 bp) genes are also significantly biased towards AT nucleotides (84.9% for rrnL and 85.9% for rrnS). The 371 bp AT-rich region is located between the rrnS gene and the trnM gene cluster, and exhibits the highest AT content (94.9%) among the whole genome. Several characteristic structures are also detected in the AT-rich region, such as the ATAGA motif followed by a 17 bp poly-T stretch, a 10 bp poly-A immediately upstream of trnM, and a microsatellite-like (AT)10 element preceded by the ATTTA motif which is similar to ATTTA(AT)7 in Coreana raphaelis (Kim et al., 2006), ATTTA(AT)8 in Hyphantria cunea (Liao et al., 2010). Moreover, two microsatellite-like elements (AT)4 and (TA)7 are also presented in the region. Nucleotide sequence accession number: The complete genome sequence of Gonepteryx rhamni has been assigned GenBank accession number KC461234.
Declaration of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article. This work was
supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41172004) and the Opening Funds from the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 104143), and the Program for Innovative Research Team in Anhui Normal University.
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