Title: Archaeological Research and Training at Mount ...

Archaeological Research and Training at Mount Penangunggan, Indonesia Research Proposal Draft Prepared By: Dr. D. Kyle Latinis and Dr. Helene Njoto 15 November 2017

Title: Archaeological Research and Training at Mount Penangunggan: Trawas, Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia Provinsi (Province) Jawa Timur; Kabupaten (Regency) Mojokerto; Distrik (District) Trawas; Gunung (Mount) Penanggungan

Abstract Archaeological research, survey, and test excavations are proposed from 22 July to 15 August 2018 at a Majapahit era site (ca 13th-15th centuries CE) at Mount Penanggungan, Trawas, Mojokerto, East Java (Kedung Udi). Additionally, surface survey in the immediate area will be conducted. Other sites in the area may be targeted for further testing during future campaigns. The overall project aim is to determine the nature of settlement, habitation, material culture, and activities at the site. Spatial, temporal, stylistic, and functional variation among known sites and assemblages are equally important research topics (e.g., pre-recorded sites at Trawas/Mt. Penanggungan; Trowulan). Excavations will be limited with no impact to existing heritage structures. Joint Indonesian and Singaporean teams will conduct the research: ARKENAS (National Centre for Archaeology, Indonesia) and NSC (Nalanda – Sriwijaya Centre, Singapore). The base of operations and additional support will be provided by Universitas Surabaya (UBAYA III Campus). The research is part of NSC’s “Archaeological and Art Historical Field School and Research Projects” funded by Singapore’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) as part of an East Asia Summit (EAS) initiative. East Asia Summit (EAS) participants will assist excavations for training, experience, and partnership building. Indonesian counterparts will play a lead role in research operations. NSC and Indonesian archaeologists will conduct training for the EAS participants. Members from local communities will be included for training, public awareness, and part-time work opportunities. Deliverables include shared databases, timely reports, briefings, public presentations, and publications approved by Indonesian counterparts.

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Title: Archaeological Research and Training at Mount Penangunggan: Trawas, Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia Provinsi (Province) Jawa Timur; Kabupaten (Regency) Mojokerto; Distrik (District) Trawas; Gunung (Mount) Penanggungan

Introduction The following proposal outlines an archaeological research plan at Majapahit era sites (ca 13th-15th centuries CE) located at Mount Penanggungan, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia (Figures 1 and 2). Excavations will be conducted by joint Indonesian and Singaporean teams. The initial campaign duration will last from 22 July to 15 August, 2018. We hope to continue with subsequent campaigns on an annual basis for a minimum of three years. The project will be conducted in partnership with the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre (NSC) and The National Centre for Archaeology (ARKENAS), Indonesia in conjunction with the NSC’s “Archaeological and Art Historical Field School and Research Projects” funded by Singapore’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) as part of an East Asia Summit (EAS) initiative. The NSC is part of the ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore and will act as the leading foreign institution and partner for the Field School research and training. ARKENAS will act as the leading Indonesian institution and Field School counterpart. Universitas Surabaya, Trawas Campus (UBAYA Campus III) will act as a base of operations during excavations. UBAYA will also provide research and training assistance. They will be considered an additional supporting partner institution. Additional institutions and personnel (Indonesian and foreign) with vested professional interests and responsibilities related to the undertakings and research will be identified pending availability and needs when project details are further refined. They will play important research support and partnering roles (e.g., lectures and training). We maintain an open and transparent approach with continual information sharing and mutual support. The specific archaeological research intention is to survey, map, and excavate a partially exposed and eroding archeological site near Kedung Udi at Mount Penanggunan (Figures 3-5). The aim is to determine the nature of settlement, habitation, material culture, and activities at the site. Spatial, temporal, stylistic, and functional variation among sites and assemblages are equally important aspects (e.g., pre-recorded sites at Trawas/Mt. Penanggungan; Trowulan). Excavations will be limited with no impact to existing heritage structures. Basic assemblage analysis will be conducted followed by larger-scale comparative analysis. The contributions to larger methodological and theoretical concerns are introduced below. Local workers and EAS participants will assist NSC and ARKENAS teams to conduct excavations and research. This provides training and education opportunities for EAS young professionals, students, Indonesian and Singaporean counterparts, and local community members. Part-time work opportunities will be provided to local laborers for excavation assistance. Indonesian and foreign experts will provide handson training and lectures during the course of fieldwork operations. Community inclusion and enduring partnership building are key concerns of the project goals. Deliverables include shared databases, timely reports, briefings, public presentations, and publications. Dr. Helene Njoto (NSC Visiting Fellow; Field School Director) and Mr. Lim Chen Sian (NSC Associate Fellow; Field School Co-Director) will act as the Principal and Co

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Principal Investigators for research and training operations on behalf of the Singaporean-NSC-EAS teams respectively. Dr. Terence Chong (Head, NSC) will act as Senior Institutional Director, Advisor, and Administrative Head for the NSC teams. Dr. D. Kyle Latinis (Visiting Fellow, NSC) will continue as a Senior Advisor for design, research, analysis and publications. Dr. I Made Geria will act as Senior Institutional Director, Advisor, Administrative Head, and Principal Investigator for the Indonesian teams. Mr. Bambang Budi Utomo, Mr. Nurhadi Rangkuti and Mr. Shinatria Adhityatama will act as Site-Operations and Research Managers (Indonesian Counterparts). A separate Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and a Letter of Agreement (LOA) have already been jointly designed, reviewed, and signed for the purposes of facilitating research, research permits, and visa requirements. Objectives The central objectives are to further understand the nature of settlement, habitation, material culture, and specialized activities at a site near Kedung Udi at Mount Penangunggan. Ecology and water management are additional primary concerns (e.g., the Puslitarkenas [1992-1993] team indicated that the Kutogirang site may have evidence of water control and distribution). Analyzing spatial, functional, stylistic and temporal variation are equally important. These objectives dictate the research questions. For example, are some settlement sites primary (e.g., urban, central, large) while others tertiary/secondary (e.g., smaller satellite villages, habitation sites, service sites, religious sites)? What was the nature of specific site activities (e.g., ritual; industry, processing, and specialized activities; domestic habitation and use; permanent or periodic/seasonal habitation and site use)? Is there evidence of construction crews and craftsmen activities at the site? Is there evidence of construction techniques and sequencing? What were the source of materials used or consumed at sites (e.g., stone, bricks, pottery, tools, food, other artifacts)? Do soil, geomorphological, charcoal, pollen and phyolith data indicate significant alterations to landscape and flora (e.g., forest clearance; introduction or intensification or agricultural and agroforestry products)? Are their indicators of complex water management and agricultural systems (e.g., ditches, canals, check dams, reservoirs and cisterns; terracing, field systems, plantations, and house gardens)? If so, how did the system operate? Is there evidence of pre-Majapahit and post-Majapahit settlement and land use/modification in strata or material remains (i.e., artifacts)? Are their specific periods of more intensive site use? What are the differences in water and agricultural management with plain settlements (Trowulan, etc.) In turn, the research questions generate hypotheses. For example, earthenware cooking and storage vessels, an abundance of faunal remains, cooking hearths, midden pits, water drains, compacted flooring or brick terraces would likely indicate domestic activities and habitation – perhaps delimiting mundane rather than sacred space. Ritual vessels, formal architectural features, and ornate religious objects would indicate more sacred, religious, and ritual spatial designation and activities. Pavements, alignments, walls and other architectural features may be religious or domestic. Were terraces constructed for habitation, agriculture, and/or ritual sites? Assemblages will be compared with other Majapahit material culture through existing publications and Indonesian Museum collections (e.g., Mt. Penanggunan and Trowulan) to determine meaningful affinities and variation. Trawas may have replicated or been heavily influenced by prominent settlements such as Majapahit in

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Trowulan. They may have been directly connected to their supply/value chains, thus sharing almost identical material culture. However, Trawas sites, spatial patterning, and their material cultural remains may have unique signatures, patterns, functions, designs, and styles indicating spatial, functional, temporal, and/or cultural variation. Additionally, if stratified and temporally lengthy assemblages are identified, results may yield clues to stylistic, functional, and cultural changes through time including degrees of outside influence and/or internal evolution. At larger scales of analysis, ecology and water control can be compared with other systems, such as the Balinese Subak system, although this will eventually require broader area system surveys, mapping, ground truthing, and subsurface testing (perhaps aided with future LIDAR initiatives). Initial results will not likely answer all questions, especially “larger picture” considerations. However, contributions are relevant to setting a baseline understanding for further exploration. Additionally, research pertaining to environment; ecology; water, land and resource management; large-scale settlement patterns and hierarchies; complex polities; and extra-local supply chains, networks, and influence remain long-term goals of the overarching project intent. The objectives for initial campaigns are intentionally simplified because of the exploratory nature of the project and lack of previous systematic and intensive archaeological research. It is also a small-scale initiative due to budget and time constraints. However, it will be the first set of systematic excavations at these particular locations and environs. Results will also assist conservation, zoning, development projects, and tourism management. Local community involvement will increase site stewardship and appreciation. Media and publications will increase awareness and stimulate further initiatives. Thus far, only a few surveys and archaeological testing have been conducted at Mount Penanggungan (Bosch 1915; Krom 1915; Rangkuti 2000; Dinas Purbakala Rebulik Indonesia 1951; Badan Koordinasi Survey dan Pemetaan Nasional [Bakosurtanal] in 1989 with some excavations by the National Research Centre for Archaeology [Puslitarkenas] in 1992-3; recent checking, mapping, survey, and proposed zoning of historic and archaeological sites by a team Indonesian teams and a group of historians from Universitas Surabaya – UBAYA Campus III, Trawas), especially compared to sites such as Trowulan where decades of more intensive archaeological testing and research coupled with numerous assemblages allow for testing complex questions, models, hypotheses, and theories (see Miksic and Soekatno 1995; Abu Ridho 1983; Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional 1995; Gompertz 2012). Successful archaeological field schools were also conducted at Trowulan from 1991-1993, surveying over 100 square kilometers (project co-coordinated by Prof. John Miksic and supported by the Ford Foundation and the Indonesian National Research Center for Archaeology). Results identified vast amounts of material remains, features, structures, sites, specialized activity areas and industries indicating Trowulan was one of Southeast Asia’s largest and most dynamic urban centers by the 14th century. Likewise, Trawas may contain a large primary settlement as well, although not likely to the scale of Trowulan. Research and discourse on Majapahit sites have received copious attention from historians and art/architectural historians with prolific academic and lay publication (too numerous to cite here). Historic evidence – including inscriptions and chronograms – indicates settlement and activity at Mount Pengangungan may have lasted from the 10th through 15th centuries CE (seemingly much earlier than normative Majapahit sites; thus precursor settlements may exist). Mount Penangungan likely served as a key

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ceremonial center for the Majapahit Kingdom - possibly enduring unbroken for centuries, although periodic surges in importance and activity may be more likely. Nevertheless systematic archaeological testing of habitation, settlement, processing and other non-architectural sites still remain trifling by comparison – particularly at Mount Penangungang and Trawas. Currently, Mount Penangungan contains over 150 recognized sites and major features, many of which are shrines (candi), hermitages, and related terraces some of which are complex and highly ornate (e.g., the Jolotundo temples and formal bathing pools). Approximately 50 or more new sites were identified in recent surveys since 2011/2012 by a team of historians from UBAYA, especially following a fire in August 2015 that exposed previously unrecognized surface features and sites (i.e., at least 26 new sites were identified after fires burnt vegetation and exposed surface features). Most of the sacred sites were likely frequented by pilgrims, ascetics/hermits, ceremonial specialists, and important religious and political leaders in the past. Commoners may have visited the sites for various reasons as well, including construction, maintenance, and service personnel. However, we do not know if there was permanent, periodic or seasonal presence at any of the sites. The existence of permanent domestic habitation and land use sites in the area is also unknown. Caves, terraces, paved roads and paths, springs, caches, and possible water control feature among other types of archaeological sites and features have also been recognized. Switchback paths and a unique large encircling paved road to the main peak are particularly interesting. The road is wide, paved with stone, and well-buttressed with stone embankments. The road and path networks suggest high levels of traffic including transportation of large loads, heavy materials, and people – perhaps by horses, oxen and carts. Common portable or semi-portable artifacts at sites include ceramics (utilitarian, ritual, and architectural); statuary; carvings on bricks and stones (usually incorporated into architecture – terraces and shrines); carved stone jars, tables, pedestals, and related objects (also frequently incorporated into architecture); chronograms; caches of coins; and other objects. Surface pottery occurs in many areas where there are no proximate shrines – possibly indicating settlement or processing sites. The proposed excavation site at Trawas is near Kedung Udi (Figures 3-5). It is above the main river flood plain on the lower slope of Mount Penanggungan. It is partially exposed from erosion. Brick features are clearly evident. The larger area may be a possible habitation and settlement area with terracing, an abundance of pottery remains, and brick features. Whether or not it is a tertiary settlements or a specialized site is unknown. Excavations will allow more accurate determination. We currently know the general nature of the ceremonial and religious architectural sites (e.g., candi) and hermitage sites (e.g., caves). These have been documented. However, we know very little about other types of specialized sites or activity and habitation areas adjacent to architectural sites. We hope to conduct more systematic testing at Kedung Udi and other sites in future campaigns to increase understanding. We are also interested in the temporal span and intensities of site use at Trawas. As stated, there have been two Dutch missions and recent re-checking of archaeological sites at Mount Penanggungan. However, no systematic archaeological testing and material culture analysis have been conducted in the proposed locations to address questions pertaining to ancient settlement and activity, especially in relation to validating the possible 10th-15th century CE temporal span associated with Mount

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Penanggungan’s ceremonial importance. Previous studies have primarily focused on architecture, art history, and history. In summary, mapping and test excavations will allow us to determine the nature of material culture assemblages, stratigraphy, and geomorphology at the selected sites. Subsequent analysis will reveal information about the nature of activities and settlement (e.g., dense, continuous, periodic, habitation/household activities, specialized activities, ritual/sacred, etc.). Long-term objectives are intended to contribute to a greater understanding of settlement; activities; site formation, use, duration, and abandonment; spatial, functional and temporal variation; and larger concepts ranging from environment, ecology, cultural influence, economics, supply chains, belief systems, symbolism and related issues. Methodology As with the objectives, the methodology and methods are intentionally simplified and standardized due to the pioneering and exploratory nature of the proposed research. However, methodological approaches remain systematic and common to normative archaeological practices. Pending results, more nuanced and complex research questions, methodology, and methods will be designed and implemented. Map and satellite image analysis will be conducted in conjunction with background literature review prior to excavations. This is in progress and ongoing. LIDAR data collection and analysis may be added in future research pertaining to the overall project, funding, and permission.1 The proposed site (Kedung Udi) will be cleared and mapped to determine the nature of surface features and material culture remains. We prefer a targeted sampling approach as opposed to a stratified random approach in order to maximize potentially relevant data. Density of surface remains and features often indicate areas of high density subsurface remains. Comparative control units in nearby areas will be excavated if and when appropriate. Approximately 50-100 square meters will be test excavated depending on the nature, depth, and density of subsurface cultural deposits. An abundance of Majapahit terracotta bricks and pottery is expected. Test units will be 2.0 x 2.0 meters. When needed, these will be reduced to 2.0 x 1.0 meter units or 1.0 x 1.0 meter units if more refined spatial control is needed. All units will be screened. However, soils are volcanic and often rocky which may preclude mesh screening in some locations. Cultural remains and soils samples will be collected, cursorily analyzed in the field, sorted according to basic typologies, counted, weighed, photographed, and subsequently stored in properly labeled bags, crates and facilities. Radiocarbon samples; faunal and botanical remains; and certain types of material remains may require more delicate handling, treatment and storage. Detailed unit notes will be kept LIDAR (Light Distance and Ranging) is highly recommended due to the biomass cover at lower altitudes beneath the tree-line. LIDAR testing at sites in the Angkorian and Chenla regions of Cambodia, for example, stunned the professional community by revealing far greater and more intricate urban development and landscape modifications than previously expected. It also revolutionized methodological, theoretical, and applied research and planning, ultimately saving millions of dollars and decades of labor which would have been required with traditional approaches. Furthermore, major gaps and patterns were revealed, answering numerous questions and providing a platform for more complex research questions and initiatives. Unfortunately, LIDAR data collection and analysis requires specialized permission and significant funding that is currently beyond the scope of this initial campaign. However, results from recent and proposed investigations will allow for more robust proposals vis-à-vis future LIDAR initiatives. 1

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to include digital photography. Standardized excavation unit and data sheets will be used. High value items such as precious metals or statuary will be reported immediately and properly stored/protected according to Indonesian legal protocol and ethics. All archaeological remains and samples will be stored in Indonesia. Temporary storage is tentatively planned at the local UBAYA campus facilities and museum. Longterm storage and curation is proposed at the Trowulan facilities and museums. Post-excavation analysis will be conducted at a later date in Indonesia to be determined after the field campaign. Should samples such as a) charcoal for radiocarbon testing; b) ceramics, stone, and metals for petrographic, residue, or compositional analysis; and/or soils for geomorphogical, chemical, compositional, micro-flora/fauna, pollen and phytolith analysis need to be sent to foreign laboratories for specialized analysis, proper protocol according to Indonesian regulations will be followed (e.g., MTA-material transfer agreement). Basic qualitative, quantitative, and statistical analyses will shed light on the main objectives. For example, an abundance of utilitarian cooking and storage pots would indicate habitation and domestic activities. Highly stylized, symbolic, specialized function and sacred pottery may indicate ritual activities. Densities may indicate duration and intensity of use. Multiple truncated cultural layers may represent periodic use. Pottery types, faunal remains, and floral remains may yield clues to the nature of consumption behaviors. Exotic ceramics and objects will allow us to discern aspects of larger value chains, socio-economic networks, and extra-local cultural influence. Planning for future analysis, field campaigns, testing locations, and additional research question and methodological design will be conducted following the field campaign. Site Locations An identified site at/near Kedung Udi is targeted for primary testing for the 2018 campaign. The site evidences stacked brick features in an exposed area. The larger area may be a possible habitation/settlement terrace with an abundance of pottery remains. • Kedung Udi: approximately 49 M 67573E 915673S to 49 M 67610E; 915607S • UBAYA Campus III – Research Base Station: 49 M 67676E; 915469S; Tamiajeng, Trawas, Mojokerto, East Java 61375, Indonesia Duration of Research in Indonesia The proposed duration of research in Indonesia is from 22 July to 15 August 2018 for the first campaign. We will only conduct research from 22 July to 10 August (while in Indonesia). Additional annual campaigns are expected. These will require separate proposals as locations, research questions, and methods may change after initial analysis from 2018 excavations.

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Timeline and Activities 22 July – 29 July NSC-EAS team: Site and museum visits; lectures; activities Indonesian archaeology teams and local workers: Clear sites, set grids, begin excavations (exact date to be determined)

30 July – 08 August All teams and local workers: Excavations and mapping at site: rotate EAS personnel; evening lectures All teams and local workers: Excavation and mapping at sites: rotate EAS personnel; evening lectures

09 August – 10 August All teams and local workers: Site cleanup; cursory post-excavation analysis; lectures/demos All teams and local workers: Site cleanup; cursory post-excavation analysis; lectures/demos

Notes: - Post-excavation analysis to be scheduled after conclusion of field campaign. - Selection of samples for further laboratory testing if required. - Preliminary reports and publications – coordinated with all teams.

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11-15 August NSC-EAS teams: Depart for Singapore Indonesian teams: Return home.


References Abu Ridho. 1983. “Ceramic analysis result, Trowulan site, stage VII.” Final Report, Workshop to Standardize Studies on Ceramics of East and Southeast Asia PW-2). Cebu City: SPAFA, 59-73. Abu Ridho. 1992. Survey Keramik di D.A.S. Batanghari. Jambi: Pemerintah DaerahTingkat I Propinsi Jambi and Kantor Wilayah Depdikbud Propinsi Jambi. Amelia, S. 1991. “Peranan mata uang logam Cina pada masa Majapahit." Proceedings Analisis Hasil Penelitian Arkeologi II, Trowulan, 8-11 November 1988, Jilid I: "Kehidupan Ekonomi Masa Lampau Berdasarkan Data Arkeologi." Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Pp. 191-199. English translation: “The role of Chinese coins in Majapahit.” The Legacy of Majapahit, ed. John Miksic and Endang Soekatno. Singapore: National Museum, 1995. Pp. 99-106. Bosch, F.D.K. 1915. ROD, pp. 210 (no. 1709), 227-8 (no. 1760), 228 (no. 1761). Dinas Purbakala Republik Indonesia. 1951. Peninggalan-Peninggalan Purbakal di Gunung Pananggungan: Hasil penjelidikian di Gunung Penanggungan selama tahun 1936, 1937 dan 1940 dan beberapa peninggalan purbakala did Gunung Ardjuno dikundjungi dalam tahun 1939. Gompertz, Amrit, Arnoud Haag, and Peter Carey. 2011. Maclaine Pont and the discovery of Bharada’s hermitage, IIAS Newsletter 58: 41-42. Gompertz, Amrit, Arnoud Haag, and Peter Carey. 2012. Mapping Majapahit: Wardenaar’s archaeological survey at Trowulan in 1815, Indonesia 93: 1-20. Krom, N.J. 1915. Oudheidkundig Verslag, pp. 2, 29-32. Laporan Penelitian Arkeologi Situs-Kota Majapahit di Trowulan, Mojokerto, Jawa Timur 1991-1993. 1995. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional dan The Ford Foundation. Miksic, John. 1995. The Legacy of Majapahit, ed. John Miksic and Endang Soekatno. Singapore: National Museum. Rangkuti, N. 2000. Berita Penelitian Arkeologi No. 09, p. 21. Van Romondt, Reported by J. Oey-Blom. 1951: 11, n.6. Prambanan Register nos. 875919.

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Primary Institutions, Points of Contact, and Key Personnel Primary Institutions: • The National Centre for Archaeology (ARKENAS) Jalan Raya Condet Pejaten No. 4, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia 12510 • Nalanda – Sriwijaya Centre (NSC), ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Pasir Panjang, Singapore-119614 ARKENAS Senior Personnel, Advisors, Point of Contact: • Drs. I Made Geria, M.Si Director National Center for Archaeology, Jakarta, Indonesia (Senior Advisor and Principal Investigator) • Priyatno Hadi Sulistyarto, Head of Program and Collaborative Division Point of Contact: Jalan Raya Condet Pejaten No 4, Jakarta Selatan 12510, Indonesia. Ph. (+6221) 7988171 Alt. (+6221) 7988131 Fax. (+6221) 7988187 Email: [email protected] / [email protected] NSC: • Dr. D. Kyle Latinis, Field School Director; PI; Visiting Fellow Nalanda – Sriwijaya Centre (NSC), ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Pasir Panjang, Singapore-119614 Phone: +65 9075 4072 Email: [email protected] / [email protected] • Dr. Helene Njoto, Field School Co-Director; Visiting Fellow Nalanda – Sriwijaya Nalanda – Sriwijaya Centre (NSC), ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Pasir Panjang, Singapore-119614 Phone: +65 91325739 Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Indonesian Counterparts (ARKENAS): • Bambang Budi Utomo (Senior Researcher) Pusat Peneltian Arkeologi Nasional Kementria Pendidkan dan Kebudayan • Nurhadi Rangkuti (Archaeologist) Pusat Peneltian Arkeologi Nasional Kementria Pendidkan dan Kebudayan • Shinatria Adhityatama (Archaeologist) Pusat Peneltian Arkeologi Nasional Kementria Pendidkan dan Kebudayan

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Figures/Images Figure 1: Image of East Java: Mount Penanggungan highlighted

Figure 2: Image of Trawas/Penanggungan and key sites: Ubaya Base Station; Kedung Udi and Kutogirang

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Figure 3: Topographic map and list of archaeological sites at Mount Penanggungan (courtesy of Hadi Sidomulyo and UBAYA)

Figure 4: Map of archaeological sites at Mount Penanggungan including Kedung Udi and UBAYA Campus – Project Base Station (courtesy of Hadi Sidomulyo and UBAYA)

Candi Sinta

Kedung Udi

UBAYA Campus- Project Base of Operations

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Figure 5: Map of archaeological sites at Mount Penanggungan - proposed test site and survey area highlighted (courtesy of Hadi Sidomulyo and UBAYA)

Kedung Udi

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Figure 6: Satellite image of sites

Figure 7: Side View of Mount Penanggungan – near Kedung Udi

Figure 8: Satellite views showing slope to Kedung Udi site from UBAYA

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Figure 9: Formal architectural sites and features

Figure 10: Exposed bricks eroding from Kedung Udi

Figure 11: Meditation cave/niche with Figure 12: Water source in one of the caves formal architecture

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Figure 13: Formal architectural sites and features

Figure 14: Terraces

Figure 15: Stone paths and roads (the encircling road on the right is large and very well reinforced)

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Figure 16: Chronograms

Figure 17: Statuary examples

Figure 18: Photographic archives

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Figure 19: Architecture and statuary at museum

Figure 20: Intricate carvings

Figure 21: Examples of intricate carvings on architecture

Figure 22: Terra cotta pottery

Figure 23: cache of ancient coins

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Figure 24: UBAYA Facilities (training for artifact drawing)

Figure 25: UBAYA Facilities

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Figure 26: UBAYA Facilities - lecture room

Figure 27: UBAYA Facilities - lecture room

Figure 28: UBAYA Facilities - (training for artifact drawing)

Figure 29: UBAYA Facilities Museum and photo archives

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