Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
The International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES14
The opportunity of power electronics on improving the quality of voltage and power flow in the west Algeria network a
H .Guentria, F. Lakdjaa, M.Laouera* Université docteur Moulay Tahar, BP 138 Route de Mascara, Saida 20000, Algérie
Abstract The Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers improve quality of the supply power, enhance power system performance and also provide an optimal utilization of the existing resources. Especially the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and the Static Var Compensator (SVC) has been proposed to enhance the power transfer capability and improve the quality of the voltage by adjusting the line reactance. This paper, present a study of the west Algerian 2012 network. Furthermore, we will try to ask some problems encountered in practice, to find solutions and moving towards the FACTS devices in particular the TCSC and SVC controller, its application and technical advantage. The software NEPLAN is used to analyse the behaviour of the West Algerian electrical network without and with FACTS devices. ©©2014 Ltd. This is an openby access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 2014Elsevier The Authors. Published Elsevier Ltd. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD)
Keywords: Power flow- Newton Raphson method- Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems (FACTS)-Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) - Static Var Compensator (SVC).
*Mohammed laouer . Tel.: +21348473979; fax: +21348473979. E-mail address:
[email protected]
1876-6102 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Euro-Mediterranean Institute for Sustainable Development (EUMISD) doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.106
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
1. Introduction In recent years, production, transport and consumption of electrical energy have been increasing due to industrialization, population growth and urbanization [1]. To face these problems and considering the ecological and economic difficulty of the construction of new lines, a solution was adopted as from 1988 by American company EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). This solution is based on the launch of a project to study a new generation of devices classified under the label controller FACTS (Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems). FACTS use the opportunities of power electronics in the control, control of power transmission AC and with an only purpose of controlling the transit of power in transmission lines and improve the quality of the voltage at bus [2]. The concept of FACTS was born to answer the various increasing difficulties of power transmission in the electrical network especially to control the power flow, the bus voltage and to enhance the stability of the system [3]. The static compensators are complex systems using electronic switches, circuit breakers, capacitors and automatisms based on microprocessors. They are able to regulate the electric parameters of the network (voltage, impedance, phase…) in a wide range, for powers, and constraints of environment increasingly more important [4]. Nomenclature FACTS TCSC SVC TCR TSC STATCOM UPFC
Flexible Alternate Current Transmission Systems Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator Static Var Compensator Thyristor controlled reactor Thyristor switched capacitor Statatic synchronous condenser Unified Power Flow Controller
2. Typical applications of FACTS in electric power systems: The application of FACTS controllers in the power system can obtain, one or more of the following benefits [4,5] : x Control of power flow in the electric network ; x To increase the possibilities of loading of the lines close with their thermal limits; x Improve transient stability ; x To compensate the reactive power; x To improve the dynamic stability of voltage; x Damping of the oscillations of the power; x To attenuate the imbalance of voltage due to the single-phase loads. Systems FACTS are usually known like new technology, but a hundreds of installations are in the world, more particularly the SVC since 1970 with a total power installed of 90000 MVAR; prove the acceptance of this kind of technology. The table.1 shows estimative numbers of devices FACTS installed in the world with the total powers installed [6] .
871
872
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881 Table 1. Devices FACTS installed in the world and their total powers Type of FACTS
Number
Installed power [MVA]
SVC
600
90000
STATCOM
15
1200
TCSC
10
2000
HVDC.B2B
41
14000
UPFC
23
250
Several work showed the effectiveness of the use of the FACTS. Although there exist many successful examples of installation [7]. 2.1. SVC device The static compensators are used in the networks in the form of elements shunts of reactive power (inductances, condensators) commanded by thyristors assembled in head-digs on each phase, each one of them being conducting during a half-period. The figure below gives a diagrammatic representation of a static compensator single-phase. It is composed of a reactance XC whose provided reactive power which can be completely commanded or completely started and of an induction coil with inductive reactance XL whose absorptive reactive power between zero and its maximum value by thyristors assembled as quoted previously head-digs to ensure of the very fast inversions of the current [7,8].
QSVC QL XL
I
VSVC
QC XC
Fig. 1. Single-phase diagrammatic representation of a compensator
The reactive power QSVC varies between an inductive value Qind and capacitive value Qcap. With:
Qcap
2 VSVC XC
(1)
We obtain the capacitive reactance XC necessary for the capacitor by using the relation:
Qind
2 VSVC V2 SVC XL XC
(2)
873
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
Q
Qin
QS I Q
Q Capacitive Part
Inductive Part
Fig. 2. Requirements for power
A SVC device is generally composed of TCR: It is a reactance in series with a gradator and its value is continuously variable according to the angle of starting of the thyristors. TSC: capacities controlled by thyristors functioning in full wave. 2.2. TCSC device TCSC it’s a device of series compensation, it uses the power electronic as basic element. It is connected in series with the network for control transit of power, the damping of resonance subsynchrone and the oscillations of power. This type of compensator appeared in the middle of the Eighties [8]. The TCSC is composed of an inductance in series with a gradator of thyristors; all in parallel with a capacitor as shown on the figure.3. C
L
G
M
C
T1 LS
T2 Fig. 3. The structure of the TCSC
874
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
As the basic components of the voltage and the current are controlled, the TCSC becomes similar to controllable impedance, which is the result of the parallelization of the equivalent reactance of a component TCR and a capacity. Let us note by: [8]
ZTCSC
jX TCSC
(3)
Equivalent impedance of the TCSC.
ZTCR
jX TCR
j
X LS 2(S D ) sin 2D
(4)
Equivalent impedance of the TCR.
ZC
jX C
(5)
Impedance of the capacity
Since: ZTCSC
Z C // ZTCR
jX C . jX TCR jX C jX TCR
j.
X C .X L XC
S
(6) (7)
(2(S D ) sin 2D ) X L
Where
X TCSC (D )
XC
S
XC X L
(8)
( 2(S D ) sin 2D ) X L
The TCSC placed in series in transmission line makes it possible to control the flow of power and to raise the capacity of transfer of the lines while acting on the reactance XTCSC which varies according to the angle of firing delay WK\ULVWRUĮJLYHQE\HTXDWLRQ 3. Application The objective of this paper, is to apply the calculation of power flow by the Newton-Raphson method’s to the West Algeria 400 /220KV and 60KV network, while inserting to him controllers FACTS (TCSC and SVC) by using a tool for simulation of topicality (software NEPLAN). NEPLAN is a very convivial tool for the users of information and planning system for the electrical networks. The network represented by the fig. (4) includes: x 102 bus; x 07 bus generation; x 03 compensation bus ; x 92 load bus ; x 138 lines
875
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881 8-11
8-9
2-4 7-8
7 220 kV 7-31 31 60 kV
PL2 31-57
57 60 kV I
22 220 kV 31-51
31-55
51 60 kV BOS2 51-57 51-58
1 400 kV
41-83
GHAZ2 15-29
56 60 kV
H
15-16
15 41 220 kV 60 kV
41-67 GHAZ3
16 220 kV 9-15
1-3
9-16
27 11 220 kV220 kV
65 60 kV 34-65 34-64 34-66
34-63 65-100 SEB
75 66 64 34 TL34-75 60 kV 60 kV 60 kV 9 60 kV 220 kV REM
5 9-23 400 kVBOSS 23 BOS
220 kV 3-5
3 400 kV
SIY ZBA
72 73 60 kV 60 kV
100 60 kV S
40-102 TIS
40 60 kV SAI
14-40
14 220 kV 14-23
13-14 14-24
24-26
24 220 kV
BE5
BECH 87-97
87-9595 87-94 97 6094-95 kV BE4 60 kV BE2
87-9694
96 60 kV 60 kV
BE194-96 BE3
38-60
K2 39-70
12-38
12-17 RELI OSLY
49-77 60-61
38 60 kV
50 60 kV
Q
12-21 17-19
SA
35-91
39 60 kV 10-35
13-39
19-77
19 220 kV 19-28
10 220 kV
10-23
40-81 40-82 82-86
85 92 93 60 kV85-9260 kV 60 kV MECH
EASC
MOS
NAAM 81-85
82 81 60 kV 60 kV BOG
Fig. 4. Diagram of the West-Algeria (2012) network, inserted in NEPLAN
MAS 21-61
21 220 kV
28 MOS2 13-17 220 kV
86-93 86-92
77 MOS360 kV
35 SBA60 kV
TIA3
13 TIAR 220 kV
44 60 kV
91 60 kV
35--68
26 NAA 86 220 kV 26-87 87 24-86 60 kV 60 kV 87-98 98 3-23 60 kV
12-37
50-77
39-79
79 TIA2 60 kV
37-59 REL2 REL4
68 60 kV
80 39-71 39-72 39-73 102 60 kV 39-80 60 kV
SMTL
45 30-44 30-45
60 kV 47 48 60 kV 30-43 ARZ MHD 6-17 60 kV
37-70
K
TIA4
80-71 SG SNV 39-78 RAH SMT
101 76 BENI 36-101 36 60 kV 60 kV ATE 60 kV
11-27
9-34
40-74
L
36-76
71 60 kV
30-42 42-47
59-88
60 32-35 60 kV
70 60 kV
FR
63 34-69 60 kV
36-69 36-63 11-36
54-69
78 60 kV
67 60 kV
30 60 kV
6-30
89 JUM2 42-89 90 42-90 60 kV B43-47 32-74 60 kV 42-46 0 C 43-48 43 6-12 46 P 46-48 60 kV 30-49 33-60 60 kV 49 GPL 43-52 60 kVD A 74 37-49 37 59 17 12 60 kV 88 60 kV 60 kV 220 kV 220 kV 60 kV N
R
F
MF
OUJDA 11-15
2-3
53 54 60 kV 53-54 60 kV
42-52 32-99
Q1
41-84
15-41
99 60 kV
32-54
69 60 kV
33 60 kV
62 42 ZER 60 kV 60 kV
32-52
31-99
MG
32 60 kV
6 220 kV
8-33
TLE132-62
E
84 31-54 60 kV
8-32
18-52
52 HA5 60 kV
4 400 kV 6-8
6-18
8-25
HA1
54-57
83 60 kV
29 220 kV
52-55
G G1
51-56
2-18
18 220 kV
55 60 kV
8 220 kV
25 8-18 220 kV 20 18-20 220 kV HA3
18-22
HA2
31-52
56-58 58 60 kV J
TARGA
2 400 kV
7-18
MH
ATTAF
1-2
BY
61 60 kV
6-19 6-10
876
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
3.1. Network without device FACTS analyzes The analysis of our network is achieving using software. This last, we allow the calculation of the power flow. It includes also the operation and the order of devices TCSC and SVC. The calculation of the power flow is a stage necessary to be able to compare our results. It is made initially for the determination of the initial conditions of the system before the compensation. Indeed, it makes it possible to find the voltages of the various nodes and thereafter the powers transmitted, injected and losses Fig. (5) et Fig. (6). 120 100 80 60 40 20
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100
0
Fig. 5. Bus Voltages of the network in West-Algeria (2012) without FACTS
12 10 8 6 Sans FACTS 4 2
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 111 116 121 126 131 136
0
Fig. 6. Active losses of the West-Algeria (2012) network without FACTS
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
3.2. Problems of the West- Algeria network According to the results of the power flow preceding as indicated in figures 5 and 6, we can conclude that this network suffers from two problems, the first it is the transit of power especially in the longest lines such as BecharNaama and Naama- Saida, the second problem it is the fall and overvoltage especially on the level of bus 4, 73,85 and 88. It is necessary to solve these problems using the controllers FACTS containing the power electronic, we must use the series compensation and the parallel compensation. We must insert a TCSC and a SVC in the network West-Algeria to solve these problems, but when we will install these devices? Which are the parameters of adjustment of these devices? 3.3. Parameters with TCSC device To find the optimal site of this device, we must observe the following theoretical conditions: This device must be placed in the longest lines. This device must be placed in the lines which are far from the production. That the site is profitable of point of considering cost. After a long research task of the optimal site of the TCSC, we found that the line (24-26) satisfied these conditions seeing figure 7. There exist several strategies of operation or control. In our case, we chose the strategy of control by the angle of transmission of modulation because it is to regard as better strategy of adjustment. The parameters chosen are as follows: The basic value is:
Sb =100 MVA
The parameters controller of the TCSC are : x The frequency f= 50 Hz x The inductive reactance XL = 0,391 Ohm x The capacitive reactance XC = 1,414 Ohm After we found the optimal site, it is necessary to also find the angle of optimal adjustment which records the least quantity of losses in the network. After a long research task of this angle, we found the angle of adjustment as follows : The angle of adjustment The angle minimal The angle maximum
Į Įmin Įmax
3.4. Parameters with SVC device We have choose to improve quality of the tension for two nodes most unfavorable overvoltage on the level of node 4 and the voltage drop at the level them bus 85 , see figure 7. )RUWKH1EXVZHKDYHDQRYHUYROWDJHWKH69&will absorb power reactivates it is the inductive effect of the SVC. After a long research task we found: Qc=120 Mvar. )RUWKH1EXVZHKDYHDYROWDJHGURSWKH69&ZLOOLQMHFWSRZHUUHDFWLYDWHVLWLVWKHFDSDFLWLYHHIIHFWRIWKH SVC. The same thing is made that the preceding one we found: Qc= - 18 Mvar.
877
878
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
8-11
8-9
2-4 7-8
7 220 kV 7-31 31 60 kV
PL2 31-57
57 60 kV I
22 220 kV 31-55
51 60 kV BOS2 51-57 51-58
83 60 kV
29 220 kV
41-83
GHAZ2 15-29
56 60 kV
H
84 60 kV
15-16
15 41 220 kV 60 kV
41-67 GHAZ3
16 220 kV 9-15
1-3
9-16
54-69
40-74
L
36-76
76 36 60 kV 60 kV ATE 60 kV
27 11 220 kV220 kV
9-34
34-65 34-64 34-66
34-63 65-100 SEB
75 66 64 34 TL34-75 60 kV 60 kV 60 kV 9 60 kV 220 kV REM
SIY ZBA
100 60 kV S
40-102 TIS
40 60 kV SAI 14 220 kV
14-23
14-40
13-14 TCSC-1076886324 14-24 24
220 kV
39-70
BOS
220 kV 3-5
3 400 kV
BE5
BECH 87-97
87-9595 87-94 97 6094-95 kV BE4 60 kV BE2
87-9694
96 60 kV 60 kV
RELI OSLY
49-77 60-61
38 60 kV
50 60 kV
Q
12-21 17-19
SA
35-91
39 60 kV
35 SBA60 kV
TIA3
10-35
13-39
10-23
40-81 40-82 82-86
92 93 85 60 kV85-9260 kV 60 kV MECH
BE194-96 BE3
EASC
MOS
NAAM 81-85
SVC-1076886561
Fig. 7. West-Algeria (2012) network with FACTS
82 81 60 kV 60 kV BOG
MAS 21-61
21 220 kV
28 MOS2 13-17 220 kV
86-93 86-92
77 MOS360 kV 19-77
19 220 kV 19-28
10 220 kV
13 TIAR 220 kV
26 NAA 86 220 kV 26-87 87 24-86 60 kV 60 kV 87-98 98 3-23 60 kV
12-38
91 60 kV
35--68
24-26
5 9-23 400 kVBOSS 23
44 60 kV
12-17
50-77
39-79
79 TIA2 60 kV
12-37
38-60
K2
80 39-71 39-72 39-73 102 60 kV 60 kV 39-80
SMTL
65 60 kV
72 73 60 kV 60 kV
37-59 REL2 REL4
68 60 kV
80-71 SG SNV 39-78 RAH SMT
101 BENI 36-101
11-27
71 60 kV
45 30-44 30-45
60 kV 47 48 60 kV 30-43 ARZ MHD 6-17 60 kV
37-70
K
TIA4
FR
63 34-69 60 kV
30-42 42-47
59-88
60 32-35 60 kV
70 60 kV
78 60 kV
36-69 36-63 11-36
F
MF
67 60 kV
30 60 kV
SVC-1076886542
6-30
89 JUM2 42-89 90 42-90 60 kV B43-47 32-74 60 kV 42-46 0 C 43-48 43 6-12 46 P 46-48 60 kV 33-60 60 kV 30-49 49 GPL 43-52 60 kVD A 74 37-49 37 59 12 17 60 kV 88 60 kV 60 kV 220 kV 220 kV 60 kV N
R
Q1
OUJDA 11-15
2-3
53 54 60 kV 53-54 60 kV
42-52 32-99
32-54
69 60 kV
41-84
15-41
99 60 kV
31-99
MG
33 60 kV
62 42 ZER 60 kV 60 kV
32-52
6 220 kV
8-33
TLE132-62
E
31-54
8-32
32 60 kV
18-52
52 HA5 60 kV
4 400 kV 6-8
6-18
8-25
HA1
54-57
56-58
1 400 kV
52-55
G G1
51-56
2-18
18 220 kV
55 60 kV
8 220 kV
25 8-18 220 kV 20 18-20 220 kV HA3
18-22
HA2
31-52
31-51
58 60 kV J
TARGA
2 400 kV
7-18
MH
ATTAF
1-2
BY
61 60 kV
6-19 6-10
879
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
The power flow calculation of the system with insertion of device TCSC in the line chosen according to the criteria of the line (24-26), and both SVCs in bus 4 and 85, the results obtained are in figures 8 and 9. 120
100
80
60
40
20
0 1
5
9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 Fig. 8. Bus voltage of the West-Algeria (2012) network, with FACTS
12 10 8 6 4 2
Fig. 9. Active losses in the West-Algeria (2012) network, with FACTS
136
131
126
121
116
111
106
101
96
91
86
81
76
71
66
61
56
51
46
41
36
31
26
21
16
11
6
1
0
880
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881
4. Interpretation Table 2. Results Comparison of series compensation
Results
Without TCSC
With TCSC
Better Branch emplacement
Active losses [MW]
63,5531
58,1179
(24-26)
Table 3. Results Comparison of parallel compensation Bus number
Voltage Without SVC [pu]
Voltage With SVC [pu]
04
1,09
1.00
85
0,63
0,99
According to the results obtained table.2 we notices that the total system losses decreased by 63, 5531 MW to 58, 1179 MW, That is to say a profit of 5, 4352 MW. This reduction is obtained with device TCSC between the lines (24-26) which corresponds to the optimal location. This last is not arbitrary because, we chose it among other sites by respecting the criteria of insertion of the controller. We justified the criteria of the site choice of this device, because it is about a strategic line 220 kV in the WestAlgeria network, which feeds the south-west area. Then we will solve the problem of power flow for a whole area not only one point it is for that our choice is profitable. With the parallel compensation, the results obtained in Table.3 show clearly that the voltages are improved, the overvoltage of bus 04 decreases by 1,09 to 1,00 and voltage drop of node 85 increased by 0,63 pu to 0,99 and this has been achieved by the presence of the two SVC at these two bus. 5. Conclusion This study presents and explains the control of the active power and the improvement of the quality of the voltage in a system of energy by controllers FACTS containing the power electronics. The FACTS chosen for this control are the TCSC and SVC devices. The TCSC is a powerful and flexible system that provides benefits especially for long distance power transmission systems and the SVC device permet to minimize the losses in the transmission system. The simulation carried out on west Algeria system validates the effectiveness of this FACTS. The simulation results show that by installing TCSC and SVC controllers at suitable locations, the system can be operated with voltage security even under severe line outages. References [1] [2] [3]
Hamdaoui H. : Stabilisation des systèmes de puissance par des FACTS, Thesis of doctorat, Univ SBA, 2005. J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73. I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350. [4] E.Acha ,C R Ferte-Esquivel,H Ambriz-Perez , Angles-Camacho,"FACTS modeling and simulation in power networks". John Wiley 2004, p.171. [5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.
H. Guentri et al. / Energy Procedia 50 (2014) 870 – 881 [6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. [7] G.MadhusudhanaRao, Dr.B.V.SankerRam, B.Sampath Kumar“TCSC designed optimal power flow using genetic algorithm“International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.2(9), 2010, 4342-4349 [8] M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
881
