Norilsk. Stillwater. Canada*. Great Dyke. Bushveld. PGE producers of the world. 3. Canada*. Sudbury,. Lac des Iles. Page 21. Page 22. 73%. 12%. 7%. 4%. 2%.
The Platinum-Group Elements (PGE) • Chemical and physical properties • Markets – Uses and Applications • Production by countries, resources • Prices and price development
Thomas Oberthür 4
3
PGE = Platinum-Group Elements Re + PGE + Au = HSE = Highly Siderophile Elements
Ru
PGE all white metals 3
Ru
Rh
Pd
SG (g/cm3)
12.45
12.41
12.02
Smp (°C)
2310
1960
1554
Os
Ir
SG (g/cm3)
4
Pt
22.61
22.65
21.45
3050
2443
1769
IPGE
Light PGE
PPGE
Heavy PGE
The platinum-group elements •
Rare metals
(in the Earth‘s crust ~ 0,001 – 0,005 g/t) (in ore deposits ~ 2 – 10 g/t)
•
Noble metals – chemically inert
•
Unique catalytic properties – cannot be substituted
•
Expensive: Pt = 940; Pd = 640; Rh = 665 US$/oz.
•
Wide spectrum of technical applications
(Prices of October 13th, 2016 - in US$ / fine ounce ( 31,1 g ) 5
Markets PGE - Demand
Platinum - Demand (246.7 t in 2015) Investment 4%
42%
22%
Autocatalysts Industrial
Jewelry
32%
Palladium - Demand (298 t in 2014)
69%
Autocatalysts
3%
Industrial 20%
8%
Investment
Palladium - Demand (304.6 t in 2015) 77%
Autocatalysts
Industrial Jewelry 21%
2%
Rhodium – Demand (30.5 t in 2015)
16%
Others
Autocatalysts 84%
2015 demand (BGR)
Ruthenium
-
Electronics Chemical Industry Electrochemistry Others
29.0 t 47.6 % 15 % 16.9 % 12.4 %
hard disks, plasma-screens, conductive pastes, Ru/Ir catalysts (Acetic acid)
2015 demand (BGR)
Iridium
~ 7.8 t
Electronics Chemistry Electrochemistry Others
32.0 % 7.7 % 23.0 % 37.2 %
Ru/Ir catalysts, spark plugs, crucibles
Osmium
~1t
The future of the PGE is
1
Fuel cells
Catalysts
Jewelry
Medicine
5
Electronics
PGE - Supply
Noble metals - mine supply in 2014, in t
Gold 3156 t = 89%
Ru+Ir+Os ~ 23
Pd
Pt
190
161
Rh 18
PGE : ~ 392 t Sources: Au – WGC, PGE – USGS, JM
Supply Geological Factors • In high-temperature geochemistry and cosmochemistry, highly siderophile and strongly chalophile elements can be defined as strongly preferring metal or sulfide, respectively, relative to silicate or oxide phases. • The highly siderophile elements (HSE) comprise Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, and Au. The HSE show extreme partitioning (>104) into metallic phase • However, in the absence of metal, the HSE will strongly partition into sulfide phases, i.e. they behave chalcophile.
• Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh and Pd tend to exist in the metallic state, or bond with chalcogens (S, Se, Te – Group 16) or pnictogens (As, Sb, Bi – Group 15). • Rhenium and Au do not necessarily behave as coherently as the PGE, due to their differing electronegativity and oxidation states. 4
PGE = Platinum-Group Elements
Supply Geological Factors • The 6 PGE always occur together in nature (PGE-contents of the crust ~ 0.001 – 0.005 g/t) • PGE ore deposits (PGE-contents ~ 2 – 10 g/t) are mainly (1) Ni-Cu-sulfide ores in mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions, or (2) the PGE are by-products of magmatic Ni-Cu-sulfide ores • Ore deposits are unevenly distributed worldwide • Pt/Pd-ratios of the ores are highly variable 4
PGE producers of the world Norilsk Canada* Stillwater
Great Dyke
Bushveld Canada* Sudbury, Lac des Iles 3
Pt - supply in 2015 Mine Production
73%
South Africa
Mine Production = 181.6 t + Recycling = 56.2 t + stocks = 20.4 t
Russia
ZW Others
12%
Demand = 246.7 t 2%
2%
4%
USA CDN
7%
Pd – supply in 2015 Mine Production 40% 39%
Russia
South Africa
USA
CDN
ZW
Mine Production = 200.6 t + Recycling = 78.3 t + stocks = 13.3 t
2% 5%
6% 8%
Others
Demand = 304.6 t
Rh – supply in 2015 Mine Production South Africa
Others
ZW
Russia 11%
80%
Mine Production = 22.9 t + Recycling = 8.7 t Demand = 30.5 t
PGE historical supply
TOTAL
1820 - 1940
Canada Russia Colombia
RSA
Pt Mine production
RSA
Pd Mine production RSA
Russia
recycling
Pt mine production
recycling
Pd mine production
Recycling
Pd
Pt
PGE price developments
Pt
Pd Rh
2008
2008
World PGE Ressources Palladium = 50,612 t South Africa 68% Others Canada
3
8% 12%
USA Zimbabwe
7%
39% Russia
24%
Canada
Platinum = 46,506 t
1
Russia
Finland
Others
Source: Vermaak (1995)
South Africa
10% 7%
USA Zimbabwe
19%
Finland
The Ultimately Recoverable Resource (URR) is about 216,000 tons of platinum group metals down to a mining depth of maximum 5 km Sverdrup & Ragnarsdottir (2016)
No problems for the next 500 years …..
(?)
“Production + Reserves“
Mungall & Naldrett 2008
39
PGE - world primary production in 2014 Pt
68%
6%
9%
160.7 t
Pd 5%
5%
190.2 t
South Africa RSA
Russia
Others 2%
Russia 2%
5% USA CDN
ZW 7%
43% 16% 78%
RSA
Rh Others Russia 11% 11%
~ 18 t
32%
