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Prace oryginalne / Original articles Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism 2012, 18, 1, 27-32 ISSN 2081-237X
The physique and body composition of students studying physical education: a preliminary report Budowa i skład ciała młodzieży studiującej wychowanie fizyczne: doniesienie wstępne Marcin Smolarczyk1, Andrzej Wiśniewski2, Anna Czajkowska2, Anna Kęska3, Joanna Tkaczyk3, Katarzyna Milde4, Henryk Norkowski1, Jan Gajewski4, Adam Trajdos2, Anna Majchrzak2 Department of Sports Games, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warszawa, Poland Department of Physiology, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warszawa, Poland 3 Department of Biology, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warszawa, Poland 4 Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Warszawa, Poland 1 2
Abstract
Introduction: Young people who study physical education are a priori regarded as having proper body structure and body composition. This assumption cannot be confirmed in the subject literature. Aim of the study: To determine the basic auxological parameters in youth who study physical education. Material and methods: 235 first-year students studying physical education were examined: 32% women (n=74) and 68% men (n=161). The students’ body height, weight, waist, and hip circumference were measured. Body composition (bioimpedance method), specifying the body fat percentage (FM%) and fat free mass (FFM%) was also assessed. Results: The mean normalized height of the female body was 0.48±1.07 SDS, and for the male body 0.51±1.04 SDS. The mean normalized weight for women was 0.4±0.94 SDS, and for men it was 0.83±0.9 SDS. The mean fat percentage in the body composition of women and men was, respectively, 21.5±5.06, ranging from 10.16% to 35.06%, and 12.5±3.97, ranging from 4.36% to 22.28%. In one-third of the women, the percentage of fat in the body composition was higher than 25%. Conclusions: 1. Young people who choose to study physical education and physical culture are characterized by greater height and greater body weight than the general population, regardless of gender. 2. Short persons study physical education less often than tall individuals. 3. The greater body weight observed in the majority of students studying physical education, in comparison to that of the general population, was caused by a dominant percentage of lean body mass in body composition; unexpectedly, however, some women were observed to have relatively high fat content. 4. Use of the body mass index and waist–hip ratio was not a sufficiently sensitive screening examination to detect fatness in physically active young adults; therefore, it should not substitute for the determination of fat content in body composition. Key words: body composition, fat mass, physical education
Streszczenie
Wprowadzenie: Młodzież studiująca wychowanie fizyczne jest a priori uznawana za mającą prawidłową budowę i skład ciała. Słuszności tego poglądu nie udaje się potwierdzić w piśmiennictwie. Cel pracy: Określenie podstawowych parametrów auksologicznych u młodzieży studiującej wychowanie fizyczne. Materiał i metody: Zbadano 235 studentów pierwszego roku wychowania fizycznego, 32% kobiet (n=74) i 68% mężczyzn (n=161). U wszystkich wykonano pomiar wysokości ciała, masy ciała, obwodu talii i bioder, składu ciała (bioimpedancja) z określeniem odsetka tłuszczu (FM%) i beztłuszczowej masy ciała (FFM%). Wyniki: Średnia unormowana wysokość ciała kobiet wynosiła 0,48±1,07 SDS, mężczyzn 0,51±1,04 SDS. Średnia unormowana masa ciała kobiet wynosiła 0,4±0,94 SDS, mężczyzn 0,83±0,9 SDS. Średni odsetek tłuszczu w składzie ciała kobiet i mężczyzn wynosił odpowiednio 21,5±5,06 w zakresie 10,16 do 35,06% oraz 12,5±3,97 w zakresie od 4,36 do 22,28%. U 1/3 kobiet FM% w składzie ciała był wyższy niż 25%. Wnioski: 1. Młodzież wybierająca studia przygotowujące do zawodów związanych z wychowaniem fizycznym i kulturą fizyczną cechuje się, bez względu na płeć, wyższą wysokością ciała i większą masą ciała niż w populacji ogólnej. 2. Osoby niskie studiują wychowanie fizyczne rzadziej niż wysokie. 3. U większości studentów wychowania fizycznego powodem większej masy ciała niż w populacji ogólnej jest dominujący udział beztłuszczowej masy ciała w składzie ciała, jednak u niektórych kobiet zaobserwowano stosunkowo dużą zawartość tłuszczu. 4. Posługiwanie się wskaźnikiem masy ciała, a także wskaźnikiem talia-biodro nie jest dostatecznie czułym sposobem przesiewowego wykrywania przypadków otłuszczenia u aktywnych fizycznie młodych dorosłych i nie powinno wobec tego zastępować oznaczania zawartości tłuszczu w składzie ciała. Słowa kluczowe: skład ciała, zawartość tłuszczu, wychowanie fizyczne
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Smolarczyk M., Wiśniewski A., Czajkowska A. et al. Budowa i skład ciała studentów
Introduction It is widely presumed that young people who study physical education at one of several national universities of physical education (akademia wychowania fizycznego) could be characterized with proper physique and body composition. However, this assumption cannot be confirmed based on a review of the literature. The collection of publications that presents the results of research on the physical development of young people who chose to study in the field of physical education is relatively modest [1-5]. On top of that, a great part of these publications is exclusively devoted to social diagnosis, rather than to an auxological or physical capacity assessment. Therefore, it was considered useful to report on the physical development of young people who chose to study to become professional teachers of physical education, sports coaches, instructors of recreational and sports activities, or sports and recreation organizers. An additional reason for conducting research aimed at describing the physique of young people who aspire to occupy the aforementioned professions includes the fact that some of the physical education graduates will take positions in state administration or local government. It can be assumed that, if these people take away from the university health-conscious beliefs and habits associated with healthy lifestyles, their administrative decisions will better serve the whole society. It was considered that the examination of newly enrolled university students – some 700 people, in three consecutive years: 2010, 2011 and 2012 – will allow for a description of the physical development of young people who study physical education. The study began after receiving a grant from the University of Physical Education in Warsaw (number Ds. 155). This paper includes a report of the results of measurements of students who started their college education in the 2010-2011 school year.
Aim of the study To determine the basic auxological parameters in youth who study physical education.
Materials and methods
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235 students in their first year of studying physical education (PE) were examined: 32% women (n=74) and 68% men (n=161). Subjects were tested three times during the morning hours. Measurements recorded include: body height in the Frankfurt plane, body weight, circumference of waist and hip, as well as body composition. Body composition was determined using a method which relies on measuring the resistance to the flow of electric current through human tissues having different degrees of hydration (bioimpedance) in order to estimate body fat percentage (FM%) and lean body mass (FFM%). A wall-mounted stadiometer was used to measure the height of the body. Subjects wore light sport outfits without shoes, thick socks, or any hair ornaments. Between each take the subjects were asked to walk the distance of several meters at a leisurely pace. The measurements of body height (BH), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were made to the nearest 0.1 centimeter (cm), and weight (BW) to the nearest 0.1 kilogram (kg). Body mass index (kg/m2) and waist–hip ratio (WHR) were then calculated based on the recorded measurements. Subjects’
Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism 2012, 18, 1
height, body weight, and body mass index (expressed in units of SDS – standard deviation scores) were referred to population standards for 18-year-old men and women from the Warsaw population [6]. To evaluate body composition FM%, separate fractions were set at every five percent. As such, the following intervals were distinguished: a group of people with a fat mass value of less than 10% (
