University of Huddersfield Repository

4 downloads 39 Views 2MB Size Report
The history of development of analytical tools for mechanical seal design at John Crane. EM$ can be .... From this group, the most used is the graphite allied with.
University of Huddersfield Repository Towsyfyan, Hossein, Gu, Fengshou and Ball, Andrew A review of mechanical seals tribology and condition monitoring Original Citation Towsyfyan, Hossein, Gu, Fengshou and Ball, Andrew (2013) A review of mechanical seals tribology and condition monitoring. In: Proceedings of Computing and Engineering Annual Researchers' Conference 2013 : CEARC'13. University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, pp. 200-205. ISBN 9781862181212 This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/19391/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • • •

The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and The content is not changed in any way.

For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/

&RPSXWLQJDQG(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKHUV &RQIHUHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI+XGGHUVILHOG'HFHPEHU

+7RZV\I\DQ)*X$%DOO 

8QLYHUVLW\RI+XGGHUVILHOG4XHHQVJDWH+XGGHUVILHOG+''+8.

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



&RPSXWLQJDQG(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKHUV &RQIHUHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI+XGGHUVILHOG'HFHPEHU

UHVSHFWLYHO\ *$ -RQHV >@ FDUULHG RXW D FDUHIXO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ WKH WULERORJLFDO EHKDYLRXU RI PHFKDQLFDO VHDO IDFH PDWHULDOV LQ GU\ OLQH FRQWDFW DQG VKRZHG WKDW EHFDXVH RI LWV GLUHFW UHODWLRQ WR  SUHVVXUHî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





)LJ /DSSHGZDYLQHVVRQWKHIDFHVHDO>@)LJ &RQLQJDSSOLHGRQWKHIDFHVHDO>@



&RPSXWLQJDQG(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKHUV &RQIHUHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI+XGGHUVILHOG'HFHPEHU

%DVHGRQWKHZRUNRI+/XEELQJHREWDLQHG6WULEHFNFXUYHVZLWKFRQLQJDQGIOXLGSUHVVXUHYV FDOFXODWHG6WULEHFNFXUYHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJV D DQG E UHVSHFWLYHO\

           

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

)LJ0RGHOGHVFULSWLRQ>@   D )RUGLIIHUHQWFRQLQJDQJOHYDOXHV 

  E )RUGLIIHUHQWEDODQFHUDWLRYDOXHV & )RUGLIIHUHQWIDFHPDWHULDOV )LJ)ULFWLRQDQGDYHUDJHIDFHGLVWDQFHYHUVXVWKHGXW\SDUDPHWHU*>@



&RPSXWLQJDQG(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKHUV &RQIHUHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI+XGGHUVILHOG'HFHPEHU

$VFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ D WKHHIIHFWRIFRLQLQJDQJOHKDVQRWDJHQHUDOWUHQG,WFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\ DGGLWLRQDO K\GURVWDWLF ORDG ZKLFK LV JHQHUDWHG E\ FRQLQJ DQJOH DQG SURYLGHV D VLJQLILFDQW IULFWLRQ UHGXFWLRQDWORZYDOXHVRIWKHGXW\SDUDPHWHU$WKLJKHUVSHHGVDQLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHDVSHULWLHV LQGXFHGK\GURG\QDPLFSUHVVXUHDQGWKHK\GURVWDWLFHIIHFWOHDGWRPRUHFRPSOH[EHKDYLRUZKLFKLVQRW FRQVLGHUHGLQWKHZRUNRI+/XEELQJH>@7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\DUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQWDEOHEULHIO\  WDEOH  0DWHULDO &RQQLQJ 6XUIDFH %DODQFHUDWLR­ )HHGLQJ SUHVVXUH­ KDUGQHVV¯ DQJOH­ URXJKQHVV­ )LOP7KLFNQHVV 1RWFOHDU ¯ ¯ ¯ ­ )ULFWLRQ

­

¯

¯

¯

­

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ž&>@ 

 D &RHIILFLHQWRI)ULFWLRQI  E &RHIILFLHQWRI)ULFWLRQI  )LJ*DSDWW íž&>@



&RPSXWLQJDQG(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKHUV &RQIHUHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI+XGGHUVILHOG'HFHPEHU

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

  )LJXUH$(506YDOXHYVVOLGLQJVSHHG>@

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



 )LJ6LPSOLILHGFURVVVHFWLRQGLDJUDP>@)LJ5HVRQDQWIUHTXHQF\YVWHPSHUDWXUH>@



&RPSXWLQJDQG(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKHUV &RQIHUHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI+XGGHUVILHOG'HFHPEHU

  



















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¶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























 /RNHVK $ *XSWD DQG 'LPLWULRV 3HURXOLV  :LUHOHVV 7HPSHUDWXUH 6HQVRU IRU &RQGLWLRQ 0RQLWRULQJ RI 0HFKDQLFDO 6HDOV 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHQG(XURSHDQ0LFURZDYH&RQIHUHQFH  209$*3XPSVLQ3URFHVV(QJLQHHULQJ  76FKPLGW 0$QGUH *3ROO D WUDQVLHQW 'ILQLWH HOHPHQW DSSURDFK IRU WKH VLPXODWLRQ RI PL[HG OXEULFDWLRQ HIIHFWV RI UHFLSURFDWLQJK\GUDXOLFURGVHDOV7ULERORJ\,QWHUQDWLRQDO  ±   1323$&21(6&8$ERXWWKH7ULERORJLFDO%HKDYLRXU RI&HUDPLF0DWHULDOV7ULERORJ\LQLQGXVWU\9ROXPH1R   *$-RQHV2QWKHWULERORJLFDOEHKDYLRXURIPHFKDQLFDOVHDOIDFHPDWHULDOVLQGU\OLQHFRQWDFW3DUW,0HFKDQLFDOFDUERQ :HDU  ±