Fertilization on Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Fenugreek. (Trigonella foenumgraecum. L.) dam E. Abdelgani 1 , Elsiddig A. E. Elsheikh and Nuri O. Mukhtar. 2.
J Agric. Sci. J J (1), 2003ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA E tT e c t o f F e r tiliz a tio n
Rhizobium
I n o c u la tio n
o n G r o w th ,
a n d C h ic k e n
N o d u la tio n
M a n u re
a n d Y ie ld o f F e n u g r e e k
L.)
(Trigonella foenumgraecum
d a m E . A b d e lg a n i 1 , E ls id d ig A . E . E ls h e ik h a n d N u r i O . M u k h ta r
c u I ty o f A g r ic u ltu r e ,
c t:
Two
U n iv e r s ity
K h a r to u m
wn
S ta te :
in e a c h a te d
s ite .
Sham bat
_'
w e re
and
E l- R a w a k e e b .
Two
fe n u g re e k
c u ltiv a r s , " B a la d i" a n d " R u b a ta b " , w e r e
s tr a in E N R R I 1 1 o r s tr a in T A L 3 8 0 .
e ith e r u n f e r tiliz e d
Rhizobium
. w e ig h t,
n o d u la tio n ,
n o d u le
fe n u g re e k
th o u g h
o r f e r tiliz e d w ith c h ic k e n m a n u r e
in o c u la tio n s ig n if ic a n tly ( P ~ 0 .0 5 ) in c r e a s e d s h o o t d r y w e ig h t,
shoot
n itr o g e n c o n te n t a n d
c u ltiv a r s a t b o th s ite s . N o d u la tio n w a s e n h a n c e d
e c le a r ly b y in o c u la tio n h a m b a t) ,
Sudan'
S e e d s w e r e s o w n w ith o u t a n y tr e a tm e n t ( c o n tr o l) o r
to n s h a ') .
d o f b o th
L .)
Rhizobium meliloti
w ith
..... tr e a tm e n ts
S h a m b a t,
f ie ld e x p e r im e n ts w e r e c o n d u c te d in 1 9 9 4 /9 5 a t tw o s ite s
-rigonella foenumgraecum ~
o f K h a r to u m ,
2
th e
in o n e
s ite ( E l- R a w a k e e b ) th a n in th e o th e r
d if f e r e n c e w a s n o t
s ig n if ic a n t. A p p lic a tio n
of
ic k e n m a n u r e s ig n if ic a n tly ( P ~ 0 .0 5 ) in c r e a s e d n itr o g e n f ix a tio n a n d y ie ld -
in o c u la te d w akeeb.
. o c u la tio n ,
The and
fe n u g re e k s tu d y
p la n ts
c o n c lu d e d
a p p r e c ia b le
at th a t
Sham bat
a n d o n ly s lig h tly a t E I-
f e n u g r e e k r e s p o n d e d p o s itiv e ly to
in c r e a s e in y ie ld w o u ld r e s u lt f r o m a d o p tin g
. o c u la tio n p r o g r a m m e s o f f e n u g r e e k g r o w n in n o n - tr a d itio n a l a r e a s .
IN T R O D U C T IO N R h iz o b ia
a re
com m on
e f f e c tiv e
s y m b io s is w ith
n re se n t
or because
s o il b a c te r ia , b u t th e y o f te n f a il to p r o d u c e
le g u m in o u s
th o s e
p re se n t
c ro p s, a re n o t
e ith e r b e c a u s e c o m p a tib le
w ith
to o
fe w a re
th e g r o w n
le g u m e . I n m a n y s itu a tio n s , e s ta b lis h m e n t o f e f f e c tiv e ly n o d u la te d le g u m e s
: P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : T h e N a tio n a l 2 A g r ic u ltu r a l
R e se a rc h
C e n tr e f o r R e s e a r c h , K h a r to u m ,
C o r p o r a tio n ,
W a d M e d a n i,
28
Sudan
Sudan
re q u ire s
th e a d d itio n o f s p e c ific rh iz o b ia in a p ro c e s s k n o w n a s
Rhizobium
in o c u la tio n (M u k h ta r a n d A b u N a ib 1 9 8 8 ; M a h d i 1 9 9 3 ).
(Trigonella foenumgraecum
F e n u g re e k p ro te in
fo r
in d u s tria l s e rv in g
hum an
and
as a good
s tra in
c o m p a ra tiv e ly
In th e
la rg e
S ta te ,
and
(A b d e lg a n i
et al.
it is c a p a b le w hen
is a
g o o d so u rc e o f
1 9 9 9 ). It h a s m a n y
o f fix in g
n itro g e n a n d
n o d u la te d w ith th e h o m o lo g o u s
S u d a n , fe n u g re e k is tra d itio n a lly g ro w n o n a
s c a le
th e
p ro d u c tio n
b io fe rtiliz a tio n and
a n im a l fe e d
s o il re n o v a to r
Rhizobium.
of
K h a rto u m lo w
and
m e d ic in a l u s e s ,
L .)
in
th e
n o rth e rn
re g io n
o f th e
c o u n try .
In
c ro p is g ro w n in v e ry s m a ll a n d s c a tte re d a re a s w ith
le v e ls .
V e ry
m eager
in fo rm a tio n
on
th e
e ffe c t o f
o n fe n u g re e k is re p o rte d in th e S u d a n (M a h d i 1 9 9 3 ; F o ra w i
E ls h e ik h
1 9 9 5 ).
p o s s ib ility
of
K h a rto u m
S ta te
The
in c re a s in g
o b je c tiv e th e
p ro d u c tio n
Rhizobium
th ro u g h
o f th is
s tu d y w a s to
o f fe n u g re e k
in o c u la tio n
and
a s s e s s th e .
in tw o
s ite s in
th e u s e o f c h ic k e n
m a n u re fe rtiliz a tio n .
M A T E R IA L S
Two 1 9 9 4 /9 5 c u ltiv a rs ,
11
s ite
tw o
w e re c a rrie d o u t in th e c ro p p in g s e a s o n o f
(Trigonella foenumgraecum L .) Rhizobium meliloti s t r a i n s w e r e u s e d ,
fe n u g re e k
a n d R u b a ta b . T w o
w h ic h is a lo c a l s tra in is o la te d fro m fe n u g re e k p la n ts a n d T A L
w h ic h
U .S .A .
e x p e rim e n ts
g ro w in g
B a la d i
ENRRI 380
fie ld
by
AND M ETHODS
w as
The
p ro v id e d
e x p e rim e n t
b y N iff A L w as
p ro je c t,
th e U n iv e rs ity o f H a w a ii,
c o n d u c te d a t tw o s ite s : (1 ) a h e a v y c la y s o il
a t S h a m b a t w ith th e fo llo w in g c o m p o s itio n : 1 7 % s a n d , 2 0 % s ilt, 6 3 %
c l a y , 0 .0 2 % c a tio n s
(rn e q /l)
s o il s ite
N,
0 .0 1 %
c l a y , 0 .0 1 %
and
P,
0 .4 % o r g a n i c c a r b o n , 8 .0 p H v a l u e , a n d
4 .0 K , 2 9 .6 N a , 6 .7 C a , a n d 9 .3 M g ; a n d ( 2 ) a s a n d y c l a y
a t E l-R a w a k e e b
s ilt, 3 5 % v a lu e ,
to ta l
c a tio n s
w ith th e fo llo w in g c o m p o s itio n : 5 2 % s a n d , 1 3 % t o t a l N , 0 .0 0 2 % P , 0 .0 1 % o r g a n i c c a r b o n , 7 .0 p H
(m e q /l)
0 .7 9
K , 9 .4 N a ,
6 .0
C a, and
0 .4 M g . T h e
tre a tm e n ts w e re a s fo llo w s :(1 ) U n in o c u la te d
(c o n tro l)
(2 )P la n ts in o c u la te d w ith (3 )P la n ts in o c u la te d w ith E ach (7
tre a tm e n t
to n s
ha")
w as
w ith
Rhizobium Rhizobium
e ith e r
in o c u la n t s tra in E N R R I 1 1 in o c u la n t s tra in T A L 3 8 0 .
u n fe rtiliz e d o r fe rtiliz e d w ith c h ic k e n m a n u re
t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m p o s i t i o n ( % ) : 3 .7 1 t o t a l N , 1 .8 3 C a ,
29
M g,
0 .6 9 of
0 .3 5
N a,
2 .7
K
and
1 .3 9 P
a n d w ith e le c tric a l c o n d u c tiv ity
dS/m .
2 3 .5
.,.
At le v e lin g 3
each
and
s ite , th e
th e n
la n d
rid g in g .
w as
The
p re p a re d
la n d
by
p lo u g h in g ,
h a rro w in g ,
w a s th e n d iv id e d in to p lo ts , e a c h o f
x 3 m w ith 6 0 e m b e tw e e n rid g e s a n d 4 rid g e s p e r p lo t. C h ic k e n m a n u re
w as
a p p lie d
fie ld
w as
Seeds
b e fo re
s id e s
th e
a s s ig n e d
irrig a te d
m a n u a lly . ju s t
to
tw ic e
w e re
s o w in g .
o f th e
tw o w e e k s b e fo re s o w in g . T h e w h o le
b e fo re
in o c u la te d
Seeds
rid g e
p lo ts
p la n tin g w ith
th e
and
w eeds
a p p ro p ria te
w e re
r e m o v .e d
Rhizobium
s tra in
w e re s o w n (3 s e e d s p e r h o le ) b y h a n d o n b o th
w ith
1 0 e rn b e tw e e n
h o le s .
Irrig a tio n
w as
a p p lie d
im m e d ia te ly a fte r p la n tin g a n d c o n tin u e d a t 7 -d a y s in te rv a l.
T re a tm e n ts d e s ig n .
S a m p lin g
ra n d o m ly
fro m per
c o n te n t.
N itro g e n
m e th o d
w as
each
n o d u le s
w as
w e re
re p lic a te d fo u r tim e s in a c o m p le te ly ra n d o m iz e d m a d e 1 0 w e e k s a fte r s o w in g b y ta k in g th re e p la n ts
re p lic a te . T h e p a ra m e te rs m e a s u re d w e re n u m b e r o f
p la n t,
shoot
and
fix a tio n
(S o m a se g a ra n
and
d e te rm in e d . N itro g e n
K je ld a h l e ffe c t
A n a ly s is
each
tre a tm e n t
m e a su re d
p a ra m e te rs .
d ry
w e ig h t
d e te rm in e d
H oben
1 9 9 4 ).
b y th e
and
shoot
n itro g e n
n itro g e n d iffe re n c e
A t h a rv e s t, y ie ld p e r u n it a re a
c o n te n t o f s o il a n d s h o o t w a s d e te rm in e d b y th e
m e th o d .
of
n o d u le s
w as
o f v a ria n c e
The
and
tre a tm e n t
s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e te s t (L S D , P
w as
in te ra c tio n
s
p e rfo rm e d b e tw e e n
m eans
w e re
to d e te rm in e th e
tre a tm e n ts ,
on
th e
s e p a ra te d b y th e le a s t
0 .0 5 ) .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The
a p p e a ra n c e
o f n o d u le s
in d ic a te d th e p re s e n c e o f in d ig e n o u s (T a b le tim e fo r
Rhizobium meliloti
s tra in in b o th s ite s
1 ). S h a m b a t s ite is k n o w n to b e c u ltiv a te d a n n u a lly fo r q u ite a lo n g
by
d iffe re n t
about
have
n o d u la tin g
le g u m e
in th e
c o m p le te
c ro p s,
1 5 y e a rs
in o c u la rits
g ro w n
o n th e ro o ts o f n o n -in o c u la te d p la n ts
w ith
fa rm .
absence
(M a rte n s s o n
and
been
w h e re a s E l-R a w a k e e b a t th e re p o rte d
tim e to
fe n u g re e k ,
fa rm h a s b e e n a b a n d o n e d
w h e n it w a s c u ltiv a te d , n o le g u m e s be w as
used. one
Medicago sativa, of
a c ro ss
th e m a jo r c ro p s u s u a lly
R h iz o b ia h a v e b e e n re p o rte d to e x is t in th e s o il in th e
o f th e ir re s p e c tiv e h o s t le g u m e s fo r m o re th a n 3 0 y e a rs
a n d W itte r 1 9 9 0 ).
30
In o c u la tio n fe n u g re e k (T a b le
s ig n ific a n tly
c u ltiv a rs
1 ).
c o m p a re d
G e n e ra lly ,
R aw akeeb,
p ro b a b ly
e x c e s s iv e
d ra in a g e
enhanced
n o d u la tio n
a ffe c te d
fro m
have
re la tiv e ly is
a ls o
T h is
is
of
le s s
""r t''''''.l
th a t
to le ra n t
c o m p e titio n
th e to
no
in d ic a te s
Rhizobium
s ig n ific a n t its
Sham bat
exceeded
th a t
on
w as
Sham bat
of EN R R I P la n ts
hence
d r oV p i.1..1 n s o i lJ,. "PH ..I.. r e s u l t i n g VI.
th e a c tiv ity o f th e rh iz o b ia a re k n o w n to b e C h ic k e n m a n u re
o f th e in d ig e n o u s m ic ro o rg a n is m s ,
m o re
d iffe re n t
(A li
shoot m o re
s o il. 11
g ro w n
th a n th o s e g ro w n
w e ig h ts
th a n
In c re a se
E ls h e ik h in o c u la tio n
in in
et
re s is ta n t
at.
to
a n ta g o n is m
1 9 9 5 ).
The
d ry
a n d P re v o st
1994) and
1997). s
m a tte r
0 ,0 5 ) in c r e a s e d
sh o o t d ry
o f n o n -in o c u la te d a t E I-R a w a k e e b
p la n ts . th a n
d ry
p la n ts
at s o il
T h e e ffe c t o f s tra in T A L 3 8 0 s ig n ific a n tly in
in c re a s in g
at
Sham bat
a t E l-R a w a k e e b
shoot had
d ry
w e ig h t
o f B a la d i
h ig h e r a v e ra g e s h o o t d ry
d u e to s ite fa c to rs , A p p lic a tio n
p la n ts re s u lte d in a re la tiv e ly h ig h e r s h o o t m a n u re
fe rtiliz e d o r ju s t in o c u la te d
m a tte r b y a p p lic a tio n o f c h ic k e n m a n u r e .to
has
s ig n ific a n t
c o u ld b e a ttrib u te d p la n ts
and
s tra in s o f th e s a m e s p e c ie s o f
p ro n o u n c e d
n o n -in o c u la te d , shoot
fe n u g re e k
in o c u la te d
H oben
s u p p re s s iv e e ffe c t o n th e
t1,.1.1.'" h t>
c u ltiv a rs a t b o th s ite s (T a b le 1 ). C h ic k e n m a n u re
c h ic k e n m a n u re to in o c u la te d
in o c u la te d
th e
to
th a t
w e ig h ts
d ry
t\.V n
s tra in s ig n ific a n tly (P
e ffe c t
e ffe c t
p la n ts .
p la n ts .
a t E I-
s ite . T h is is p ro b a b ly d u e to th e lo w fe rtility o f E l-R a w a k e e b
c o m p a re d
c u ltiv a r
T h is
d iffe re n tly to s o il p H (B o rd e le a u
o f b o th fe n u g re e k
H o w e v e r,
of
and
and
o f o th e r m ic ro o rg a n is m s
E ach
th a n
rh iz o b ia in h a b itin g th e e x p e rim e n ta l s ite s a re
s o il p H
p re se n c e
w e ig h t
b e tte r
a n d c o m p e titiv e to th e a d d e d in o c u la n t rh iz o b ia .
n a tiv e
lo w
w h ic h
w as
Rhizobium meliloti b a c t e r i a a c i d i t y ( B r o c k w e l l et at. 1 9 9 1 ) .
re sp o n d
as
p la n ts .
a p p lic a tio n ,
re d u c e d .
s e n s itiv e to s o il
e n ta ils
p la n ts a t b o th s ite s
p la n ts a t b o th s ite s , b u t n e g a tiv e ly
a t""I. t r i.I.VU b u t"'''''U ed
t ;l,..I.L.l-J.J.. " , l h ,J
rh iz o b ia
had
Sham bat
o f b o th
fe rtile th a n S h a m b a t s o il. C h ic k e n m a n u re
in o c u la te d
hvvt >
c a n b e a n ta g o n is tic
m o re
at
k n o w n to in c re a s e p ro life ra tio n
w h ic h
in c re a s e d n o d u la tio n
n o n -in o c u la te d
o f n o n -in o c u la te d
m a n u re
been
th e
n o d u la tio n
and
s t\..1.".I..l. r a i n s~ """"" '"•.•.
c h ic k e n
m ig h t
to
0 .0 5 )
b e c a u s e th e s o il o f th e la tte r is s a n d y c la y p ro m o tin g
n o d u la tio n
;J..I..I.VVW-.l.u,..J..I.\, " ,,,,," 1 ,,," t
s
(P
been
p re v io u s ly
in c re a s e
in
re p o rte d
shoot
d ry
(F o ra w i m a tte r
due
and to
to in c re a s e d c a p a c ity in n itro g e n fix a tio n o f
(S in g le to n
and
T a v a re s
1986;
S o m a se g a ra n
1 9 9 4 ) th a t w a s re fle c te d in e n h a n c e d v e g e ta tiv e g ro w th .
31
and
The 11 and s in c e
re s u lt
TAL
th e y
in d ic a te s
380,
th a t
b o th
Rhizobium meliloti
s tra in s , E N R R I
a re e ffe c tiv e in n itro g e n fix a tio n w ith fe n u g re e k p la n ts
s ig n ific a n tly
in c re a s e d
n o d u le s d ry w e ig h t a t b o th s ite s (ta b le
2 ). N o s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s w e re o b s e rv e d b e tw e e n th e e ffe c ts o f th e tw o s tra in s .
H o w e v e r,
R u b a ta b
c u ltiv a r, w h ile E N R R I
B a la d i
been
TAL
380
re s u lte d
in
h ig h e r
n o d u le s
d ry
w e ig h t
in
1 1 re s u lte d in h ig h e r n o d u le s d ry w e ig h t in
c u ltiv a r a t b o th s ite s . N o d u le s d ry w e ig h ts o f fe n u g re e k p la n ts h a v e
reported to be increased by inoculation (Rasal and Patil
p re v io u s ly
1 9 8 9 ). C h ic k e n m a n u re a p p lic a tio n h a d n o s ig n ific a n t e ffe c t o n n o d u le s d ry w e ig h t
o f fe n u g re e k
w e ig h t
o f n o n -in o c u la te d
o f in o c u la te d
meliloti
w ith
2)
th e
p la n t in
and
and
w h e re
shoot
been
th e
a
3 ).
s tra in in d u c e s a c tiv e n itro g e n
n itro g e n is tra n s lo c a te d
to th e s h o o t s y s te m o f th e
b e d e te c te d a n d m e a s u re d (B e rg e rs e n
1 9 8 0 ). In c re a se
c o n te n t
in o c u la tio n
re p o rte d
s ite , b u t
p o s itiv e
th e
e ffe c t.
of
(P o i
fe n u g re e k
et al.
p la n ts
e ffe c t
T h is
at
by
has
1 9 9 1 ). C h ic k e n m a n u re s ig n ific a n tly
Sham bat
is p ro b a b ly
due
fe n u g re e k p la n ts a t E l-
w a s n o t s ig n ific a n t, th o u g h it to
th e
lo w
fe rtility
o f 'E l -
s o il.
In o c u la tio n (P ~
Rhizobium
e ffe c tiv e
fix e d
s h o o t n itro g e n c o n te n t o f n o n -in o c u la te d
R aw akeeb
Rhizobium
s ig n if ic a n tly ( P ~ 0 .0 5 ) in c r e a s e d s h o o t n itr o g e n c o n te n t
it c a n
p re v io u s ly
R aw akeeb had
p la n ts a n d h a d a s lig h t n e g a tiv e e ffe c t o n n o d u le s
n itro g e n fix a tio n (T a b le 3 ) o f fe n u g re e k p la n ts . In o c u la tio n
n itro g e n
in c re a s e d
in c re a s e d n o d u le s d ry
1 9 9 5 ).
h o m o lo g o u s
fix a tio n ,
it s lig h tly
re s p o n d d iffe re n tly to c h ic k e n m a n u re a p p lic a tio n (F o ra w i
In o c u la tio n (T a b le
H o w e v e r,
p la n ts . T h e s e o b s e rv a tio n s s u g g e s t th a t d iffe re n t
s tra in s
a n d E ls h e ik h
p la n ts .
in c re a s e d y ie ld o f b o th fe n u g re e k c u ltiv a rs s ig n ific a n tly
0 .0 5 ) o v e r th e c o n tr o l a n d m a n u r e - f e r tiliz e d G e n e ra lly , in o c u la tio n w ith E N R R I
p la n ts a t b o th s ite s (T a b le
1 1 im p ro v e d p ro d u c tio n m o re th a n
TAL
3 8 0 , th o u g h th e d iffe re n c e w a s n o t s ig n ific a n t. T h e in c re m e n t in y ie ld
over
th e
th a n
at
c o n tro l, Sham bat
d e p e n d e n t. C h ic k e n
due (T a b le
S im ila r
m a n u re
to in o c u la tio n , w a s s lig h tly h ig h e r a t E l-R a w a k e e b 4)
re s u lts
in c re a s e d
in d ic a tin g w e re y ie ld
th a t
o b ta in e d
re s u lts o f in o c u la tio n a re s ite by
o f fe n u g re e k
e ffe c t w a s s ig n ific a n t o n ly a t E I-R a w a k e e b .
32
S in g le to n
et
at.
(1992).
p la n ts a t b o th s ite s b u t its
of
Rhizobium
o n n o d u la tio n
and shoot
1 . E ffe c t
T a b le
in o c u la tio n
a n d c h ic k e n
d ry w e ig h t
o f tw o
Sham bat T re a tm e n t
fe n u g re e k
s ite
B a la d i
m a n u re
a p p lic a tio n
c u ltiv a rs
E l-R a w a k e e b
R u b a ta b
B a la d i
s ite
R u b a ta b
Average number of nodules/plant No
in o c u la tio n
C h ic k e n
m a n u re
(7 to n s /h a )
M ean
In o c u la tio n ENNRI
(E N R R I
11
+ c h ic k e n
TAL
(T A L
3 .8 3
2 .6 7
3 .1 7
4 .3 2
2 .5 5
3 .5 0
9 .3 8
6 .8 8
6 .7 9
7 .6 3
6 .6 3
6 .7 5
6 .7 4
6 .5 0
8 .0 1
6 .8 2
6 .7 7
7 .0 7
6 .7 5
7 .0 0
5 .8 8
9 .2 5
6 .2 5
6 .6 3
5 .9 2
'6 . 7 5
6 .5 0
6 .8 2
5 .9 0
8 .0 0
m a n u re
M ean
LSD
2 .4 2
4 .8 8
11)
380)
+ c h ic k e n
380
3 .7 5
5 .3 8 4 .4 4
m a n u re
M ean
In o c u la tio n
3 .5 0
(tre a tm e n t)
0 .0 5
L S D o .0 5
(m e a n )
L S D o .o 5
(v a rie tie s )
2 .8
4 .0 3
2 .0 1 .8
2 .3 3 2 .2 2
Average shoot dry weight No
in o c u la tio n
C h ic k e n
m a n u re
(7 to n s /h a )
M ean
In o c u la tio n ENNRI
(E N R R I
11
+ c h ic k e n
TAL
380
(T A L
1 9 .7 6
5 .3 4 6 .4 6
1 1 .3 9
1 6 .9 9
1 8 .8 1
5 .9
9 .4 5
7 .5 1
2 4 .3 1
2 7 .5 3
1 1 .3 3
1 4 .8 2
2 4 .9 5
2 8 .3 5
1 4 .2 6
1 5 .6 2
2 4 .6 3
2 7 .9 4
1 2 .8 0
1 5 .2 2
3 2 .0 3
3 0 .8 5
1 5 .2 6
1 3 .1 1
3 3 .4 8
3 1 .5 4
1 7 .5 9
1 4 .5 1
3 2 .7 6
3 1 .2 0
1 6 .4 3
1 3 .8 1
m a n u re
M ean
LSD
1 7 .8 6
11)
380)
+ c h ic k e n
1 7 .5 0 1 6 .4 7
m a n u re
M ean
In o c u la tio n
(g )
(tre a tm e n t)
5 .1 0
4 .1 0
L S D o .0 5
(m e a n )
4 .5 6
3 .5 4
L S D o .0 5
(v a rie tie s )
3 .7 2
3 .5 0
0 .0 5
33
T a b le
2 . E ffe c t on
of
n o d u le s
Rhizobium d ry
in o c u la tio n a n d c h ic k e n m a n u re a p p lic a tio n
w e ig h t
and
shoot
n itro g e n
c o n te n t
o f tw o
fe n u g re e k c u ltiv a rs
S h a m b a t s ite
T re a tm e n t
B a la d i
E l-R a w a k e e b s ite
R u b a ta b
B a la d i
R u b a ta b
Average dry weight (mg) of nodules/plant 9 .2 0
7 .5 0
6 .6 5
1 1 .2 9
8 .8 5
3 .8 0
5 .3 6 3 .3 9
1 0 .2 5
8 .1 8
3 .7 3
4 .3 8
In o c u la tio n (E N R R I 1 1 )
2 1 .5 6
1 8 .7 5
1 2 .4 6
1 2 .4 3
E N N R I 1 1+ c h ic k e n m a n u re
2 0 .0 0
1 7 .2 8
2 0 .7 8
1 8 .5 2
9 .8 0 1 1 .1 3
1 1 .2 7
1 8 .0 5
2 3 .1 0
1 1 .7 0
1 4 .0 5
1 7 .6 0
1 9 .5 0 2 1 .3 0
1 0 .4 8
1 2 .9 1 1 3 .4 8
N o in o c u la tio n C h ic k e n m a n u re (7 to n s /h a ) M ean
M ean In o c u la tio n (T A L 3 8 0 ) TA L 380
+ c h ic k e n
m a n u re
M ean LSD
1 7 .8 3
1 l .0 9
6 .3 8
5 .6 3
L S D o .0 5 ( m e a n )
4 .1 2
3 .6 4
L S D o .0 5 ( v a r i e t i e s )
4 .0 0
3 .5 0
0 .0 5
(tre a tm e n t)
1 0 .1 0
II
Average shoot nitrogen content/plant N o in o c u la tio n
3 6 .1
C h ic k e n m a n u re (7 to n s /h a )
4 8 .3 4 2 .2
In o c u la tio n (E N R R I 1 1 )
9 8 .2 5
E N N R I 1 1+ c h ic k e n m a n u re
9 9 .8 3
M ean
M ean In o c u la tio n (T A L 3 8 0 ) TA L 380
+ c h ic k e n
m a n u re
M ean LSD
3 9 .6 8
0 .0 5
1 9 .1 6
4 5 .0 0
1 2 .0 7 2 1 .4 1
3 1 .3 1
4 2 .3 4
1 6 .7 4
2 5 .4 7
1 0 5 .1 7
3 0 .3 6
4 2 .8 3
1 1 2 .2 7
4 4 .2 1
4 7 .3 3
9 9 .0 4
1 0 8 .7 2
3 7 .5 9
4 5 .0 8
9 7 .8 0
1 1 7 .8 5
4 5 .4 7
3 6 .7 1
1 1 7 .2 7
1 2 7 .1 1 1 2 2 .4 8
5 4 .5 3
4 3 .9 7 4 0 .3 4
1 0 7 .5 4 2 0 .4 6
(tre a tm e n t)
5 0 .0 0 9 .0 1
L S D o .0 5 ( m e a n )
1 8 .3 0
8 .7 1
L S D o .0 5 ( v a r i e t i e s )
1 2 .4 8
8 .0 6
34
V
T a b le
3 . E ffe c t on
of
n itro g e n
Rhizobium fix a tio n
in o c u la tio n a n d c h ic k e n m a n u re a p p lic a tio n
(k g N /h a ) a n d y ie ld (k g /h a ) o f tw o fe n u g re e k
c u ltiv a rs S h a m b a t s ite B a la d i
T re a tm e n t
E l-R a w a k e e b s ite
R u b a ta b
A m ount
o f n itro g e n
B a la d i
R u b a ta b
fix e d (k g N /h a )
N o in o c u la tio n
NA
NA
C h ic k e n m a n u re (7 to n s /h a )
2 0 .1
2 2 .0
In o c u la tio n
(E N R R I 1 1 )
4 9 .7
5 2 .4
1 4 .6
1 8 .6
1 1+ c h ic k e n m a n u re
1 5 .0 5 0 .4
5 8 .1
2 5 .7
5 5 .3
2 0 .2
2 2 .2 2 0 .4
4 9 .4
6 2 .5
2 6 .5
1 3 .7
6 4 .9
6 9 .9
3 4 .0
1 9 .5
5 7 .2
6 6 .2
3 0 .3
1 6 .6
ENNRI
M ean In o c u la tio n
(T A L 3 8 0 )
+ c h ic k e n
TA L 380
m a n u re
M ean
NA 1 0 .2 0
NA 1 1 .0
1 8 .6
1 1 .3
L S D o .0 5 ( m e a n )
1 3 .0
9 .0
L S D o .0 5 ( v a r i e t i e s )
1 2 .8
8 .7
LSD
0 .0 5
(tre a tm e n t)
A v e ra g e
s e e d y ie ld (k g /h a )
N o in o c u la tio n
5 7 1 .8
5 9 3 .7
5 1 7 .4
C h ic k e n m a n u re (7 to n s /h a y
6 0 9 .4
6 4 7 .5
6 3 9 .0
6 6 3 .1
5 9 0 .6
6 2 0 .6
5 7 8 .2
5 9 6 .1
8 6 3 .4 8 8 3 .4
7 5 7 .5 8 1 1 .8
7 3 7 .3
7 2 1 .1
8 7 3 .4
7 8 4 .7
8 3 5 .8 8 1 1 .4
7 7 0 .2
7 8 0 .1 7 9 0 .4
7 0 1 .8 7 1 4 .3
M ean In o c u la tio n ENNRI
(E N R R I
11)
1 1+ c h i c k e n m a n u r e
M ean In o c u la tio n TA L 380
(T A L 3 8 0 )
+ c h ic k e n
m a n u re
M ean LSD
8 4 7 .7 9 0 7 .4
7 5 5 .5 7 8 8 .2 7 1 .9
8 7 7 .5
8 1 9 .2
7 8 5 .3
7 0 8 .1
L S D o .0 5 ( m e a n )
1 5 0 .1 1 3 5 .4
1 1 7 .2 ' 1 0 0 .1
L S D o .0 5 ( v a r i e t i e s )
1 3 3 .4
9 2 .9
0 .0 5
(tre a tm e n t)
2 9 0 .0
• N A = N o t a p p lic a b le
35
T a b le
4 . In c re m e n t
in
c u ltiv a rs
in flu e n c e d
as
seed
y ie ld
(% )
over
c o n tro l
Rhizobium
by
o f tw o
in o c u la tio n
fe n u g re e k
and
c h ic k e n
m a n u re a p p lic a tio n
In c re m e n t in s e e d y ie ld (% ) T re a tm e n t
E l-R a w a k e e b
S h a m b a t s ite B a la d i
R u b a ta b
B a la d i
R u b a ta b
6 .6
9 .1
2 3 .5
2 5 ,4
5 l.1
2 7 .6
5 2 .2
3 6 .3
4 8 .2
2 8 .9
5 0 .8
3 2 .7
C h ic k e n m a n u re (7 to n s /h a )
In o c u la tio n
(E N R R I
In o c u la tio n
(T A L 3 8 0 )
s ite
11)
CONCLUSIONS B o th p ro d u c tio n s ite
e n c o u ra g e s
re s to rin g fe rtiliz e r
s tra in s
o f fe n u g re e k
Rhizobium
on
in o c u la n t
in b o th
fu rth e r
s tra in s
fo r
in v e s tig a tio n s
and
fo llo w in g
in o c u la te d
s o ils w ith
th e
th e
dem and
s o il to
d e c re a s in g
th e m
to
buy
e ffe c tiv e
in in c re a s in g
fo r
s e le c tin g
h ig h ly e ffe c tiv e
o f le g u m in o u s
c ro p s
and
la n d s b e s id e s e c o n o m iz in g o n
e v a d in g e n v iro n m e n ta l p o llu tio n . B e n e fic ia l e ffe c ts
in
c o n tin u o u s ly
be
p ro d u c tio n
s o il fe rtility o f s u c h d e s e rt-a ffe c te d n itro g e n
c ro p s
a llo w
to
s ite s . In c re a s e in y ie ld a t E I- R a w a k e e b
im p ro v in g
a p p re c ia te d
not
p ro v e d
le g u m e s
in c ro p
ro ta tio n
w ill b e
m uch
lo w n itro g e n c o n te n t, w h e re th e c o n trib u tio n o f fo r
n itro g e n
p u rc h a s in g enough
in
a g ric u ltu re
pow er
n itro g e n
d e m a n d fo r n itro g e n .
36
of
is v e ry lo w , a n d th e
s m a ll h o ld e r fa rm e rs d o e s
fe rtiliz e rs
to
s a tis fy
t h e s o i l 's
REFERENCESZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB A b d e lg a n i,
M . E .; E l s h e i k h ,
E.
o f EDCBA R h iz o b iu m
e ffe c t
A
E.
and
M u k h ta r, N . O . (1 9 9 9 ). T h e
in o c u la tio n a n d c h e m ic a l fe rtiliz a tio n o n s e e d
q u a l i t y o f f e n u g r e e k . F o o d C h e m i s t r y 6 4 ,2 8 9 - 2 9 3 .
A l i , M .; H o r i u c h i , fix a tio n
T.
and
and
M iy a g a w a ,
S . (1 9 9 7 ).
N o d u la tio n ,
n itro g e n
g r o w t h o f s o y b e a n p l a n t s ( G l y c i n e m a x M e r r .) i n s o i l
s u p p le m e n te d
w ith
c h itin a n d c h ito s a n . J a p a n e s e J o u r n a l o f C r o p
S c ie n c e 6 6 ( 1 ), 1 0 0 -1 0 7 .
B e rg e rse n ,
F .J
In :
(1 9 8 0 ). M e a su re m e n t
M e th o d s
B e rg e rse n ,
fo r
F J.
o f n itro g e n fix a tio n b y d ire c t m e a n s .
E v a lu a tin g
( e d .) .
B io lo g ic a l
N itr o g e n
F ix a tio n .
p p 6 5 - 1 1 0 . J o h n W i l e y a n d S o n s L t d ., N e w
Y o rk .
B o rd e le a u ,
L .M . a n d P r e v o s t , D . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . N o d u l a t i o n
a n d n itro g e n fix a tio n
in e x tre m e e n v iro n m e n ts . P la n t a n d S o il 1 6 1 , 1 1 5 -1 2 4 .
B ro c k w e ll,
J;
P ilk a ,
d e te rm in a n t
A
of
a n d H o l l i d a y , R .A
s o ils in c e n tra l N e w
J o u r n a l o f E x p e r im e n ta l
H .A S .
and
in o c u la tio n and
E ls h e ik h , E . A
U n iv e r s ity
by
S o u th
m e lilo ti
W a le s . A u s tr a lia n
3 1 , 2 1 1 -2 1 9 .
A g r ic u ltu r e
a s in flu e n c e d
n itro g e n .
S o il p H is a m a jo r
n u m b e rs o f n a tu ra lly o c c u rrin g R h iz o b iu m
in n o n -c u ltiv a te d
F o ra w i,
(1 9 9 1 ).
E . (1 9 9 5 ). R e s p o n s e o f fe n u g re e k to s a lin ity , s o il te x tu re , c h ic k e n m a n u re
o f K h a r to u m
Journal
o f A g r ic u ltu r a l
S c ie n c e s 3 (2 ), 7 7 -8 9 .
M a h d i,
AA
(1 9 9 3 ).
U n iv e r s ity
B io fe rtiliz e r
o f K h a r to u m
re se a rc h
Journal
of
in
th e
S u d a n -a
re v ie w .
A g r ic u ltu r a l S c ie n c e s
1 (1 ),
1 3 7 -1 5 3
M a rte n s s o n ,
A
fix in g fie ld
a n d W itte r, E . (1 9 9 0 ). T h e in flu e n c e o n b io lo g ic a l n itro g e n m ic ro o rg a n is m s
e x p e rim e n t,
B io lo g y
w ith
o f v a rio u s
s o il a m e n d m e n ts in a lo n g -te rm
s p e c ia l re fe re n c e
a n d B io c h e m is tr y
2 2 , 9 7 7 -9 8 2 .
37
to
sew age
s lu d g e . S o il
M u k h ta r,
N .O .
a n d A b u N a i b , S .A . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . B i o l o g i c a l n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n b y
fa b a b e a n , a re a s
le n til a n d
c h ic k
pea
in
S u d a n . I n : GFEDCBA N itr o g e n
o f th e
M e d ite r r a n e a n
D .P .
A g r ic u ltu r e .
th e tra d itio n a l v e rs u s th e n e w F ix a tio n
B eck
by
Legum es
in
th e
a n d L .A . M a t e r o n ( e d s .) .
p p 3 2 1 -3 2 9 . M a rtin o u s N ijh o ff, T h e N e th e la n d s .
P o i,
S .c .;
B asu,
T .K .;
e ffe c tiv e n e s s in o c u la n t
of
fo r
B e h a ri, K .
S riv a s ta v ,
A . (1 9 9 1 ). S y m b io tic
d iffe re n t s tra in s o f R h i z o b i u m
im p ro v e m e n t
fo e n u m g r a e c u m ).
R a s a l,
and
o f p ro d u c tiv ity
E n v ir o n m e n t
a n d E c o lo g y
m e l i l o t i in s e le c tin g
of
m e th i ( T r i g o n e l l a
9 ( 1 ) ,2 8 6 - 2 8 7 .
P .H . a n d P a t i l , P .L . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . A s t u d y o f i n o c u l u m l o a d o f R h i z o b i u m on
s o m e p u ls e s . J o u r n a l o f M a h a r a s h t r a
A g r ic u ltu r a l
U n iv e r s itie s
1 4 (2 ), 2 3 4 -2 3 5 .
S in g le to n ,
P .W .
and
le g u m e s
T a v a re s,
in re la tio n
J .W . ( 1 9 8 6 ) .
In o c u la tio n
re sp o n se
of
to th e n u m b e r a n d e ffe c tiv e n e s s o f in d ig e n o u s
p o p u la tio n s . A p p l i e d a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l M i c r o b i o l o g y
R h iz o b iu m
5 1 (5 ), 1 0 1 3 -1 0 1 8 .
S i n g l e t o n , P .W .; B o h l o o l , B .B . to
rh iz o b ia l
M y th s
S c ie n c e
and
in o c u la tio n S c ie n c e
S o c ie ty
of
a n d N a k a o , P .L . ( 1 9 9 2 ) . L e g u m e r e s p o n s e in th e tro p ic s : S o ils
o f A m e ric a
of
th e
m y th s
T r o p ic s .
a n d re a litie s . pp
1 3 5 -1 5 5 .
M e th o d s
P.
and
H oben,
S o il
a n d A m e ric a n S o c ie ty o f A g ro n o m y
( e d s .) . S p e c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n N o . 2 9 .
o m a se g a ra n ,
In :
H .J .
in L e g u m e -R h iz o b iu m
Y o rk .
38
(1 9 9 4 ).
.
H andbook
T e c h n o lo g y .
fo r
R h iz o b ia :
S p rin g e r-V e rla g , N e w
~,
c.:;9b,ool\
~i
&~Ij 1~1~ La:ic. (,j.J.}Jj 2.J\A.a
u
ul..ly.JI - ('.,b yJI
U\..)y.JI 39
~.l.o
~,
f'lk
, ~~ c.r.,ill jS.rJI :J.J ' '0..>.!...?JI~ Y"-: ~
1 2
