The Network Planning and Development Process basically deals with translating ..... Developments on new domain name structures are also taking place.
UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM Submitted by
Md. Shariful Islam
Khan Nahid Hasan
ID:EECE090100070
ID:EECE090100070
Supervised by
Ashraful Arefin Sr. Lecturer Electrical & Electronic Engineering
December 2013 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
NORTHERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH
APPROVAL The thesis titled, “Universal Mobile Telecommunication System” submitted by Md. Shariful Islam (ID: EECE 090100070) & Khan Nahid Hasan (ID: EECE 090100070) Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, has been accepted as satisfactory for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Engineering) in
Electronics and Communication
Engineering under Northern University Bangladesh and approved as to its style and contents.
Board of Examination ______________________________________________ Ashraful Arefin (Supervisor) Sr. Lecturer Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Northern University Bangladesh
______________________________________________ Lecturer Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Northern University Bangladesh
______________________________________________ Lecturer Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Northern University Bangladesh
_______________________________________________ Professor Dr. Md. Shah Alam Head Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Northern University Bangladesh i
DECLARATION We do hereby cordially declare that the work presented in the project report has been carried out by us under the supervision of Ashraful Arefin, Sr. Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Northern University of Bangladesh. We have tried our best to make the report complete with accurate information and relevant data. We hope, will be able to satisfy all the people as well as the NUB Authority for whom the report has been prepared. We also declare that neither this report nor any part thereof has been submitted elsewhere for the award any degree or diploma from any Institute/Organization/University.
Signature
Countersigned
……………………. _________________________________________ Ashraful Arefin (Supervisor) Sr. Lecturer Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Northern University Bangladesh
Md. Shariful Islam ID: EECE 090100070 Dept. of EECE
……………………….. Khan Nahid Hasan ID: EECE 090100070 Dept. of EECE
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly we offer millions thanks to the Almighty Allah, who has given us strength to complete of this thesis successfully. In the world no work has been completed smoothly where there is no guidance and help. We are greatly indebted to our supervisor, Ashraful Arefin, Sr. Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Northern University of Bangladesh for his encouragement, co-operation, continuous guidance and valuable suggestion in all stages of the study and preparation of this project report. Our respect is also to him for his wisdom, guidance , supervision and faithful discussion with us throughout the work. He not only agree to supervise the project wholeheartedly, but also from the beginning of our study here. He supported us with incessant generosity. We would also like to extend our warmest thanks to as well as the officers and stuffs related to our departmental laboratories.
Finally we would also like to thank of our parents, to our family and friends, teachers of the department for their invaluable encouragement and giving us the opportunity to do this project work.
Md. Shariful Islam & Khan Nahid Hasan December 2013
iii
ABSTRACT As the information Society burgeons in the early years of the new millennium, users of data and multimedia telecommunications services will expect and demand that these same services will continue to be available to them when they move away from their desks, offices or homes. Multimedia services allow the delivery of a rich variety of audio, visual and text-based information in addition to basic voice. Current wireless or mobile systems, despite their evolution, are still constrained in terms of the data rate they can offer and their flexibility to manipulate complex, yet user friendly multimedia services. This need presents the opportunity to the mobile radio, Information Technology and consumer electronics communities to offer to users something new such as, a mobile system capable of managing and delivering a much wider range of information services to the mass market. A new mobile system for worldwide use is now being developed to enhance and supersede current systems.
The thesis based on Third generation mobile telecommunication world wide system.UMTS is a 3G cellular-system technology capable of providing multi-mobile services with multi-operators supporting a wide range. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is an umbrella term that encompasses the third generation (3G) radio technologies.
The Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System represents a complete system. That means, it includes cell phones (and other mobile equipment), the radio infrastructure needed to provide call and data session services, the core network equipment for transporting user calls and data, the billing systems, and the security systems, among others. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard. It was developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project).Third-generation systems are designed to include not only traditional phone tasks such as calls, voice mail, and paging, but also new technology tasks such as Internet access, video, and SMS,(Short message service) or text messaging, high-speed access to the World Wide Web - either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared or USB(Universal Serial Bus).
It has many advantages but costly, allover it makes a great evolution for wireless communication at worldwide. iv
Table of Contents Page no Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Execution summary
1
1.2 Background
2
1.3 Advantages of UMTS
2
1.4 Fearers of UMTS
3
1.5 Elements of this opportunity include
3
1.6 History
4
Chapter 2 System Architecture 2.1 Universal Telecommunication Radio Access 2.2 UTRAN Architectures
8
2.3 Power control system
10
8
Chapter 3 Network Planning and Development Process
11
3.1 The Node B
12
3.2 Network provisioning process
12
3.3 Network inventory management process
12
3.4 Radio Access Network
13
3.5 Core network
14
3.6 Network maintenance
14
3.7 Network data management process
15
3.8 Satellite system
15
3.9 Broadband satellite system
15
3.10 Smart antennas
15 15
v
Chapter 4 Call setup
16
4.1 Quality of service
17
4.2 Frequency
17
4.3 Bandwidth
18
4.4 UMTS codes
19
4.5 Channel multiplexing structure
19
4.6 Synchronization
20
4.7 Compressed mode
21
4.8 Virtual Home Environment(VHE)
21
4.9 Interoperability and global roaming
22
4.10 Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS
22
Chapter 5 23
UMTS management process 5.1 UMTS management reference model
23
5.2 UMTS management infrastructure
24
5.3 TWN
24
5.4 Interfaces of NEs
25
5.5 Customer interface process
25
5.6 Sales process
25
5.7 Customer care and billing system
26
5.8 Problem handling process
26
5.9 Service planning and development process 5.10 Service quality management process
26
5.11 USIM cards/smart cards
26
5.12 API and development toolbox
27
5.13 Mobility and coverage
27
5.14 UMTS location based services
27
26
Chapter 6 29
Internet protocol(IP) compatibility 6.1 Media formats and codec’s
30
6.2 UMTS security
31 vi
6.3 Radio technology for all environments
33
6.4 Disadvantages of 1st generation
33
nd
6.5 Disadvantages of 2 generation
33
Discussion Recommendation
34
Conclusion
34
Concluding Remarks
34
References
35
Related Websites
35
vii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
As the information Society burgeons in the early years of the new millennium, users of data and multimedia telecommunications services will expect and demand that these same services will continue to be available to them when they move away from their desks, offices or homes. Multimedia services allow the delivery of a rich variety of audio, visual and text-based information in addition to basic voice. Current wireless or mobile systems, despite their evolution, are still constrained in terms of the data rate they can offer and their flexibility to manipulate complex, yet user friendly multimedia services. This need presents the opportunity to the mobile radio, Information Technology and consumer electronics communities to offer to users something new such as, a mobile system capable of managing and delivering a much wider range of information services to the mass market. A new mobile system for worldwide use is now being developed to enhance and supersede current systems. It will be an enhanced digital system and will provide universal communications to anyone, regardless of their whereabouts. It will allow for wireless Internet access, videoconferencing, and other wide-bandwidth applications. Although UMTS will be a major step forward for both customers and technology, there is little time to develop and implement commercial standards. For example, Japan plans to launch its UMTS network in the year 2000, and the United Kingdom wants its UMTS radio interface working alongside and enhancing GSM networks by the year 2002. 1.1 Executive Summary UMTS is a 3G cellular-system technology capable of providing multi-mobile services with multi-operators supporting a wide range. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is an umbrella term that encompasses the third generation (3G) radio technologies. 1
The technology described in UMTS is sometimes also referred to as Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) or 3GSM. opportunity to the mobile radio, Information Technology and consumer electronics communities to offer to users something new such as, a mobile system capable of managing and delivering a much wider range of information services to the mass market. The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System represents a complete system. That means, it includes cell phones (and other mobile equipment), the radio infrastructure needed to provide call and data session services, the core network equipment for transporting user calls and data, the billing systems, and the security systems, among others.
1.3 Background Of UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard. It was developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). Third-generation systems are designed to include not only traditional phone tasks such as calls, voice mail, and paging, but also new technology tasks such as Internet access, video, and SMS,(Short message service) or text messaging, high-speed access to the World Wide Web - either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared or USB(Universal Serial Bus).
1.3 Advantages of UMTS UMTS offers a consistent set of services to mobile computer and phone users, no matter where they are located in the world. Each place on the earth can be linked to the internet with the WAN connections just named. 2
Bonding creates availability and high bandwidth. Users will have access through a combination of terrestrial wireless and satellite transmissions. UMTS are designed to include not only traditional phone but also new technology tasks such as video calling, multimedia at data rates up to 2mbps, high speed access to the world wide web-either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth. The higher bandwidth of UMTS also enables other new services like video conferencing or IPTV. The downloading and uploading speeds are up to21 mbps and 5.7 mbps respectively.
1.4 Features of UMTS UMTS is planned to be the next generation of mobile phone system. There is not very much to show for it in practical terms just at the moment, but a large investment is being made to make it a reality. UMTS will provide basic services as with GSM, i.e. voice, SMS, roaming and billing. The UMTS is capable of providing multi-mobile services with multi-operators supporting a wide range of global mobile-communication standards. It will initially focus on "Services" and "Systems Architecture" and will include the full IP vision for UMTS. Interpersonal communication including audio and video telephony. Intelligence services including unified messaging, voice- mail, chat. Sharing spectrum resources between network operators, both public and private, in city areas. UMTS supports maximum theoretical data transfer rates of 42 Mbit/s when HSPA+ is implemented in the network. These speeds are significantly faster than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel, multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD and 14.4 kbit/s for CDMA One channels. Distribution of information through internet. 3
Location-based services including personal navigation. Business services. Mass services.
1.5 Elements of this opportunity include An industry-wide and government commitment across the world. A coordinated program including spectrum, standards, and technology. Synergy of communications, IT and media working to bring about global Opportunities for businesses and consumers, while creating new ways of doing Business, entertaining and informing. To support unique mobile services such as navigation, vehicle location, and road traffic information services, which will become increasingly important in world market. To allow the system terminal to be used anywhere, in the home, the office, and in the public environments, both in rural areas and city centers. 1.6 History In January1998, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) decided on a single air interface standard for the proposed Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The system is one of the major new Third Generation mobile systems being developed within the framework which has been defined by the
International
Telecommunications
Union (ITU) and known as IMT-2000. It has been the subject of intense worldwide efforts on research and development throughout the past decade. The system has the support of many major telecommunications operators and manufacturers because it represents a unique opportunity to create a mass market for highly personalized and user friendly mobile access to the Information Society. The system seeks to build on and extend the capability of today‟s mobile, cordless and satellite technologies by providing increased capacity, data capability and a far greater range of services using an innovative radio access scheme and an enhanced, evolving core network (Struthers, 1998). The key difference between this system and previous mobile (wireless) systems, such as GSM, is that the earlier systems were conceptually separate from the fixed (wire line) telephone network. The goal of this system is to integrate wire line and wireless 4
systems to provide a universal communications service, such that a user can move from place to place maintaining access to the some set of services. To meet the deadline, the ETSI is following a phased approach allowing its capabilities to improve over time following its introduction. At launch, terrestrial UMTS will have the capability for datarates up to 2Mbp/s, but it is designed as an open system which can evolve later on to incorporate new technologies as they are being standardized.
The UMTS revised vision and ETSI‟s basic standard studies were started in 1996. The operative research was conducted from 1996 to early 1998. The basic UMTS parameters were freeze in late 1997. The national license was granted in March of 1998. The phase one standard has been developed since early 1998 and according to the schedule, this standard will be developed by year 2000. The pre-operational trial is anticipated in 2001. According to the article, the system will be available for commercial uses in 2002
Figure 1.1 UMTS vs GSM market share projection
5
We live in technological age where innovative techniques in telecommunications continue to allow us to move forward into a mobile world, allowing effortless portability of information. Since the early 1990's market leaders such as Siemens have been developing and improving 3rd generation (3G) telecommunications standards in order to provide bandwidths that would allow high quality video transmissions. One of their aims was to define a world wide accepted standard to give users international wireless coverage area of service. The result of this gave rise to UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), as defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). UMTS technology is a further development of the second generation GSM (Global System for Mobile) communication standard. It uses a new transfer procedure for wireless data transfer between a mobile phone and a base station. UMTS aims to provide a broadband, packet-based service for transmitting video, text, digitized voice, and multimedia at data rates of up to 2 megabits per second while remaining cost effective. UMTS is built on top of the existing GSM infrastructure and integrates both packet and circuit data transmission. The design allows UMTS to be used in parallel with GSM therefore allowing reception in areas where UMTS has not yet been fully implemented. Integration of these two components leads to a smooth transition into UMTS, so GSM is still very important and will continue to run in parallel for some years to come (as shown in the graph below). UMTS separates itself from GSM by using different frequency bands. With its fast transmission rates UMTS offers a wide array of multimedia services and parallel applications such as surfing the web while still talking on the phone. The world wide roaming access provided by UMTS is implemented using a combination of cell sizes, giving service to the isolated regions of the world. The cells are "In building" Pico cells, "Urban" Micro cells, "Suburban" Macro cells and "Global" World cells. FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex) are the two operating modes that allow users to avail from this wide spectrum of usage. The FDD mode is appropriate for general urban and rural areas and uses W-CDMA to provide data rates of up to 384 Kbit/s with high mobility. TDD is suited for hot spots and general urban areas. It uses TD-CDMA, and operates in Pico and Micro cell environments. Mobility is low but data rates are high (2 Mbit/s). As TDD allows for 6
asymmetric access mobile operators can offer mobile broadband data service in areas of high density such as office complexes. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is an access procedure that enables multiple participants to telephone simultaneously via a single base station, while their conversations are kept separate. UMTS utilizes CDMA as it is far better suited for fast data stream transfer.
7
CHAPTER 2
System Architecture
Functionally these elements are grouped into the Radio Access Network (RAN, UMTS Terrestrial RAN - UTRAN) and the Core Network (CN). The UTRAN handles all radio-related functionality. Whereas, the CN is responsible for switching and routing calls and data connections to external networks. The system is completed by the User Equipment (UE) or 3G terminal, which interfaces with the user and the radio interface. The high-level architecture is shown in Figure 1.1
Figure 2.1 UMTS System Architecture From a specification and standardization point of view, both UE and UTRAN consist of completely new protocols, the designs of which are based on the needs of the new WCDMA radio technology. On the contrary, the definition of CN is adopted from GSM.
This gives the system with new radio technology a global base of known and rugged CN technology that accelerates and facilities its introduction, and enables such competitive
8
advantages as global roaming. The UMTS is modular in the sense that it is possible to have several network elements of the same type. In principle, the minimum requirement for a fully featured and operational network is to have at least one logical network element of each type. The possibility of having several entities of the same type allows the division of the UMTS into sub-networks that are operational either on their own or together with other sub-networks, and that are distinguished from each other with unique identities. Such a sub-network is called a UMTS Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). Typically, one PLMN is operated by a single operator, and is connected to other PLMNs as well as to other types of network, such as ISDN, PSTN, the internet, and so on. Figure 1.1 shows elements in a PLMN and, in order to illustrate the connections, also external networks.
2.1 Universal Telecommunication Radio Access (UTRA) The ETSI decision in January 1998 on the radio access technique for UMTS combined two technologies. The W-CDMA for paired spectrum bands and TD-CDMA for unpaired band². The idea was that to develop a common standard. This approach ensures an optimum solution for all the different operating environments and service needs. The transmission rate capability of UTRA will provide at least 144 Kbit/s for full mobility applications in all environments, 384 Kbit/s for limited mobility applications in the macro and micro cellular environments, and 2.048 Mbit/s for low mobility applications particularly in the micro environments. The 2.048 Mbits/s rate may also be available for short range or packet applications in the macro cellular environment, depending on deployment strategies, radio network planning and spectrum availability.
9
2.2 UTRAN Architecture
Figure 2.2 UTRAN architecture UTRAN consists of one or more Radio Network Sub-systems (RNSs). An RNS is a sub-network within UTRAN and consists of one RNC and one or more Node Bs. RNCs may be connected to each other via an Iur interface. RNCs and Node Bs are connected with an Iub Interface. During Release 7, work study on the support of small RNSs was done, meaning use of co-located RNC and Node B functionalities in a flat architecture, and that was found feasible without mandatory specification changes.
A full setup used to contains: a cabinet, an antenna mast and actual antenna. An equipment cabinet contain, for instance, power amplifiers, digital signal processors, back-up batteries and air conditioner equipments. A Node B can serve several cells, also called sectors, depending on the configuration and also on the type of antenna. The most common configuration includes Omni cell (360°), 3 sectors (3x120°) or 6 sectors
(3 sectors 120° wide overlapping with 3 sectors of different frequency). The Radio Network Controller (RNC) The RNC is the network element responsible for the control of the radio resources of UTRAN. It interfaces the CN (normally to one MSC and one SGSN) and also terminates the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol that defines the messages and procedures between the mobile and UTRAN. It logically corresponds to the GSM BSC. The RNC controlling one Node B (i.e. terminating the Iub interface towards the Node B) is indicated as the Controlling RNC (CRNC) of the Node B. The CRNC is responsible for the load and congestion control of its own cells, and also executes the admission control and code allocation for new 10
radio links to be established in those cells. In case one mobile-UTRAN connection uses resources from more than one RNS, the RNCs involved have two separate logical roles: Serving RNC (SRNC). The SRNC for one mobile is the RNC that terminates both the Iu link for the transport of user data and the corresponding RAN application part (RANAP)signaling to/from the CN (this connection is referred to as the RANAP connection). The SRNC also terminates the R RC1 Signaling, i.e. the signaling protocol between the UE and UTRAN. It performs the L2 processing of the data to/from the radio interface. Basic Radio Resource Management operations, such as the mapping of Radio Access Bearer (RAB) parameters into air interface transport channel parameters, the handover decision, and outer loop power control, are executed in the SRNC. The SRNC may also be the CRNC of some Node B used by the mobile for connection with UTRAN. One UE connected to UTRAN has one and only one SRNC. 2.3 Power control system
Figure 2.3 Power control system It command the mobile station to lower or increase its lower (in which the mobile causes increased interference to other cells)
The command-react cycle is 1500 times per second for each mobile station (faster than any fading mechanism) Also used in DL (no near-far problem however);all signals originate from the same BS Desirable to provide additional to mobiles closed to the cell edge.
11
Open loop power control: is the ability of the UE transmitter to sets its output power to a specific value. It is used for setting initial uplink and downlink transmission powers when a UE is accessing the network. The open loop power control tolerance is ± 9 dB (normal conditions) or ± 12 dB (extreme conditions)
.
Inner loop power control (also called fast closed loop power control) in the uplink is the ability of the UE transmitter to adjust its output power in accordance with one or more Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands received in the downlink, in order to keep the received uplink Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) at a given SIR target. The UE transmitter is capable of changing the output power with a step size of 1, 2 and 3 dB, in the slot immediately after the TPC_cmd can be derived. Inner loop power control frequency is 1500Hz.
12
CHAPTER 3
Network Planning and Development Process
The Network Planning and Development Process basically deals with translating service and capacity requests into implementation plans. Typically it covers the following functions: validate and implement new service descriptions against network capabilities (if current network can not meet the request but upgrade and/or additional equipment can make it feasible, it might be possible to initiate the ordering process to the suppliers); allocate more capacity based on service planning/configuration and/or network information (performance etc.).It ensures that the requests can be properly installed, monitored, controlled and billed in the network. It also ensures that the capacity is enough to meet the estimations. In implementing the requests, this process might sub-contract capacity and/or capability of other network operators.
Figure 3.1 UMTS network architecture 13
3.1 The Node B
The Node B converts the data flow between the Iub and Uu interfaces. It also participates in radio resource management. It logically corresponds to GSM Base Station but the term “Node B” was initially adopted as a temporary term during the standardization process and then never changed. Traditionally, the Node Bs have minimum functionality, and are controlled by an RNC. However, this is changing with the emergence of High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), where some logic (e.g. retransmission) is handled on the Node B for lower response times. The utilization of WCDMA technology allows cells belonging to the same or different Node Bs and even controlled by different RNC to overlap and still use the same frequency (the effect is utilized in soft handovers). Since WCDMA often operates at higher frequencies than GSM, the cell range is considerably smaller compared to GSM cells, and, unlike in GSM, the cells' size is not constant (a phenomenon known as "cell breathing"). This requires a larger number of Node Bs and careful planning in 3G networks. Power requirements on Node Bs and UE are much lower.
3.2 Network Provisioning Process
The Network Provisioning Process basically deals with the network configuration, ensuring that the capacity and functionality is ready for provisioning planned services. Typically it covers the following functions: (re-)configuration of the network, including the topology and connectivity based on service and network planning requests; re-configuration of the network based on network maintenance plans and/or network events (faults, performance etc.); (re-)configuration of network terminations to satisfy service
instances
of
specific
customers;
start
the
testing
and
monitoring
(usage/performance) processes in the network that are needed and relevant to its function.
14
3.3 Network Inventory Management Process
The Network Inventory Management Process is responsible of all administrative and operational information of all network elements in the network, including spare parts and software versions. Typically it covers the following functions: installation and validation of all NEs and associated equipment of the physical network; administration of all NEs and associated equipment of the physical network; repairing and upgrading of all the NEs and associated equipment of the physical network; guarantee the alignment of the inventory repository with the actual NEs and associated equipment of the physical network.
3.4 Radio access network
Figure 3.2 Radio Access Network UMTS also specifies the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands. The UE (User Equipment) interface of the RAN (Radio Access Network) primarily consists of RRC (Radio Resource Control), RLC (Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements, radio bearer services, 15
security and handover decisions. RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes—Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles TCP operation whereas UM operation resembles UDP operation. MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) configured parameters. The set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties decides the maximum allowed data in a TTI (Transmission Time Interval). Signaling messages are sent on Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and data packets (either CS or PS) are sent on data RBs. RRC and NAS messages go on SRBs. Security includes two procedures: integrity and ciphering. Integrity validates the resource of messages and also makes sure that no one (third/unknown party) on the radio interface has modified the messages.
3.5 Core network
Figure 3.3 Core Network With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM/EDGE. This allows a simple migration for existing GSM operators.
16
The CN can be connected to various backbone networks, such as the Internet or an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) telephone network. UMTS (and GERAN) include the three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G (PCS) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators have, however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range for 3G services, together with a different range around 1700 MHz for the uplink. UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portable—they have been designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). In addition, almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, so if a UMTS phone travels outside of UMTS coverage during a call the call may be transparently handed off to available GSM coverage. Roaming charges are usually significantly higher than regular usage charges.
3.6 Network Maintenance and Restoration Process The Network Maintenance and Restoration Process its responsible for maintaining the operational quality of the network, in accordance with required network performance goals. Typically it covers the following functions: planning and triggering of preventive actions (e.g. scheduled routine tests); responding to fault/performance degradation conditions by taking the appropriate corrective actions; determine the cause and impact of the problems found.
3.7 Network Data Management Process
The Network Data Management Process basically deals with collecting, registration and preprocessing of data and events of the network. This information might be used for performance evaluation, traffic analysis and billing.
17
3.8 Satellite Systems At initial service launch in 2002, the satellite component of UMTS will be able to provide a global coverage capability. These dateline systems are planned to be implemented using the Sband Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) frequency allocations identified for satellite IMT2000 and will provide services compatible with the terrestrial UMTS systems . 3.9 Broadband Satellite Systems
Several broadband satellite systems are also planned for deployment in the post 2002 timeframe, to offer data rates beyond 2Mb/s and into the Gigabits domain. Some of these systems may offer compatibility with UMTS service concepts using satellite frequency allocations in the 20.30 GHz range. The requirements of the terminal equipment and higher power consumption will necessitate larger size transportable or fixed terminals.
3.10 Smart Antennas
Smart antennas react intelligently to the received radio signal, continually modifying their parameters to optimize the transmitted and received signal. This allows them to:
Increase coverage and capacity by reducing interference between adjacent mobiles
Offer space division multiple access, where frequencies are assigned on a permobile rather than a per-cell basis allowing vastly increased capacity
Enable user location in space, allowing the introduction of advanced location based services.
18
Figure 3.6 UMTS - Maps-Web architecture
19
CHAPTER 4
Call setup Call setup figure given below
Figure 4.1 Call Setup:
20
4.1 Quality of Service Network Services are considered end-to-end, this means from a Terminal Equipment (TE) to another TE. An End-to-End Service may have a certain Quality of Service (QoS) which is provided for the user of a network service. It is the user that decides whether he is satisfied with the provided QoS or not. To realize a certain network QoS a Bearer Service with clearly defined characteristics and functionality is to be set up from the source to the destination of a service. A bearer service includes all aspects to enable the provision of a contracted QoS. These aspects are among others the control signaling, user plane transport and QoS management functionality. A UMTS bearer service layered architecture is depicted below, each bearer service on a specific layer offers it's individual services using services provided by the layers below.
Figure 4.2 QoS Architecture
4.2 Frequencies Here is the summary of UMTS frequencies: 1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An Operator needs 3 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network. 1900-1920 and 2010-2025 MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in frequency.1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and downlink. 21
Figure 4.3 UMTS frequencies
4.3 Bandwidth
22
Figure 4.3 Bandwidth 4.4 Main UMTS Codes Here us a summary of the main UMTS FDD codes: Synchronisation Channelisation Codes Codes Gold Codes
Type
Length
Duration
Primary Synchronization Codes (PSC) and Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC)
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes sometimes called Walsh Codes
256 chips
4-512 chips 1.04 µs 133.34 µs
66.67 µs
Scrambling Codes, UL ComplexValued Gold Code Segments (long) or ComplexValued S(2) Codes (short) Pseudo Noise (PN) codes
Scrambling Codes, DL ComplexValued Gold Code Segments Pseudo Noise (PN) codes
38400 chips / 256 chips
38400 chips
10 ms / 66.67 µs
10 ms
16,777,216
512 primary / 15 secondary for each primary code
Number of codes
1 primary code / 16 secondary codes
= spreading factor 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL
Spreading
No, does not change bandwidth
Yes, increases bandwidth
No, does not change bandwidth
No, does not change bandwidth
To enable terminals to locate and synchronise to the cells' main control channels
UL: to separate physical data and control data from same terminal DL: to separate connection to different terminals in a same cell
Separation of terminal
Separation of sectors
Usage
4.5 Channel Multiplexing Structure This is a short overview how data stream is modified during processing in layer 2 and 1 in downlink direction. Uplink coding is done in a similar way. Ciphering happens in RCL or MAC-d part of the layer 2. f8 algorithm gets five inputs to 23
generate a key stream block that is ciphered by binary addition to a data stream. Channel coding separates different down link connection to users within a cell. In the uplink direction Channel coding is used for separation of physical data and control channels. Half-rate and 1/3-rate convolution coding is used for low data rates, turbo coding is used for higher bit rates. Channel coding includes the spreading. Rate matching is dynamic frame-by-frame operation and done either by puncturing or by repetition of the data stream. Interleaving is done in two stages. It is first done by inter-frame and then by intra-frame.
Figure 4.4 Channel Multiplexing Structure 4.6 Synchronization Different UTRAN synchronization required in a 3G network:
Network synchronization Node synchronization Transport channel synchronization Radio interface synchronization 24
Time alignment handling
Figure 4.5 Synchronization Issues Model 4.7 Compressed Mode During inter-frequency handover the UE‟s must be given time to make the necessary measurements on the different WCDMA carrier frequency. 1 to 7 slots per frame can be allocated for the UE to perform this intra frequency (hard handover). These slots can either be in the middle of the single frame or spread over two frames. This compressed mode operation can be achieved in three different methods: Decreasing the spreading factor by 2:1. This will increase the data rate so bits will get sent twice as fast. Puncturing bits. This will remove various bits from the original data and hence reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted. The higher layer scheduling could also be changed to use less timeslots for user traffic. 4.8 Virtual Home Environment (VHE) Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is a concept for Personal Service Environment (PSE) portability across network boundaries and between terminals. The concept of VHE is such that users are consistently presented with the same personalized features, User Interface customization and services in whatever network and whatever terminal (within the capabilities of the terminal and the network), wherever the user may be located. A user's VHE is enabled by user profiles as logically depicted in a picture below. The home environment shall: enable the user to manage one or more user profiles (e.g. activate, modify, deactivate etc.)
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enable the home environment and HE-VASP to manage one or more user profiles (e.g. activate, modify, deactivate etc.) enable the identification of a user's personalised data and services information directly or indirectly from the user's profile(s) enable authorised HE-VASPs to access the user's profile(s) enable VASPs controlled and limited access to the user's profile(s) (e.g. for general user preferences and subscribed services information).
Figure 4.6 The set of service from the users point of view 4.9 Interoperability and global roaming UMTS phones can use a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM (based on GSM's SIM) and also work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a global standard of identification, and enables a network to identify and authenticate the (U)SIM in the phone. Roaming agreements between networks allow for calls to a customer to be redirected to them while roaming and determine the services (and prices) available to the user 4.10 Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS From a GSM/GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused:
Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (vendor dependent) Authentication Center (AUC) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) (vendor dependent) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) From a GSM/GPRS communication radio network, the following elements cannot be reused: 26
Base station controller (BSC) Base transceiver station (BTS)
CHAPTER 5
UMTS Management Processes 5.1 UMTS Management UMTS Management will be approached from the point of view of the management processes involved in the running of the UMTS telecommunication systems. This clause identifies and describes those major processes, following and considering a telecommunication enterprise model that expands from the relationship to the customers to the operation of the network elements, both inclusive (see figure 2). NOTE 1: Processes such as Roaming Agreement Management or Fraud Management are covered by and included within these major processes. NOTE 2: Q-Adapter needs to be interpreted here in a wider sense than in [1], since UMTS will consider other application protocols different to CMIP. This clause is based on NMF GB910 (see Bibliography).
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Figure 5.1 UMTS Management Processes
5.2 UMTS Management Reference Model
Figure 5.2 illustrates the UMTS Management Reference Model. It shows the UMTS Management System interfacing other systems. The present document (and the rest of the ETSI UMTS Management detailed specifications) addresses the UMTS Management System (function and architecture wise) and the interfaces to the other systems. The present document does not address the definition of any of the systems the UMTS Management System interfaces to. The rest of the ETSI specifications regarding UMTS Management will not cover them either. It is not the approach to re-define the complete management of all the technologies that might be used in the provision of UMTS. However, it is the intention to identify and define what will be needed from the perspective. 5.3 UMTS Management Infrastructure Every UMTS Organization has it's own Management Infrastructure. Each Management Infrastructure will contain different functionality depending on the role played and the equipment used by that UMTS Entity. However the core management architecture of the UMTS Organization is very similar. Every UMTS Organization: provides services to it's customers; needs an infrastructure to fulfill them (advertise, ordering, creation, provisioning,); assures them (Operation, Quality of Service, Trouble Reporting and Fixing). Not every UMTS Organization will implement the complete Management Architecture and related Processes. Processes not implemented by a particular UMTS Organization are accessed via interconnections to other
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UMTS organizations which have implemented these processes. The Management architecture itself does not distinguish between external and internal interfaces.
5.4 TMN TMN (Telecommunications Management Network), as defined in [1], provides: an architecture, made of OS (Operations Systems) and NEs (Network Elements), and the interfaces between them (Q3, within one Operator Domain and X, between different Operators); the methodology to define those interfaces; other architectural tools such as LLA (Logical Layered Architecture) that help to further refine and define the Management Architecture of a given management area; a number of generic and/or common management functions to be specialized/applied to various and specific TMN interfaces. The UMTS Management Architecture is based on TMN, and will reuse those functions, methods and interfaces already defined (or being defined) that are suitable to the management needs of UMTS. However, the UMTS Management needs to explore the incorporation of other concepts (other management paradigms widely accepted and deployed).
5.5 Interfaces to NEs In some cases, the management interfaces to NEs have been defined bottom-up, trying to standardize the complete O&M functionality of the various NEs. For UMTS management, a topdown approach will be followed to streamline the requirements from the perspective of top priority management processes within a UMTS operator. It is assumed that this will not fully cover the OAM functionality of all NE types in UMTS at once., and some proprietary solutions (local and/or remote) will be needed in the interim. The rational of that approach is not only lack of resources, but also to follow a pragmatic step-wise approach that takes into account the market forces (manufacturers and operators capabilities). The rational is: the life-cycle of information flows is 10 to 20 years, while the protocols is 5 to 10 years; the developments on automatic conversion allows for a more pragmatic and open approach.
5.6 Customer Interface Processes It basically consist in translating customer requests or interactions into requests to other processes (provisioning, billing etc.). All effective interactions with the customers will be logged and tagged for further tracking and/or post-processing. Taking into account current trends, it is very likely that the interaction with the customer is not through an operator but computer based. The process definition, functionally speaking, is transparent to this fact. It is assumed that it is only a presentation and access rights issue. An operator is to be seen as a mediator between the 29
customer and the management system, the operator will have access (maybe depending on the operator type) to more data than the customer. Therefore, security and flexible access rights is a key factor to this process group. 5.7 Sales Process The Sales Process deals basically with sales inquiries from the customers. The Sales Process aim is two fold: to learn about the customer expectations; to find the current offering that better matches those expectations. This process needs information on current/planned offering (from Service Planning/Development Process and Quos Management). Information obtained during this process might be used for market surveys, forecasting service demand (volume and/or new services), advertising etc. 5.8 Customer Care and Billing Systems UMTS will operate in a very different environment to today‟s mobile systems. The new roles and many new players must inter-operate in fully integrated manner. Customer care and billing systems are critical to commercial success. Customer care and billing are inextricably linked and must be able to effectively operate across all the players and roles in a customer friendly manner. For UMTS the bill will no longer be just a piece of paper but a key part of a highly sophisticated approach to customer care across all services a provider could offer. 5.9 Problem Handling Process The Problem Handling Process takes responsibility of the reception and resolution of customer complaints. Additionally, operator's problems affecting the service shall be communicated to Problem Handling and they might be notified to the customer (depending on the problem type and instance). Therefore it involves some of the following functionalities: determine cause of the problem; forward complaint to relevant processes; track the progress of resolution (if resolution is delegated to other internal processes and/or other UMTS Organizations. 5.10 Service Planning and Development Process The Service Planning and Development Process basically consists in designing the technical capabilities to meet the service needs of a specified market at the desired cost. It ensures that the new services being planned can be properly installed, monitored, controlled and billed. It also ensures that the capacity/dimensioning would be appropriate in relationship with the expected sales. The output of this process triggers the actions to implement the services: modifications to the underlying network and information systems; agreements with other providers; service documentation; pre-operational testing.
5.11 Service Quality Management Process 30
The Service Quality Management Process is responsible of determining whether or not the service levels are being met consistently, in terms of performance, problems and penetration forecasts/goals. It is also responsible of initiating the appropriate actions to correct deviations (excess as we as defect) from those forecasts/goals. 5.12 USIM Cards/Smart cards A major step forward that GSM introduced was the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) or Smart Card. It introduced the possibility of high security and a degree of user customization to the mobile terminal. SIM requirements, security algorithms, card and silicon IC technology will continue to evolve up to and during the period of UMTS deployment. By 2002, the smart card industry will be able to offer cards with greater memory capacity, faster CPU performance, contact less operation and greater capability for encryption. These advances will allow the UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) to add to the UMTS service package by providing portable high security data storage and transmission for users. New memory technologies can be expected to increase card memory sizes making larger programs and more data storage feasible. In theory, the users could decide which applications/services he wants on the card, much as they do for their computers‟ hard disks. This is the challenge and opportunities for service industries which evolving smart card technology presents. 5.13 API and Development toolbox The rapid development and deployment of new and innovative services will drive the UMTS market. The key enabler in this area will be the standardization of the UMTS Application Programming Interface (API). The API will support security, billing, subscriber information, service management, call management, SIM management user interaction and content translation. It will build upon and extend today‟s technologies such as Java, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), GSM SIM Toolkit and Internet technologies which are also exploiting convergence with other emerging technologies for consumer Information Society products such as digital TV set boxes. 5.14 Mobility and Coverage UMTS has been designed from the outset to be a global system, comprising both national terrestrial and global satellite components consistent delivery of the services via VHE.
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Figure 5.3 UMTS coverage is universal Through multi-mode, multi-band terminals it can use 2nd generation systems to extend its coverage for basic services. The first goal is to achieve truly personal communications, with terminals able to roam from a private cordless or fixed network. Start with a Pico cellular, micro cellular public network, then into a wide area macro cellular network, which may actually be a 2nd generation network, and then to a satellite mobile network, in each case with a minimal break in communication. 5.15 UMTS Location Based Services UMTS networks will support location service features, to allow new and innovative location based services to be developed. It will be possible to identify and report in a standard format (e.g. geographical co-ordinates) the current location of the user's terminal and to make the information available to the user, ME, network operator, service provider, value added service providers and for PLMN internal operations. The location is provided to identify the likely location of specific MEs. This is meant to be used for charging, location-based services, lawful interception, emergency calls, etc., as well as the positioning services.
Locationindependent PLMN or country Regional (up to 200km) District (up to 20km) Up to 1 km 500m to 1km
Most existing cellular services, stock prices, sports reports Services that are restricted to one country or one PLMN Weather reports, localized weather warnings, traffic information (pretrip) Local news, traffic reports Vehicle asset management, targeted congestion avoidance advice Rural and suburban emergency services, manpower planning, information services (where are?) 32
100m (67%) 300m (95%) 75m-125m 50m (67%) 150m (95%) 10m-50m
U.S. FCC mandate (99-245) for wireless emergency calls using network based positioning methods Urban SOS, localized advertising, home zone pricing, network maintenance, network demand monitoring, asset tracking, information services (where is the nearest?) U.S. FCC mandate (99-245) for wireless emergency calls using handset based positioning methods Asset Location, route guidance, navigation
Example of location services
CHAPTER 6
Internet Protocol (IP) Compatibility
UMTS is a modular concept that takes full regard of the trend towards convergence of fixed and mobile networks and services, enabling a huge number of applications to be developed. As an example a laptop with an integrated UMTS communications module becomes a general-purpose communications and computing device for broadband Internet access, voice, video telephony and conferencing for either mobile or residential use. The number of IP networks and applications are growing fast. Most obvious is that Internet, but private IP networks (Intranets) show similar or even higher rates of growth and usage. UMTS will become the most flexible broadband access technology, as it allows for mobile, office and residential use in a wide range of public and non-public networks. The system can support both IP and non-IP traffic in a variety of modes including packet circuit switched and virtual circuit². UMTS will be able to benefit from parallel work by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) who are further extending their basic set of IP standards for mobile communication (Daniels, 1998). Developments on new domain name structures are also taking place. These new structures will increase the usability and flexibility of the system, providing unique addressing for each user, independent of terminal application or location.
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Figure 6.1 mobile IP in UMTS Step 1
6.1 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS); Media formats and codec’s Text Plain text. Any character encoding (charset) that contains a subset of the logical characters in Unicode shall be used (e.g. US-ASCII, ISO-8859-1, UTF-8, Shift_JIS, etc.). Unrecognized subtypes of "text" shall be treated as subtype "plain" as long as the MIME implementation knows how to handle the charset. Any other unrecognized subtype and unrecognized char set shall be treated as "application/octet - stream".
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Speech The AMR codec shall be supported for narrow-band speech. The AMR wideband speech codec shall be supported when wideband speech working at 16 kHz sampling frequency is supported.
Source codec bit-rates for the AMR codec Audio MPEG-4 AAC Low Complexity object type should be supported. The maximum sampling rate to be supported by the decoder is 48 kHz. The channel configurations to be supported are mono (1/0) and stereo (2/0). In addition, the MPEG-4 AAC Long Term Prediction object type may be supported.
Still Image ISO/IEC JPEG together with JFIF shall be supported. The support for ISO/IEC JPEG only apply to the following two modes: mandatory: baseline DCT, non-differential, Huffman coding optional: progressive DCT, non-differential, Huffman coding Bitmap graphics The following bitmap graphics formats should be supported: GIF87a GIF89a PNG
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Video For terminals supporting media type video, ITU-T Recommendation H.263 profile 0 level 10 shall be supported. This is the mandatory video codec for the MMS. In addition, MMS should support: H.263 Profile 3 Level 10 MPEG-4 Visual Simple Profile Level 0 These two video codec‟s are optional to implement.
6.2 UMTS Security UMTS security builds on the security of GSM, inheriting the proven GSM security features. This maximizes the compatibility between GSM and UMTS i.e. GSM subscribers roaming in a UMTS network are supported by GSM security features. UMTS also provides a solution to the weaknesses of GSM security and adds security features for new 3G radio access networks and services. UMTS consists of five security feature groups: 1) Network Access Security (A in diagram below) provides users with secure access to UMTS services and protect against attacks on the radio access link. 2) Network Domain Security (B in diagram below) protects against attacks on the wire line network and allows nodes in the provider domain to exchange signaling data securely. 3) User Domain Security (C in diagram below) provides secure access to mobile stations. 4) Application Domain Security (D in diagram below) allows the secure exchange of messages between applications in the user and in the provider domain. 5) Visibility and configurability of security allows the user to observe whether a security feature is currently in operation and if certain services depend on this security feature
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TE: Terminal Equipment USIM: User Service Identity Module SN: Serving Network HN: Home Network MT: Mobile Termination AN: Access Network Unlike GSM, which has authentication of the user to the network only, UMTS uses mutual authentication which means the mobile user and the serving network authenticate each other, providing security against false base stations. This mutual authentication uses an authentication quintet which helps to ensure that a bill is issued to the correct person. The authentication quintet consists of the user challenge (RAND), expected user response (X(RES)), the encryption key (CK), the integrity key (IK) and the authentication token for network authentication (AUTN). Also UMTS provides a new data integrity mechanism which protects the messages being signaled between the mobile station and the radio network controller (RNC). The user and network negotiate and agree on cipher and integrity algorithms. Both the integrity mechanism and enhanced authentication combine to provide protection against active attacks on the radio interface. UMTS also provides different security features for maintaining identity confidentiality. 1) User identity confidentiality is maintained by ensuring the permanent user identity (IMSI) of a user using the service cannot be eavesdropped on the radio link. 2) User location confidentiality means that one cannot determine whether the presence of a user by eavesdropping on the radio access link. 3) User intractability ensures that it cannot be determined if different services are available to the same user by eavesdropping on the radio access link. It is clear to see UMTS boasts many security advantages over GSM including a data integrity mechanism, enhanced authentication and encryption, identity confidentiality, a potential for secure roaming and greater facilities for upgrading. However UMTS also has security problems. For example everything that could happen to a fixed host attached to the internet could also happen to a UMTS terminal. Also if encryption is disabled hijacking calls is possible. And if the user is drawn to a false base station, he/she is beyond reach of the paging signals of the serving network. Finally when the user is registering for the first time in the serving network the permanent user identity (IMSI) is sent in clear text. 6.3 Technology for all environments Radio The UMTS radio access system UTRA will support operation with high spectral efficiency and service quality in all the physical environments in which wireless and mobile communication 37
take place. Today‟s user‟s live in a multi-dimensional world, moving between indoor, outdoor urban and outdoor rural environments with a degree of mobility ranging from essentially stationary through pedestrian up to very high vehicular speeds. The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the new „third generation‟ 3G mobile cellular communication systems. UMTS builds on the success of the „second generation‟ GSM system. One of the factors in the success of GSM has been its security features. New services introduced in UMTS require new security features to protect them. In addition, certain real and perceived shortcomings of GSM security need to be addressed in UMTS. 6.4 Disadvantages of 1st generation 1G mobile phones were based on the analog system. First-generation (1G) mobile phones had only voice facility. Download speeds only 2.9kbytes/s to 5.6kbytes/s. Radio signals on 1G networks are analog. 6.5 Disadvantages of 2nd generation In less populous areas the weaker digital signal transmitted by a cellular phone may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. Slow data transmission. It provides voice and limited data services. The downloading and uploading speeds available 2G technologies are up to 236 kbps. CHAPTER-7
Discussion and Conclusion Discussion: The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the new „third generation‟ 3G mobile cellular communication systems. In addition, certain real and perceived shortcomings of GSM security need to be addressed in UMTS. The UMTS radio access system UTRA(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) will support operation with high spectral efficiency and service quality in all the physical environments in which wireless and mobile communication take place. Today‟s users live in a multi-dimensional world, moving between indoor, outdoor urban and outdoor rural environments with a degree of mobility ranging from essentially stationary through pedestrian up to very high vehicular speeds.
Recommendation:
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Teletalk Bangladesh Ltd.already started providing 3G(UMTS) services. All others mobile companies in Bangladesh such as Gp, Banglalink, Robi, Airtel may also upgrade their system use UMTS(3G Technology) instead of GSM(2G Technology) The knowledge on the helpful to the engineers in their professional as well as personal life.
Conclusion: UMTS is a significant opportunity for manufactures, operators, regulators and content providers, both as a communications system in itself and as part of the greater information Society. The vision of UMTS is as a customer-focused system, where customers include both network operators and end users. The challenge to the communications industry is to integrate the technologies needed for UMTS in a way, which supports this goal and thereby transforms the vision into reality.
Concluding Remarks: In this paper we presented integration architecture for UMTS. The architecture allows a mobile node to maintain date connection and telephony voice connection through UMTS in parallel. It isolates UMTS specific protocol stack in the device driver block and gives full IP protocol capability to connection. We also presented inter-system handover sufficient detail, which work with a verify micro-mobility solutions used in UMTS network. In future, we would like to review the resource reservation and it radio resource management.
References: D. Katz Macros and Frank H. P. Fitzek. January 2009, Wimax Evolution : Energing Technologies and Applications, Wiley. Holman‟s Dr.Silke, Niemi Valtteri, Ginzboorg Philp, Laitinen Rekka and N. Prof Asokan, October 2oo8. P.Waltz Dr, Steffen. Toward Leduc Arehitecture, March 2010 ETC Press. Mobile Cellular Telecommunication, By William E. Y. Lee. Publishee: Mcgraw_Hill Professional, Year of Publication: Second Edition. Related Websites: 39
www.umtsworld.com www.infoworld.com www.satellite_telephone.com www.networkcomputing.com www.nokia.com www.frequence.com/product_mobile_info_arch.php.com www.sei.emu.edu/reports.com www.sybase.com
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