Underground Space Development in Comprehensive Transport Hubs ...

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ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 404 – 417

15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development”

Underground space development in comprehensive transport hubs in China Jian Jia a,*, Yingang Fang a a

Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co.,Ltd., China

Abstract

Along with the Chinese high – speed rail network taking shape, the transport hubs centered around high – speed rail stations appeared in some major cities in China. The development and construction of transport hubs usually integrate urban renewal with jointly development of both ground and underground space. Meanwhile, the transport hub is usually regarded as a “city flagship” promoting the regional economic growth. This study firstly analyzes the importance of underground space development in transport hubs. Then this study will focus on four comprehensive transport hub projects of which author was either leading or participating in the design, namely Lanzhou west rail station, Ningbo rail station, Chongqing west station, and Lanzhou Zhongchuan airport transport hubs. Based on those four projects, this study analyzes and summarizes the scale and components of underground space, transport interchange in transport hubs and so on. The summary and outlook of development of transport hubs and their importance in urban development will be presented in the end. 2016The TheAuthors. Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Urbanisation as aresponsibility Prerequisite of fortheSustainable Development. Prerequisite for Sustainable Development Keywords: comprehensive transportation hub, underground space development, transport interchange

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-021-35376103. E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.716

Jian Jia and Yingang Fang / Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 404 – 417

1. Introduction Along with economic development, a high - speed rail network is taking shape in China. At the end of 2015, the total length of high - speed rail is 18,000 kilometers, which is longest in the world. The “four horizontal and four vertical line” skeleton is well – established as shown in Figure 1.

Harbin Urumqi

Beijing Taiyuan Lanzhou Chengdu

Xuzhou Shanghai Ningbo

Wuhan

Chongqing Kunming Guangzhou Shenzhen

Fig. 1. The high – speed rail network in China.

As the construction of high - speed rails, the transport hubs centered around high - speed rail stations appeared in some major cities in China. Besides high – speed rail, a transport hub usually integrates other transport modes including subway, bus, taxicab, and even flight. The transport hub is usually regarded as an important “city flagship”, where passengers and cargo are exchanged between multiple transport modes. Therefore, according to the routine passenger volume, the associated service facilities are also developed around the transport hub (Jia, 2016). While focusing on the high - speed rail station, the design of the transport hub should consider incorporating urban renewal, connecting underground and ground transportations; and fusing high - speed rail, subway, and ground transportations. One the basis of the concept “zero transport interchange” and “seamless linkage”, utilizing and developing underground space in transport hub will maximize the social benefit. Meanwhile, due to the importance of a transport hub in the city public transportation, development of real estates around the transport hub will effectively facilitate the linkage and coordination between various city units and eventually realize Transit Oriented Development (TOD) (Calthorpe, 1993). 2. The importance of underground space development in transport hub During development of a transport hub, the joint planning and construction of ground and underground structures are important which will not only bridge split urban areas at two sides of the transport hub, but also enhance the transport interchange efficiency; maximize land use capacity; and organize the local underground space development. Bridging the split urban areas by railway The transport hub is usually adjacent to or even located at downtown area. Even though it was originally at the urban fringe area, it would be gradually merged into the range of downtown as expansion of the city. In the past, construction of railway splits the urban area into two parts creating inconvenience for urban development. The roads

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at two sides of the transport hub are not easily connected. However, now, through development of underground space in transport hub, on the basis of not affecting its functionality, will effectively enhance communications between two sides of the transport hub; remit the split of a city; and promote its coordinated development. Improving transport interchange efficiency The underground interchange hall and corridor will improve the connections among railway, subway, bus, taxi, and public parking systems which facilitates passengers to quickly arrive their destinations. Therefore, as accelerating passenger flow at transport hub, the underground interchange hall and corridor will also provide potentials for a “zero transport interchange” in transport hub. Maximizing land use capacity and reforming ground environment Accommodating many functions of transport hub into underground space will greatly increase spatial capacity; alleviate the demanding ground land use; and effectively improve land use rate. Meanwhile the ground can be used as public green space and pedestrian passageway which will eliminate disorder between pedestrians and vehicles and reform ground environment. Organizing regional underground space development The development of underground space in transport hub can be combined with the development of adjacent underground space, which will increase the comprehensive benefits of underground space development; establish the systematic underground space around transport hub; and motivate regional economic development. 3. Examples of underground space development in transport hubs in China This section will present four transport hubs in China, namely Lanzhou west rail station, Ningbo rail station, Chongqing west rail station and Lanzhou Zhongchuan airport transport hubs. For each project, this study will introduce and analyze the project overview and features, underground space development scale and components, and transport interchange in transport hub. 3.1. Lanzhou west rail station transport hub 3.1.1. Project overview The Lanzhou west rail station (see Figure 2) is an important hub station on high-speed rail line connecting Xuzhou, Lanzhou, and Urumqi in China, which is also a key transportation node for Chinese “the Belt and Road” economic development framework. This transport hub fuses multiple transportation facilities including rail station, metro station, bus station, public parking lot, taxicab stand, and tourist coach depot and also integrates public recreation, commercial, office, and hotel facilities, which is a multi – functional comprehensive transport hub.

Fig. 2. The architectural elevation rendering of Lanzhou west rail station.


The transport hub mainly consists of three components: north square and its associated underground space, rail station, and south square and its associated underground space (Figures 3 and 4). The total construction area is about 580,000 m2, of which the area of underground structure is 430,000 m2. Those three components are connected by a north – south 1000 m underpass as shown in Fig. 4. The total construction area of the rail station is 260,000m2 including three stories: two above floors and one underground floor. The rail station contains 13 platforms and 26 rail lines.

South Square

High-speed Rail station

North Square

Fig.3. The aerial view of Lanzhou west rail station transport hub.

Fig. 4. The cut-open view of Lanzhou west rail station transport hub.

3.1.2. Underground space development Underground space under rail station The rail station is a three-story building (see Photograph 1) following a “over-entering and down-out” streamline design. From top to bottom, they are the waiting room floor, platform floor, and exit floor respectively. And the exit

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floor is underground. The construction area of the exit floor is 52,000 m2. The center of exit floor is the corridor connecting north and south square basements as shown in Figure 4. Taxicab stands are built on both sides of the underpass. Through the corridor at exit floor (see Figure 5), the arrive passengers can walk to the transport interchange areas at north and south squares.

Fig. 5. The indoor scene of Lanzhou west rail station.

Fig. 6. The underground corridor at the exit floor.


South Square Rail station North Square

Parking lot

Commercial area Bus station Parking lot Corridor Parking lot Commercial area

Parking lot

Underpass Parking lot

Subway line1 Subway line2

Fig. 7. The perspective view of dissembled Lanzhou west rail station transport hub.

The arrive passengers can directly enter the rail station or public parking lot at both north and south square. The passengers at north square can reach the first underground floor through escalators to find the bus station. The passengers at south square can reach the ground floor through escalators to find bus station and long – distance coach station. While the north square and its underground space are mainly used for transport interchange, they also including some commercial and recreation areas (see Figure 5). The ground level is used for public green area and pedestrian passageway, below which the underground structure has three stories with a total construction area of 200,000 m2. The first underground floor is used for a bus station and commercial area. The second floor consists of a metro station, a public parking lot, a taxicab depot and commercial area. The third floor is used for public parking. The ground level of south square is used for public green area and pedestrian passageway. The ground bus station and long – distance coach station are located at two sides of the south square. The total underground construction area of south square is 120,000 m2 consisting of two stories: the first underground floor contains commercial area and a public parking lot; and the second underground floor includes commercial area, a public parking lot, a taxicab depot, and a metro station. The commercial area in transport hub accommodates delicacy street, characterized

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cuisines, and malls. Meanwhile several sunken plazas are built in commercial area to improve the pedestrian environment quality. The Lanzhou subway lines 1 and 2 pass through the transport hub as shown in Figure 5. The subway line 1 runs in the east and west direction passing beneath the north square. The subway line 2 is oriented north – south passing beneath the rail station, the north and south squares. The subway line 1 and 2 are cross intersected with each other under north square, where passengers can interchange between subway lines 1 and 2. In the three – story north square underground structure, the subway line 1 run through its third floor while the subway line 2 run through the second floor (the same level to the exit floor of rail station). The total construction area of those two metro stations is 50,000 m2. 3.2. Ningbo rail station transport hub 3.2.1. Project overview Ningbo rail station (see Figure 8) is an important transport hub on high-speed rail line connecting Shanghai and Shenzhen in China which is also the transit center of downtown, Ningbo. This transport hub integrates multiple transportation modes and implements the “zero transport interchange” design concept. While focusing on construction of Ningbo rail station, the transport hub also includes the associated facilities such as bus garage, taxicab depot, public parking systems, and local bus station at north and south squares. The rail station is highly integrated with surround roads creating a multi – scale spatial urban transport network.

Fig. 8. The architectural elevation rendering of Ningbo rail station.

The Ningbo rail station transport hub consists of three parts: north square and its associated underground space, rail station, south square and its associated underground space as shown in Figure 7. The total construction area is about 2,460,000 m2, of which construction area for underground space area is 150,000 m2. The rail station is a three - story building of which two stories are above ground and one story is underground. The rail station contains total 8 platforms and 16 rail lines. The north and south square contains ground pedestrian passageway, underground structures, Yongda underpass. The subway lines 2 and 4 pass beneath the rail station and north square as shown in Figure 9.


North Square

Metro Line 4

High-speed Rail station

Metro Line 2

South Square

Fig. 9. The plan view of Ningbo rail station transport hub.

3.2.2. Underground space development The underground space of the transport hub accommodates the exit floor of rail station, north and south square underground structures, and subway lines 2 and 4 (see Figure 10). The exit floor of rail station contains east and west exit halls at both sides and a north – south corridor in the middle. The total construction area of exit floor is 14,000 m2. The north – south corridor connects the underground space of north and south squares, through which passengers can quick walk to north and south squares and interchange to other transportations.

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South Square Rail station

North Square Bus garage

Parking lot Taxicab depot

Taxicab depot Parking lot

Corridor

Interchange hall Subway station platforms Subway line4

Subway line2

Fig. 10. The perspective view of dissembled Ningbo rail station transport hub.

The underground structure of north square has one story with a total construction area of 30,000 m2. It includes north square interchange hall, a pedestrian underpass, commercial area, and a public parking lot and a taxicab depot. The underground structure of south square also has one story with a total construction area of 50,000 m2. It contains south square interchange hall, a public parking lot, a taxicab depot, and a bus garage. Meanwhile Yongda underpass is built below the south square interchange hall which connects the ground transportations of east and west sides of south square. The Ningbo subway line 2 is oriented north – south through the whole transport hub and interchanged with rail station at the exit floor. The Ningbo subway line 4 runs beneath the north square in the east and west direction. Considering the necessity of interchange between subway lines 2 and 4, a two – story interchange station is built under the one - story north square underground structure, which constitutes the three – story underground interchange center. The total construction area of the subway stations is 50,000 m2. 3.3. Chongqing west station transport hub 3.3.1. Project overview Chongqing west station (see Figure 11) is an important hub station in the high-speed rail line connecting Nanjing and Chengdu. Once finished, it will become the largest transport hub at the western area of China. Chongqing west station transport hub is a multi – functional comprehensive transport hub integrating various transport modes such as rail station, metro station, bus station, public parking lot, and taxicab depot. It also includes recreation, commercial, office, and hotel facilities.


Fig. 11. The architectural elevation rendering of Chongqing west rail station.

Chongqing west station transport hub contains two components: rail station and station square with its associated underground space as shown in Figure 10. The total construction area is about 530,000m2 of which the construction area for underground structure is 360,000 m 2. The total construction area for rail station is about 200,000 m2 containing 15 platforms and 31 rail lines. The station square is located at the eastern side of rail station building. The subway line 5 and the circle line pass beneath station square in the north – south direction as shown in Figure 12.

Fig. 12. The cut-open view of Chongqing west rail station transport hub.

3.3.2. Underground space development The underground structures of transport hub include exit floor of rail station, underground structure of station square, and subway. Their construction areas are 32,000 m2, 288,000 m2, and 42,000 m2. The underground structure of station square has three stories as shown in Figure 11: the first floor includes a public parking lot, a bus station, a long – distance coach station, and commercial area; the second floor is used for public parking, commercial area, interchange hall, and metro station hall; and the third floor is metro station platforms.

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Fig. 13. The perspective view of dissembled Chongqing west rail station transport hub.

The exit floor of rail station is at the same elevation to the second underground floor of station square. Therefore, passengers at exit floor can quickly walk through corridor to interchange hall to transfer to subway line 5 and circle line, and can also reach first underground floor and ground level to change to bus, long – distance coach and taxicab. 3.4. Lanzhou Zhongchuan international airport transport hub 3.4.1. Project overview Lanzhou Zhongchuan international airport is a secondary hub airport in the Chinese north – west area, which is also the capital airport of Gansu Provence in China. The Terminal 2 (T2) of Zhongchuan airport has been open since February 2, 2015. At the end of 2015, the inter - city rail connecting Lanzhou and Zhongchuan was open to use. The Zhongchuan international airport transport hub is located between the T2 and Zhongchuan inter - city rail station (see Figure 14), which integrates various transport modes including long – distance coach, bus, taxicab, airport shuttle, and public vehicle as shown in Figure 15. It is a typical example fusing road transport, rail transport, and air transport. The difficulty in arrangement of multiple transportations was overcome by development of underground space in transport hub. The transport hub includes a two – story interchange center and two public parking structures. The total construction area is 1,160,000 m2 of which the construction area of underground structure is 50,000 m2.


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Fig. 14. The aerial view of Lanzhou Zhongchuan airport transport hub.

Fig.15. The sectional view of Lanzhou Zhongchuan airport transport hub.

3.4.2. Underground space development The two – story interchange center has one ground floor and one underground floor. The ground floor has the same elevation to the airport as shown in Figure 13. The underground floor consists of an underpass for transport hub and an interchange area to other public transportations. The underground floor includes a platform for taxicab stands, two land platforms for long – distance coach, airport shuttle, and public bus, and four vehicle lanes of which one is reserved for VIP and the rest are for public vehicles. A gate is kept in T2 for future development of a pedestrian tunnel between T2 and T3. The ground floor of interchange center connects the first floor of T2 building and waiting room of inter - city rail station as shown in Figure 13. The underground floor includes taxicab stands, long – distance coach station, bus station, and airport shuttle stops. The passengers can interchange between flight and train directly at the ground floor or change to other ground transportations at the underground floor as shown in Figure 14. This design has several advantages such as the passenger flow and vehicle flow are reasonably separated; the walk distance for interchange is greatly shorten; and a conformable interchange experience is fostered.

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Fig. 16. The interchange map of Lanzhou Zhongchuan airport transport hub.

Additionally, this transport hub features the introduction of natural daylights into underground floor and creation of a comfortable and natural underground environment. Six skyline windows are installed at roof of underground floor. Those skyline windows extend to the roof of ground floor to collect daylight through mosaic steel trusses which look like “growing sun valleys”. The aesthetic mosaic steel truss not only delivers daylight from roof the ground floor to underground floor but also ventilate the vehicle exhaust in underground space to ensure the fresh and clear air of underground floor and improve the environmental quality of the whole transport hub (Figure 17 and 18).

Fig. 17. Ground floor of interchange center

Fig. 18. Underground floor of interchange center

4. Conclusions Above four projects indicate that as development of high – speed rail network, besides Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, the other major cities in China are constructing transport hubs centered around high – speed rail station. Meanwhile, construction of transport hubs is usually combining with reformation and development of surrounding urban area, effective utilizing of underground space, and eventually stimulating the coordinated development of both rail station and city. The underground space development in transport hub has many benefits such as maximize the land use efficiency; optimize the layout of various facilities; increase the transport interchange efficiency; improve the ground environment; enhance the connection of split urban areas by railway; foster a convenient and comfortable travel experience; improve the functionality of transportation hub and benefit the society.


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While mainly for passenger and cargo transport and exchange, the transport hub is also an important “city flagship”. Therefore, it should be consistence with the local culture and urban planning. The development of transport hub can promote the local commercial upgrade and development which will further stimulates the urban economic development. To reach that goal, the development and construction of transport hub must match the local development planning, and the ground and underground facilities should be compatible. Meanwhile, taking advantage of the passenger flow introduced by transport hub, enhancing the integration of various urban units and distinct economic development, improving the transportations between transport hub and other districts, the upgrade of transport hub from “city flagship” to more important “city center” can be realized. References [1] J. Jia, Design of Underground complexes. Tongji University Press, Shanghai, 2016. [2] P. Calthorpe, The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1993.