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ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1300 – 1304

15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development”

The use of underground city space for the construction of civil residential buildings Ekaterina Nezhnikova a,* a

Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Yaroslavskoye sh. 26, Moscow, 129337, Russia

Abstract Underground space is often the best solution to many city life issues. Especially speaking about the construction of civil residential buildings, the underground space could be used for parking spaces, trading objects; utilities systems, public service facilities. It is proved that the effective use of underground space in the construction of civil residential buildings requires sustainable development of housing construction. Besides it is necessary to take into account sanitary and psychophysiological requirements for the duration of people staying in underground conditions. 2016The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier © © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Peer-review under scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Urbanisation as aresponsibility Prerequisite of forthe Sustainable Development. Prerequisite for Sustainable Development Keywords: Construction, civil residential buildings, housing development, underground structures, underground city space, sustainable development.

1. Introduction Such issues as lack of urban areas, the constant urban population growth, traffic jams, the inability of urban infrastructure to cope with the constantly increasing loads and environmental deterioration require more and more extensive use of underground space in the construction of civil residential buildings, including the transport systems placement; trading objects; warehouses; utilities systems, public service facilities and parking lots. According to the The Moscow General Planning Research and Project Institute, State Unitary Enterprise, up to 70% of the total

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +9-903-581-83-80. E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.854

Ekaterina Nezhnikova / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1300 – 1304

garage and parking lot volume can be placed underground, up to 60% of storage space, up to 50% of archives and storages, up to 30% of the institutions of cultural and community service, up to 3% of the rooms of research institutes and universities [1]. In most cases underground structures, despite the significant costs of construction, are the best solution of many city life issues. The underground city space is the space under the ground surface of the earth, which is used as «the mean of overcoming the city expansion tendency, the subject of the development of new creation and preservation concepts for natural environment, setting the priorities of environmental and economic well-being and sustainable development, the creation of living conditions in emergencies» [2]. The underground city space includes the following: underground transport facilities, placement of industrial enterprises and public services, city underground utilities and the engineering equipment facilities, single-purpose facilities. Complex development of underground space is typical for large cities and metropolitan cities, mainly in the areas of the city center and centers of municipal districts, in areas of the most important transport junction points and intersections, in the industrial, communal warehouse areas. 2. Experimental part One aspect of the complex underground space development is the rational use of land area, which includes the following: the construction of buildings and structures in tight conditions of urban development; preservation of green areas and recreational facilities, creation of green and landscaped zones among the existing development; improving aesthetic qualities of the urban environment, the preservation and restoration of unique landscape architecture objects; the availability of the most city importance objects and workplaces of citizens, saving time; improving the quality of transport services, increase of the traffic safety, reducing street noise level; reducing the length of the utilities; protection of the inhabitants during the natural and artificial accidents and disasters [3]. The possibilities of using the underground city space in the construction of civil residential buildings in order to place the utilities, parking lots, public service facilities, will be considered in this paper. In order to use the underground space in the construction of civil residential building for the placement of the utilities, parking lots and public service facilities, it is necessary to provide the sustainable development of housing construction [4]. As part of the formation of sustainable housing development model in environment changing conditions, author has conventionally referred to the study of international experience [5, 6, 7, 8, etc.]. Thus, the essential term of sustainable development was defined in 1987 in the "Our Common Future" report, prepared by the World Commission on Environment and Development of the United Nations [9, 10]. The commission proposed to define the term "sustainable development" as such a development that meets current needs of the people without compromising the needs of future generations. This term contains two concepts at the same time: people's needs (primarily the poorest segment’s needs) and restrictions associated with the technology and organization development level of the society, as well as the ability of the environment to meet their needs for today and tomorrow. At the end of four work years, its chairman G.H. Brundtland stated that at the global level the human economic activity should meet their legitimate needs, but its growth should remain within the ecological capacity of the planet. In addition, he warned humanity about the need to change their business activity and lifestyle; otherwise, he predicts the death of our civilization. The basis of the "sustainable development" term incorporates the principles, which were built in by its developers: x principle of breaking the barriers implies parity of economic, social and environmental approaches when choosing development strategy; x pragmatic principle states the idea that sustainable development is a social and political process; x moral principle asserts the need for incorporation of moral principles in the management and decisionmaking processes. Sustainable development in modern (civilized) interpretation means creating a certain level of ecosystem development, development of some standards for access to clean air and water, centralized sewerage and heat supply, etc. In this case, the "green" infrastructure should be an inherent part of this standard.

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3. Results Understanding and considering the above-mentioned theory allows not only to orientate enough in this issue, but also to make some very important conclusions: The world's population is aging, and the rate of economic growth is decreasing. At the global level the acceleration of the aging process and the economic slowdown is very urgent problem for modern civilization. This majorly refers to the industrialized countries, like United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, etc. We believe that these problems are fully inherent in modern Russia also. A peculiarity of the European social model is the dualism of economic and social factors. The base of the European social policy model is the effective economy, a high level of social protection and education, as well as the constructive dialogue between the government and the people. At the same time social factors of national economies are also the productive ones. The relevance of this peculiarity for our study, in our point of view, is in the specifics of the housing industry, where the solution of an urgent social problem (housing) allows to intensify the whole system of the national economy. The basis of the American social policy model is the special-purpose management programme of social and economic development. In the social policy of the USA, as well as in most developed western countries, the tools of voluntary and compulsory insurance and social assistance are actively used. However, over the past 25 years, specific attention in the country is paid to the formation and implementation of state target social development programs, which total number is almost a thousand. We would like to emphasize that the government of this country pays a lot of attention to a social problem despite a relatively high level of per capita incomes. In this regard, we believe that in Russian conditions of limited financial resources and the economic slowdown, the use of the American model will allow to demonstrate even greater effectiveness of the special-purpose management programme of social policy implementation, than in the United States [11, 12]. In order to create a model of sustainable housing industry development in a changing living environment, the author considers it necessary to take advantages of the multidisciplinary approach [13, 14, 15]. Its implementation will allow to discover that a solution to the housing problem is not in any specialization (discipline). Nowadays it is becoming almost impossible. It is at the intersection of sciences, such as the economy (construction economics, economic theory, labor economics) and ecology (industrial and construction ecology; exo- and endoecology, social ecology, geo-ecology, agro ecology). In this context, we consider the sociobiology engineering as a promising direction. The above-mentioned allows the author to propose a model of sustainable housing development in a changing living environment (Fig. 1). The main content of the proposed model is a formalized mapping (description): x main economic processes, problems and factors, the structure of which is determined by their objective properties; x objectives, goals, decisions, and also the policies and actions of the state housing policy; x subject to object structure of housing construction participants; x detailing and possible adjustment of realization terms procedures according to housing policy; x monitoring of the implementation status of steps implementation and general execution management; x establishing relationships and interactions with the participants of housing construction.


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I. Value conception block Conception of values Social aspects

Economical aspects Availability of high-quality and ecofriendly residential buildings

Provision of required req ir amount of high-quality and ecofriendly residential buildings

Optimization of the "costt quality - environmental friendliness" scale for the inhabitants

II. Issue block

III. Methodology block

IV. Goal-targeting block

External determinative conditions of residential housing development

Considering deterministic relations (development of a "road" charts of designing activities)

Goals of housing development strategy

Modern economic processes in residential housing development

Considering stochastic relations ("wild" charts of the housing development)

The set of issues and factors affecting the sustainable development of the housing industry

Monitoring and control system (preliminary, in-process, operational and final)

Problems of housing development strategy Measures to implement the strategy of housing construction development Activity plan of a new housing development strategy

V. Outcome block Sustainable long-term housing development in a changing living environment

The balance between the people's purchasing power and the supply of high-quality and eco-friendly housing

Fig. 1. The model of sustainable housing construction development in a changing living environment .

4. Discussions A specific peculiarity of the proposed model is not only the sustainability determinism (functionality) of the established connections between the phenomena and processes ("road" charts - design algorithm of actions) of the housing industry. But it is also in the realization of the stochastic approach, considering the probability events ("wild" charts include the likelihood of floods, fires, as well as technological and ecological disasters) in the socioeconomic development, which may affect the sustainable development of the industry. 5. Conclusions Thus, the sustainable development of housing will become a catalyst for development of underground space for utilities placement, parking lots, public service facilities. In order to determine the prospects and conditions of underground construction in almost every major city, extensive and in-depth geotechnical study should be performed with comparative valuation of individual regions development. List of the main groups and types of

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structures, premises and utilities, which are advisable to place in the underground city space, is appropriate to be determined based on the expected and acceptable duration of people staying in underground conditions according to the sanitary and psychophysiological requirements. References [1] Information on http://genplanmos.ru/ Ofitsial'nyj sajt Instituta Genplana Moskvy [2] Stroitel'stvo podzemnykh sooruzhenij, Rossijskaya arkhitekturno-stroitel'naya ehntsiklopediya, OАO «VNIINTPI», Moscow, 2008. [3] Information on http://alyos.ru/enciklopediya/rekonstrukciya_i_obnovlenie_slozhivshejsya_zastrojki_goroda/ organizaciya_podzemnogo_prostranstva_s_ustrojstvom_garazhej_i_razmesheniem_obektov_gorodskoj_infrastrukturi.html/ Organizatsiya podzemnogo prostranstva s ustrojstvom garazhej i razmeshheniem ob"ektov gorodskoj infrastruktury. [4] Yu. Larionova, Features of housing and solving the housing problem in Russia, Yu. V. Larionova and S. A. Pavlova, Life Science Journal . 11(12s) (2014) 650-653. [5] U. Pupphachai, C. Zuidema, Sustainability indicators: A tool to generate learning and adaptation in sustainable urban development, Ecological Indicators. 72 (2016) 784-793. [6] M. Lortie, S. Nadeau, S. Vezeau, Holistic sustainable development: Floor-layers and micro-enterprises, Applied Ergonomics. 57 (2016) 8-16. [7] Ş. Kılkış, Sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems index for Southeast European cities, Journal of Cleaner Production. 130 (2016) 222-234. [8] B. Yang, T. Xu, L. Shi, Analysis on sustainable urban development levels and trends in China's cities, Journal of Cleaner Production. 141 (2017) 868-880. [9] Doklad Konferentsii Organizatsii Ob"edinennykh Natsij po okruzhayushhej srede i razvitiyu. Rio-de-ZHanejro, 3-14 iyunya 1992 g. T.I. Organizatsiya Ob"edinennykh natsij, New-York, 1993. [10] Khartiya ustojchivogo razvitiya evropejskikh gorodov, Dokumenty Evropejskoj konferentsii po problemam ustojchivogo razvitiya gorodov. Ol'sborg. (1994). [11] E.V. Nezhnikova, TSeli i printsipy novoj gosudarstvennoj politiki v sfere zhilishhnogo stroitel'stva, Nedvizhimost': ehkonomika, upravlenie. 4 (2015) 22-26. [12] А.N. Larionov, E.V. Nezhnikova, Osobennosti adaptatsii zarubezhnogo opyta upravleniya kachestvom ob"ektov zhilishhnogo stroitel'stva k rossijskim usloviyam, EHkonomika i predprinimatel'stvo. 3-2(2-6) (2015) 798-802. [13] X. Zheng, E.C.M. Hui, Does liquidity affect housing market performance? An empirical study with spatial panel approach, Land Use Policy. 56 (2016) 189-196. [14] J. He, J. Wu, Doing well by doing good? The case of housing construction quality in China, Regional Science and Urban Economics. 57 (2016) 46-53. [15] R. Dieci, F. Westerhoff, Heterogeneous expectations, boom-bust housing cycles, and supply conditions: A nonlinear economic dynamics approach, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 71 (2016) 21-44.