THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEGREGATION RECYCLABLE

Format and Guidelines for Manuscript Preparation and Submission to Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (JAMT) Format and Guidelines for Manuscript Preparation and Submission to Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (JAMT) The Effectiveness of Segregation Recyclable Materials by Automated Motorized Bin

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEGREGATION RECYCLABLE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEGREGATION RECYCLABLE MATERIALS BY AUTOMATED MOTORIZED BIN MATERIALS BY AUTOMATED MOTORIZED BIN S. Norhafiza11, K. Masiri11, A. Nor Faezah11, A.L. Nurul Nadiah22 S. Norhafiza , K. Masiri , A. Nor Faezah , A.L. Nurul Nadiah and A. K. Aslila11 and A. K. Aslila Centre of Diploma Studies, Centre of Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat Johor. Batu Pahat Johor. 1 1

Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Batu Pahat, Johor 2 2

Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] Article History: Received 12 August 2017; Revised 5 October 2017; Accepted Article History: Received 12 August 2017; Revised 5 October 2017; Accepted 5 December 2017 5 December 2017

ABSTRACT: Recycling bins that have been introduced in the 3R ABSTRACT: Recycling bins that have been introduced in the 3R

campaign (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) are not optimally used by campaign (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) are not optimally used by Malaysians. The research is an initiative to sort recyclable materials. The Malaysians. The research is an initiative to sort recyclable materials. The proposed research is an invention of automated isolation recycling bin where proposed research is an invention of automated isolation recycling bin where the bin equipped with several electronics components such as sensors and the bin equipped with several electronics components such as sensors and motors. The purpose of the sensors and motors are to enable the isolation motors. The purpose of the sensors and motors are to enable the isolation process so it can be completed automatically with the aid Arduino Uno process so it can be completed automatically with the aid Arduino Uno program. The installation of three types of sensors which are inductive program. The installation of three types of sensors which are inductive sensor, capacitive sensor and infrared sensor will detect the type of recyclable sensor, capacitive sensor and infrared sensor will detect the type of recyclable materials that are inserted into the bin. Circular plate and pusher will be materials that are inserted into the bin. Circular plate and pusher will be driven by DC motor to three compartments which are the bins for metal, driven by DC motor to three compartments which are the bins for metal, paper and plastic. However, the materials will be discarded when the pusher paper and plastic. However, the materials will be discarded when the pusher plate is triggered by DC motor. The process of analyzing the effectiveness of plate is triggered by DC motor. The process of analyzing the effectiveness of this invention can be accomplished by recording the time taken for the this invention can be accomplished by recording the time taken for the product to separate the recyclable materials. product to separate the recyclable materials.

KEYWORDS: Sensor; DC Motor; Arduino Uno; Automated Isolation; KEYWORDS: Sensor; DC Motor; Arduino Uno; Automated Isolation;

Recycling Bin Recycling Bin

1.0 1.0

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

The growing population in Malaysia has contributed towards higher The growing population in Malaysia eISSN: 2289-8107 Special has Issuecontributed iDECON 2016 towards higher 409 production of domestic solid waste. The rate of generation of domestic production of domestic solid waste. The rate of generation of domestic solid waste per capita produced by the urban and rural citizens have

KEYWORDS: Sensor; DC Motor; Arduino Uno; Automated Isolation;

Recycling Bin

Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

1.0

INTRODUCTION

The growing population in Malaysia has contributed towards higher production of domestic solid waste. The rate of generation of domestic solid waste per capita produced by the urban and rural citizens have increased to 1.5 kilogram and 0.8 kilogram respectively resulting in a total of 18,000 tons of waste generated every day [1] with 70-80% of the waste composition are recyclable [2-4]. As a result, the landfills started to fill up faster hence reducing the number of available landfills for waste management. Generally, these solid wastes can categories up to 20 different types which is food waste, paper (mixed), cardboard, plastics (rigid, film and foam), textile, wood waste, metals (ferrous or non-ferrous), diapers, newsprint, high grade and fine paper, fruit waste, green waste, batteries, construction waste and glass [5]. It is about 60% wastes are recyclable items [6]. However, all of this composition wastes normally dumped together without any attempt for recovering or recycling. Nowadays, the local communities have higher awareness of the importance of recycling solid waste compared to the general public [7]. Educating the public about the importance of recycling can increase the recycling rate [6, 8]. The recycling facilities provided by the Local Authority (PBT) have managed to improve the awareness of some local communities. While the rest have shown lack of interest proved by the missing recycle bins [9]. However, at current state of 5% recycling rate, a lot more awareness programs are required to achieve the 22% target by 2020 [2]. Recycling is a hassle for most people. For them, it is easier to put all the trashes into a bag and toss it into the general thrash bin instead of separating them into the categories for the recycling bins. Besides that, the current recycle bin is consisting of three different barrels such as paper, glass and plastic/aluminum consumed a huge space in public places. This research was conducted to design, develop, test and analyze the effectiveness of the proposed recycling bin with respect to time required to separate recyclable materials. This invention provides a practical solution to reduce daily inconveniences faced by consumers 410 eISSN: 2289-8107 Special Issue iDECON 2016 during recycling activity whereby it helps to sort the recyclable materials automatically through the use of different sensors mounted

The Effectiveness of Segregation Recyclable Materialstest by Automated Motorizedthe Bin This research was conducted to design, develop, and analyze effectiveness of the proposed recycling bin with respect to time required to separate recyclable materials. This invention provides a practical solution to reduce daily inconveniences faced by consumers during recycling activity whereby it helps to sort the recyclable materials automatically through the use of different sensors mounted at the recycle bin’s opening. The proposed automated isolation recycling bin utilizes AC supply from the mains for simplicity and less maintenance work. Through its convenient operation, it is thus expected to attract more people to recycle.

1.1

Literature Review

Reuse, recycle and recovery of valuable components of waste stream were given more attention in municipal solid waste management system (MSWMS) in both developed and developing countries [10]. Society typically treats trashes as unwanted materials which were dumped without knowing the correct method to manage them sustainably. Creative entrepreneurs should take advantage of recycling as a profitable activity. This situation can be seen through a survey studied the recycling activity of the urban poor in Jakarta, Indonesia in the context of sustainable solid waste management [10]. The recycling business may generate monthly profits between Rp 99,960,000,000 (RM33 million) to Rp 200,940,000,000 (RM66 million) for the residents of Jakarta. The increment of non-biodegradable products in global market has led to the increment of non-disposal waste. Based on the research findings obtained by the Department of Municipal Solid Waste Management, the composition of non-recyclable materials in food waste were 43% compared to 53% of recyclable materials which translates to higher demand for recycling activity. The existing recycling bin is large in size. Therefore, major operators like the shopping centers were reluctant to provide the bins due to space constraint. Figure 1 shows the existing recycling bin.

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recycling bin is large in size. Therefore, major operators like the shopping centers were reluctant to provide the bins due to space Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology constraint. Figure 1 shows the existing recycling bin.

Figure 1: Existing Recycle Bin

1.2

Previous Project

The proposed recycle bin was developed to perform automatic isolation of recyclable materials via implementation of one recycle bin only. Previously, several projects related to recycling bin improvement have been developed such as Smart Recycle Bin proposed by students from University of Michigan, USA [11], Smart Recycling Bin with LCD [12] and also Smart and Reward Bin that operated using solar power [13]. Renewable energy such as solar energy has been applied as the power supply on these researches. An interactive WeRecycle Bin such in [14] was able to attract users which contribute to higher recycling rate. Recycle bins equipped with internet of things (IoT) was developed to monitor the amount of wastes at each location and to identify the most optimized location for the recycle bins and to optimize wastes collection management [1516]. Similarly, [17] has also utilized integrated web based system to enable points-based reward program for active users through RFID identification. RFID tags were also implemented in [18] to sort wastes automatically. Larger scale recycling process can be achieved through a more structured waste monitoring and management system [19] which used the RFID, GPRS and GPS and working in real time while a state of the art recycling system via implementation of advanced control system and various sensors [20].

2.0 412

METHO D O2289-8107 LOGY eISSN:


A product has been designed and developed as an alternative to

system andrecycling various sensors of the art system [20]. via implementation of advanced control system and various sensors [20]. The Effectiveness of Segregation Recyclable Materials by Automated Motorized Bin

2.0 2.0

METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY

A product has been designed and developed as an alternative to increase the has efficiency of the existing is produced A product been designed and recycling developedbin aswhich an alternative to in three colours namelyofbrown, blue and orange. efficiency of the increase the efficiency the existing recycling binThe which is produced product is measured via brown, the timeblue taken toorange. sort theThe recyclable materials in three colours namely and efficiency of the in threeis measured different via categories; metal, plastic and paper. The product the time taken to sort the recyclable materials development process categories; were divided into three main product in three different metal, plastic andstages, paper. The design stage, hardware development stagethree and final to test and development process were divided into mainstage stages, product analyze the effectiveness of the final product. design stage, hardware development stage and final stage to test and analyze the effectiveness of the final product. 2.1 Product Design 2.1 Product Design A typical barrel type trash bin as shown in Figure 2 was selected as the frame barrel for thetype proposed recycle bin. This trash bin design is very A typical trash bin as shown in Figure 2 was selected as userframe friendly user arerecycle not required to trash lift the lid. isIt very also the for as thethe proposed bin. This binbin’s design required a lessasspace compared to required the existing bin. lid. It also user friendly the user are not to recycling lift the bin’s required a less space compared to the existing recycling bin.

Figure 2: Trash bin Figure 2: Trash bin

Modifications of the trash bin are shown in Figure 3 and 4. The bin’s Modifications of the trash bin are shown in Figure 3 and 4. The bin’s main body was main body wastrash divided 3shown compartments for types recycling Modifications of the bininto arethe in Figure 3 the and3 4. Theofbin’s main body and was divided into 3 paper, compartments for 3while types of recycling wastes; paper, plastic wastes; plastic and metal internal part of the lid contains divided intointernal 3 compartments for contains the 3 types of recycling wastes;a circular paper, plastic and metal while part of thealid electronic components, electronic components, circular plate with a hole and a pusher plateplate with whilea internal part of the lidthe contains electronic components, a circular plate with ametal hole and pusher plate toits push trash into its respective compartment. to push the trash into respective compartment. The main control box The main a hole is and a pusher plate to of push attached on the theofthe lid. control box is attached onside the side thetrash lid. into its respective compartment. The main control box is attached on the side of the lid.

Inlet Inlet

(a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) Figure 3: External view of modified trash bin, (a) Front view, Figure 3: External view of modified trash bin, (a) Front view, (b) Rear view and (c) Top view (b) Rear view and (c) Top view Paper

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413

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3: External view of modified trash bin, (a) Front view,

Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

(b) Rear view and (c) Top view

Paper

Metal

Plastic

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Internal view of modified trash bin, (a) main body and (b) lid

2.2 2.22.2Hardware Hardware 2.2 Hardware Hardware Development Development Development Development Selection Selection Selection Selection ofofelectronic of electronic electronic of electronic components components components components and and and programming programming programming and programming occurred occurred occurred occurred ininthis in this this in this stage. stage. stage. The The stage. The electronic electronic electronic The electronic components components components components installed installed installed installed inside inside inside the the inside the lid lidlid consist the consist consist lid of consist of2of 2 2 of 2 DC DC DC motors motors motors DCand motors and and 4 4sensors sensors 4and sensors 4 as sensors asshown as shown shown asinshown inFigure in Figure Figure in5.5. Figure 5. 5.

Figure Figure Figure 5:5:Electronic Figure Electronic 5: Electronic 5: Electronic components components components components arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement

Top Top Top DC DC DC Top motor motor motor DCwill motor will will rotate rotate rotate willthe the rotate the circular circular circular the circular plate plate plate while while plate while the the while the bottom bottom bottom the DC bottom DC DC DC motor motor motor rotates motor rotates rotates the rotates thethe pusher pusher pusher the plate. pusher plate. plate. The The plate. The sensors sensors sensors The sensors implemented implemented implemented implemented inin this inthis this in this project project project are project areare depicted depicted depicted are depicted ininTable in Table Table in 1.1.Table 1. 1. Table Table Table 1:1:Sensor Table Sensor 1: Sensor 1: type type Sensor type and and and type functions functions functions and functions No. No.No. Sensor Sensor Sensor No. type type Sensor type typeFunction Function Function Function 1 1 1 Capacitive Capacitive Capacitive 1 Sensor Capacitive Sensor Sensor Sensor Detect Detect Detect metal metal metal Detect metal 2 2 2 Inductive Inductive Inductive 2 Sensor Inductive Sensor Sensor Sensor Detect Detect Detect plastic plastic plastic Detect plastic 3 3 3 Photoelectric Photoelectric Photoelectric 3 Photoelectric Sensor Sensor Sensor Detect Detect Sensor Detect paper paper paper Detect paper 4 4 4 Proximity Proximity Proximity 4 sensor Proximity sensor sensor sensor Detect Detect Detect motor motor motor Detect position position position motor position

The The The main main main The control control main control box control box box contained contained contained box contained Arduino Arduino Arduino Arduino Uno Uno Uno controller, controller, controller, Uno controller, motor motor motor driver driver motor driverdriver 414 eISSN: 2289-8107 Special Issue iDECON 2016 and and and an an and an AC AC AC an toto to DC AC DC DC converter. to converter. converter. DC converter. Arduino Arduino Arduino Arduino Uno Uno Uno controller controller Uno controller controller played played played an played anan an important important important important role role role totoreceive to role receive receive to and receive and and compute compute compute and compute data data data from from data from the the from the sensors. sensors. sensors. the sensors. The The The The

2 Inductive Sensor Detect plastic 3 Photoelectric Sensor Detect paper The Effectiveness Automated Motorized Bin 4 of Segregation ProximityRecyclable sensor Materials Detectby motor position

The main control box contained Arduino Uno controller, motor driver and an AC to DC converter. Arduino Uno controller played an important role to receive and compute data from the sensors. The controller has been programmed to activate the DC motors accordingly. AC supply sourced from the mains is converted to DC to operate all the electronic components. 2.3

Test and analysis

The testing process involves operation/function test and response time test. The operation/function test was conducted to validate the recycle bin’s operation as per designer’s specification while the latter test was done to analyse the effectiveness of the recycle bin in terms of time taken to isolate each material. The response time test was carried out three times for each type of The response time test was carried out three times for each type of material in order to get the average reading of the time response of the material in order to get the average reading of the time response of the bin. Time is taken once the circular plate starts moving as well as the bin. Time is taken once the circular plate starts moving as well as the pusher. The reaction circular plate resembles the time required for pusher. The reaction circular plate resembles the time required for Motor 1 to response due to the presence of recyclable materials. The Motor 1 to response due to the presence of recyclable materials. The time taken for pusher plate to react resembles the time response for time taken for pusher plate to react resembles the time response for Motor 2. Total time is taken starting the recyclable materials are Motor 2. Total time is taken starting the recyclable materials are inserted until they reach the bin’s compartment. Based on the results inserted until they reach the bin’s compartment. Based on the results acquired thus, the average time was calculated. acquired thus, the average time was calculated.

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results from both tests were documented as below. The results from both tests were documented as below. 3.1 Operation/Function test 3.1 Operation/Function test Isolation of recyclable materials occurs through four stages as shown Isolation of recyclable materials occurs through four stages as shown in Figure 6. The operation was started by inserting the recyclable in Figure 6. The operation was started by inserting the recyclable materials one by one through the bin’s inlet. The material was placed materials one by one through the bin’s inlet. The material was placed right on top of the sensors which were located on the circular plate. right on top of the sensors which were located on the circular plate. When one of the sensors detects the type of the recyclable material, When one of the sensors detects the type of the recyclable material, the top motor will start to rotate the circular plate to align the hole the top motor will start to rotate the circular plate to align the hole with its respective waste compartment. Once aligned, the bottom with its respective waste compartment. Once aligned, the bottom motor will then rotate the pusher plate towards the same position and motor will then rotate the pusher plate towards the same position and the recyclable material will fall into its compartment through the hole. the recyclable material will fall into its compartment through the hole. Overall, the recycle bin has completed theiDECON isolation process for each eISSN: 2289-8107 Special Issue 2016 415 Overall, the recycle bin has completed the isolation process for each material successfully according to its category. material successfully according to its category.

motor will then rotate the pusher plate towards the same position and compartment through the hole.

Journal of Advancedmaterial Manufacturing Technology the recyclable will fall into its

Overall, the recycle bin has completed the isolation process for each material successfully according to its category.

Figure 6: Figure Electronic 6: Electronic components components arrangement arrangement

3.2

Time 3.2 response Time response test test

Tables 2-4 Tables show2-4 theshow results theacquired results acquired from thefrom teststhe where testsM1 where and M1 M2 and M2 are the time are the response time response for motors for 1motors and 2,1respectively and 2, respectively while Table while5 Table 5 shows the shows calculated the calculated average average time response. time response. Table 2: Time Tableresponse 2: Time response for Test 1for Test 1 Test 1

Test 1

Total time, Total time, Materials Materials M1 M2 M1 M2 s s Metal

0.7 Metal 0.2 0.7

2.1 0.2

2.1

Plastic

0.9 Plastic0.2 0.9

2.3 0.2

2.3

Paper

0.5 Paper 0.2 0.5

1.9 0.2

1.9

Table 3: Time Tableresponse 3: Time response for Test 2for Test 2 Test2 Test2 Materials Materials M1 M2 M1 TotalM2 time, Total time, s s Metal 0.6 Metal 0.2 0.6 2.0 0.2 2.0 Plastic

0.8 Plastic0.2 0.8

2.2 0.2

2.2

Paper

0.5 Paper 0.2 0.5

1.9 0.2

1.9

Table 4: Time Tableresponse 4: Time response for Test 3for Test 3 Test 3 Test 3 Materials Materials M1 M2 M1 TotalM2 time, Total s time, s

416

Metal

0.7 Metal 0.2 0.7

2.1 0.2

2.1

Plastic

0.8 Plastic0.2 0.8

2.2 0.2

2.2

Paper

0.7 Paper 0.2 0.7

2.1 0.2

2.1

Table 5: Average Table 5: Average time response time response

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Average Average Materials Materials Test1 Test Test1 Test Test Total Test time, Total time,

Metal

0.7

0.2

2.1

Plastic

0.8

0.2

2.2

The Effectiveness of Segregation Materials by Automated Motorized Bin Paper 0.7 Recyclable 0.2 2.1

Table 5: Average time response Average Materials

Test1

Metal

2.1

Test 2 2.0

Test 3 2.1

Total time, s 2.1

Plastic

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

Paper

1.9

1.9

2.1

1.9

Based on the data obtained from time response of Test 1, Test 2 and Based thethe data obtained from time1 response of Test Test 2 and Test 3 on thus, time taken for motor to response with 1,the presence Based on the data obtained from time response of Test 1, Test 2 and Test 3 thus, the time for respectively. motor 1 to response with presence of metal are 0.7s, 0.6s taken and 0.7s, Moreover, thethe times taken Test 3 thus, the time taken for respectively. motor 1 to response with the presence of metal are 0.7s, 0.6s and 0.7s, Moreover, the times for motor 1 to response with the presence of paper are 0.5s, 0.5staken and of metal are 0.6s andwith 0.7s, respectively. Moreover, times taken for 1 0.7s, to response presence paper arethe 0.5s, 0.5s and 0.7s,motor respectively. It can be the noticed that,of the differences of time for motor 1 to response with the presence of paper are 0.5s, 0.5s and 0.7s, respectively. can two be noticed differences response between It these materialsthat, are the close. However,ofit time also 0.7s, respectively. It can be noticed that, the differences of time response between thesetaken two for materials close. However, it also observed that, the times motor 1are to response to the presence response between these two materials are close. However, it also observed that, the times taken fortimes motor 1 to response to0.8s the and presence of paper are slightly higher. The recorded are 0.9s, 0.8s, observed that, the times taken for motor 1 to response to the presence of paper are slightly higher. The times recorded are 0.9s, 0.8s and 0.8s, respectively. of paper are slightly higher. The times recorded are 0.9s, 0.8s and 0.8s, respectively. respectively. The differences are influenced by the physical condition and colour of The differencesmaterials are influenced by the condition colour of the recyclable whereby thephysical metals and papersand also can be The differences are influenced by the physical condition and colour of the materials whereby the metals papers also can be seenrecyclable as opaque materials while most of theand plastic materials were the recyclable materials whereby the metals and papers also can be seen as opaque materials while most of the plastic materials were transparent. seen as opaque materials while most of the plastic materials were transparent. Detection of transparent material takes longer time compared to transparent. Detectionmaterial. of transparent material the takes longer time compared to opaque This is because sensor used depends on the Detection of transparent material takes longer time compared to opaque material. is because sensor depends on the concept of cutting This the beam of lightthe emitted by used a photoelectric sensor opaque material. is because the sensor depends on the concept cutting This theproximity. beam of light emitted by used a will photoelectric sensor to sensorofdistance or Opaque material cut the beam of concept of cutting or theproximity. beam of light emitted by a will photoelectric sensor to sensor Opaque material the beam of light anddistance receive an immediate response of the cut motor action. to sensor distance or proximity. Opaque material will cut the beam of light and the receive an immediate response of time the tomotor However, transparent material requires more cut theaction. beam light and receive an immediate response of the motor action. However, transparent material requires more time tosensor cut thewhich beam of light asthe the light emitted from the photoelectric However, the transparent material requires more time to cut the beam of light as the light emitted from the photoelectric sensor which successfully penetrates the material. of light as the light emitted from the photoelectric sensor which successfully penetrates the material. successfully penetrates the material. Regardless of considering the time response, the product assists in Regardless of considering time response, the product assistsand in sorting materials without the depending on human reasoning Regardless of considering the time response, the product assists in sorting materials without depending on human reasoning and evaluation. sorting materials without depending on human reasoning and evaluation. evaluation.

4.0 CONCL U S ION 4.0 CONCL U S ION The biggest environmental 4.0 CONCL U S ION challenge facing the automated isolation

The biggest challengeoffacing the automated isolation recycling binenvironmental is the implementation 3R strategy. Waste processing The biggest environmental challenge facing the automated isolation recycling bin ishave the been implementation of 3Rkey strategy. Waste during processing and recycling the world wide technologies the recycling bin is the implementation of 3R strategy. Waste processing and recycling have been the world wide key technologies during last two decades. In promoting the performance and efficiencythe of and recycling have In been the worldthe wide key technologies during the last two decades. promoting performance and efficiency of automated isolation recycling bin in the developed countries last two decades. In promoting the performance and efficiency of automated the isolation in the developed therefore, main recycling concern bin of municipalities is thecountries sound eISSN: 2289-8107 Special Issue iDECON 2016 417 automated isolation recycling bin in the developed countries therefore, the main concern of municipalities is the sound management of recyclables [8]. therefore, the main concern of municipalities is the sound management of recyclables [8].

The biggest environmental challenge facing the automated isolation Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology recycling bin is the implementation of 3R strategy. Waste processing and recycling have been the world wide key technologies during the last two decades. In promoting the performance and efficiency of automated isolation recycling bin in the developed countries therefore, the main concern of municipalities is the sound management of recyclables [8]. In this paper, the application of robotic and Arduino Uno technologies in the development of recycling bin especially for an advanced recycling were discussed. Arduino Uno technology is emerging very rapidly in development of recycling bin industry and it will penetrate faster in the near future.

A A CK CK NO NO WLEDG WLEDG MENTS MENTS Special gratitude gratitude to to UTHM UTHM for for the the full full funding funding provided provided (STG, (STG, Vot Vot Special U384) upon completion of the project. U384) upon completion of the project.

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