Learn 301 Advanced Words in an Easy Way. 1. Preface ... knowledge of vocabulary when they comprehend and use their target language. There is a vast ...
Learn 301 Advanced Words in an Easy Way
Preface Most foreign language learners find themselves hampered by low knowledge of vocabulary when they comprehend and use their target language. There is a vast literature since time immemorial on the role of vocabulary in enabling learners to make proper communication in a foreign language. Thus, it looks justifiable to see that most well-known books on linguistics devote a chapter or two to a discussion of morphology, the scientific study of words, parallel to other important linguistic issues such as discourse and pragmatics. The reason is that vocabulary is the basic building block of proper comprehension and use of any language. Concerning the general shape of the book, what characterizes each unit of the present book is a novel introduction of a mixture of borrowing ideas from different new developing disciplines such as psycholinguistics and advances in vocabulary acquisition research to rhetorically rich language of literature. We have consciously attempted to bring in L1 equivalent terms for each lexical entry as the literature on the use of L1 in learning L2 is concerned and as Cook (2008) rightly mentions to insist that no use be made of the L1 in carrying out tasks that are both linguistically and cognitively complex is to deny the use of an important cognitive tool. In addition, attempts were made to include almost all the relevant shades of meaning for each lexical entry. Synonyms are also provided to increase learners' repertoire of vocabulary. 'Examples in use' section is an exceptional part of each unit as there is much support for the role of literature in deepening understanding and effective language use.
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In giving more explicit description of words related to each lexical entry, the book uses concept mapping to bring into more focus the centrality of the word in each unit. This visual representation enhances foreign language learning evidenced by a cluster of findings (see for example, Liu & Chen, 2008; Marriott and Torres, 2008; Ghonsooly and Hoseinpour, 2010). The quest for exploring the relation between knowledge and graphic representation of concepts has become an interesting field of investigation in the study of skill acquisition (Dormer, 2005). This representation takes a node-arc shape in which concepts are shown to be related to one another by linear and arc type lines. From among the four major categories of concept maps i.e, spider, hierarchy, flow chart, and systems concept maps, the spider concept map is used in this book in which the central theme is placed in the center of the map. Another important feature of each unit is the inclusion of a picture for each lexical entry. Human beings receive information from their surroundings mostly through sight. Colors, textures, and patterns are highly attractive to most students. The use of images in education has a number of important functions, including motivation, attention, exploration, presentation of content, organization, explanation, corroboration, emphasis, aesthetics, and recreation (Wilson, 2003). Language teachers should be aware of this important fact that verbal language is only a part of the way students usually get meaning from context. Things they see play an enormous part in affecting them and in giving them information. Using pictures in classroom is not just an aspect of method, but through their representation of places, objects, and people, they are an essential part of the overall experiences language teachers must help their students to cope with. 2
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A word to teachers: this book can be used in conjunction with other preparatory sources to enhance learners' success in the GRE exam. The novel format and the use of the most recent findings of vocabulary research are but important contributions made to this book which we hope warrant learners' success. What is remained is deliberate practice (i.e., effective teaching and effective feedback), a mission which can be fulfilled only by a well-designed syllabus and motivated learners.
Behzad Ghoonsoly
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References: Cook, V. (2008). Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. London: Hodder Education. Dormer, S. (2005). Concept mapping. Tuggeranong, Australian Capital Territory: ACT Center for Teaching and Learning. Ghonsooly, B., Hoseinpour, A. (2010). The Effect of Concept Mapping on EFL Speaking Fluency, Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics. Teacher Training University, Liu, P. & Chen, C. (2008). The Effects of Computer-Assisted Concept Mapping on EFL Students’English Reading. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2008 (pp. 4724-4739). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Marriott. R. and Torres. P. (2008) ‘Enhancing Collaborative and Meaningful Language Learning through Concept Mapping’. In A. Okada, S.B. Shum and T. Sherborne (Eds.) Knowledge CartographySoftware tools and Mapping Techniques. Springer-Verlag Wilson, J. (2003). Integrating physical science and graphic arts with scientifically accurate comic strips: Rationale, descriptions, and implementation. Revista Electronica Ensenanza de las Ciencias Vol. 2, No. 1, 2003.
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درآﻣﺪ آﻣﻮزش ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ و ﺑﻪﺧﺎﻃﺮﺳﭙﺎري ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ واژﮔﺎن ،از ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي اﻣﺮوز ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪي ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ اﺳﺖ .ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻟﻐﺖ ،ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ،ﻣﻌﻨﻲ و ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي را داراﺳﺖ ،از ﭼﻨﺪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ واژه ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ آن ،ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت واژه اي ﺳﺎده ﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮح اﺳﺖ ،ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ آن ﻧﻴﺰ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ .اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ درك ﻣﻌﻨﻲ و ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺳﭙﺎري آن ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ .از ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺮ واژه ،ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي آن اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ از دﺷﻮاري ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻜﺎﻫﺪ .ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي ﻟﻐﺖ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ و وﻳﮋه اي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﻟﻐﺎت ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ و ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آن ،ﻣﻌﻨﻲ واژه را ﻛﺎﻣﻼ در ذﻫﻦ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ .ﻟﻐﺖ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط ﭘﺮ ) (Solidﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ آن ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد .ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ،ﻣﺘﺮادف ﻫﺎي آن ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ روﻧﺪ .ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ واژﮔﺎن ﺑﺎ داﻳﺮه ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪهي ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ واژه )ﻓﻌﻞ ،اﺳﻢ ،ﺻﻔﺖ و ﻗﻴﺪ( اﺳﺖ .ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ واژه ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.
ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻀﺎد ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ واژه اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد.
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ﻗﺮار دادن ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻣﺪﺧﻞﻫﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ از وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب اﺳﺖ .اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ در درﻳﺎﻓﺖ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﺧﻮد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻗﻮه ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ .رﻧﮓﻫﺎ و ﻧﻘﺶ و ﻧﮕﺎرﻫﺎي زﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﺮاي زﺑﺎنآﻣﻮزان ﺟﺬاب اﺳﺖ. اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ در ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ ﻣﺰﻳﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻤﻲ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد اﻧﮕﻴﺰه ،ﺟﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ، ﺑﺮاﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﻛﻨﺠﻜﺎوي ،اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع درﺳﻲ ،ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﻲ ،ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ،ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ،ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ،ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺣﺲ زﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﻲ دارد )وﻳﻠﺴﻮن .(2003 ،آﻣﻮزﮔﺎران زﺑﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﺴﭙﺎرﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻼم ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻜﻲ از روشﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ .آﻧﭽﻪ زﺑﺎنآﻣﻮزان ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻃﻼﻋﺎت داﺷﺘﻪ و آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ. اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ در ﻛﻼس ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ،ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣﻜﺎنﻫﺎ، اﺷﻴﺎء و اﻓﺮادي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ زﺑﺎنآﻣﻮزان ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي زﺑﺎن ﻧﺤﻮه ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺑﺎ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﻴﺎﻣﻮزﻧﺪ. ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس واژﮔﺎن GREﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ،ﺳﻌﻲ ﺑﺮآن ﺑﻮده ﺗﺎ واژه ﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي درﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ و ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮدن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎم زﺑﺎن آﻣﻮزاﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻌﻲ در اﻓﺰودن داﻧﺶ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺧﻮد دارﻧﺪ ،ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻮﻟﻔﺎن – ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮر 89
ﺑﻬﺰاد ﻗﻨﺴﻮﻟﻲ – دﻛﺘﺮاي آﻣﻮزش زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ – داﻧﺸﻴﺎر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ اﻟﻬﻲ – داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮاي آﻣﻮزش زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ – داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﺒﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ – ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ آﻣﻮزش زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ 6
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a·bate/əˈbeɪt/ verb, (with object) a·bat·ed, a·bat·ing.
ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻦ
to reduce in amount, degree, intensity, etc.; lessen; diminish: to abate a tax; to abate one's enthusiasm.
abate To abate the coldness of the outside weather, the girls tried to keep warm by bundling up and sharing body heat. —Synonyms
decrease, weaken —Antonyms increase, intensify
Examples in use We waited for the storm to abate. Later, as the crowds abated, Janis got bored. They must first order the respondent to abate the nuisance.
Sentences from famous writers
War and Peace -By Leo Tolstoy The waves of the great movement abate, and on the calm surface eddies are formed in which float the diplomatists, who imagine that they have caused the floods to abate. 11
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de·mure /dɪˈmyʊər/–adjective, -mur·er, -mur·est.
ﻣﺘﻴﻦ،ﻛﻢ ﺣﺮف
characterized by shyness and modesty; reserved.
demure The demure boy spoke very little and usually kept to himself. —Synonyms retiring —Antonyms Indecorous
Examples in use Rose looked very demure as she replied. He is as good as his name, as wild, eccentric and ebullient as Keane is demure and disciplined. She looked almost demure, she thought disparagingly, glaring at her reflection as if her dilemma were all the mirror's fault.
Sentences from famous writers
Chance - By Joseph Conrad But lowering her glance unexpectedly till her dark eye-lashes seemed to rest against her white cheeks she presented a perfectly demure aspect. 63
