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TRICHOMONIASIS Clint
W. BoaI,13
2
School Raptor
3
Corresponding
,
when
they
hawks
we
exurban the
rate
of
between
the
exurban
areas.
cooperii)
in
K. Stormy
Columbidae of
are
Tucson,
89 natural
are
a major
but
Arizona
hosts
for
Birds
of
dietary
85721
USA
,
the
sarcomastigophoran,
prey
are
Tricho-
susceptible
component
of
to
urban
age
Cooper’s
age
and
gallinae
was
present
in
nests
tested
words:
13%
Accipiter
disease
nesting
hawks
in
urban
and
Cooper’s
exurban
for
factors; are the
the
(USA). During the breeding seasons of 1995 and age and 223 nestling Cooper’s hawks from urban and areas for infection of T gallinae. There was no difference
in breeding only
three they
99S
Arizona
breeding area) breeding
positive
Trichornonas
51),
Asso,’iati,,ii
ARIZONA
T gallinae. However, prevalence of T gallinae turban nestlings (85%) than exurban nestlings (9%). There also
by and
59(1-59:3
Hudelson2
trichomoniasis.
Doves
between
tested
(n
Key
family
prey.
prevalence
are catused in Tucson,
and
FROM
University of Arizona, Tucson, Tucson, Arizona 8571 1 , USA
agent
infected
infection
bird
greater among
tested
the
clinically evaluated (i.e., undeveloped
one
only
of causative
ingest
HAWKS
Disease
PP
[email protected])
the
(Accipiter
1996,
(e-mail:
Members gallinae,
Mannan,1
Natural Resources, 4213 Texas Circle,
author
ABsTRA(:T:
in
R. William
of Renewable Resurgence,
nwnas
IN COOPER’S
199N
of exurban doves primary
are
hosts prey
cooperu,
nestling
Cooper’s at
hawks
least (n
one 23).
=
for the parasite, urban Cooper’s
of
Cooper’s
The
they hawks
at
98%
patterns are at
Trichomonas
hawk,
in urban
nestling
of
we
urban
in
nests
found
probably
large
numbers
present in that locality.
gallinae,
locations;
was significantly was a difference areas, but not
trichomoniasis,
urban
wildlife.
INTRODUCTION
Trichomoniasis caused
the
flagellated
iwe.
is
by
bers
of
the
family
1951;
Locke
and
( 1954)
speculated
doves
France
to to
Nova
disease
has
were
Scotia
in
(Zenaida
(C. fasciata),
when the
early
Baxter,
(1952) that
1974;
and
the
doves
trichomoniasis
been a contributing of the passenger
also
factor pigeon
in
(Z.
1998). specumay
the
demise
gratorzus). Many
species
North
America
1969;
Stone
Nyc,
(Cooper
1981;
predatory
of
(Stensrude, and
Pokras and Petty,
Janes,
birds
1965; 1969;
et al., 1993), 1988), Africa
in
Stabler, Stone
understood
and Europe (Pepler
falcon-
an it
historic is
still
a
disease.
doves,
mourning
doves,
doves (USA).
mourning
are
doves
rock
regularly Of these,
among
the
doves, breed in Inca and
four
most
in Tucson (Ger(1998) found that 16% of mourning
and 98% of white-winged doves in carried T gallinae. Columbids, esthe Inca dove and mourning dove,
the
among
Cooper’s on
1995-1996.
the during
diet of Cooper’s in Tucson (Boal,
the
of
cooperii)
Cooper’s probability through
sessed
cation
590
to
Despite
and white-winged Tucson, Arizona
zona
among
pigeons
trichomoniasis,
1997). Thus, have a high the disease
mi-
centuries
fed
1619).
of
account for 83% hawks (Accipiter
have
(Ectopistes
(Bert,
doves, Tucson pecially
1969;
(1954)
for
often
numerous avian species main, 1995). Hedlund 52% of Inca doves,
inca)
Hedlund,
Stabler
birds
Inca
1600’s.
white-winged
“frounce” who
poorly
in mourning band-tailed pi-
macroura),
and
Haugen
infrom
columbids,
identified
ry
rock
imported
as
falconers awareness
was
and Inca doves (Columbina 1952; Sileo and Fitzhugh,
Greiner
known
memStabler
gallinae
America
livia)
been
geons
lated
T
galli-
(Stabler, 1962).
American
doves
asiatica), (Haugen,
Columbidae
North
North
(i.e.,
James,
that
(Columba
Among
disease
Trichornonas of T gallinae are
hosts
troduced
avian
Sarcomastigophoran
protozoan),
Primary
an
and Oettle, 1993), and the Middle East (Samour et al., 1995) are known to develop trichomoniasis after ingesting infected prey. Indeed, trichomoniasis has been
hawks in Tucson of encountering their prey. We as-
prevalence
of
hawks basis
the
of
in age
breeding
trichomoniasis southeast and
nesting
seasons
Arilo-
of
BOAL
MATERIALS
AND
ET AL.-TRICHOMONAS
METHODS
T.’iBLE
We
conducted this study in two areas. The first was the greater Tucson metropolitan area, including the cities of Tucson, South Tucson,
Oro
Valley,
and
the
unincorporated
GALLINAE
I .
amomig (ESA)
Prevalemice
the
Tucson
Study
Area
(TSA)
and
Nega-
Posi-
tive
tive
area)
locales
throughout
southeast
Arizona,
in-
eluding Aravaipa Creek (32#{176}52’ to 32#{176}55’N, 110#{176}22’to 110#{176}25’W), Arivaca Creek (31#{176}32’to 31#{176}37’N, 111#{176}20’ to 111#{176}25’W), the Chiricahua Mountains (31#{176}38’ to 31#{176}50’N, 109#{176}08’ to 109#{176}25’W), Cienega Creek (32#{176}00’to 32#{176}02’N, 110#{176}33’to 110#{176}40’W), Harshaw Creek (31#{176}25’ to 31#{176}30’N, 110#{176}40’to 110#{176}44’W), and the San Pedro River (31#{176}25’ to 31#{176}45’N, 1 10#{176}05’to 1 10#{176}13’W). The areas, collectively designated as the Exurban Study Area (ESA), ranged from
1
Category
NegaI’
tive
74
0
14
2:3
6
60
