Utilization of Sawdust Ash as Cement Replacement

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Utilization of Sawdust Ash as Cement Replacement for the Concrete Production: A Review Article · September 2017

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ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL.1, NO.3, SEP, 2017

Utilization of Sawdust Ash as Cement Replacement for the Concrete Production: A Review

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ISSN (e) 2520-7393 ISSN (p) 2521-5027 Received on 19th Jun, 2017 Revised on 21st Sept, 2017 www.estirj.com

Sajjad Ali Mangi1, Norwati Jamaluddin2, Wan Ibrahim M.H3, Noridah Mohamad3, Samiullah Sohu4 1

PhD Research Fellow, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UTHM Malaysia Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UTHM Malaysia 3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UTHM Malaysia 4 PhD Research Fellow, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, UTHM Malaysia 2

Abstract: Cement is the main materials for the construction and it is very expensive. Considering the growing demand

of cement, the researchers are probing towards the new cement replacement materials. To achieve the sustainable development, it is imperative to use supplementary cementing materials in the field of concrete engineering. Currently, numerous research has been conducted on the utilization of sawdust ash as a cement replacement in the production of green building material and an alternative means of wood waste minimization. The result of this research work has indicated that sawdust ash has a good potential to be utilized as replacement of ordinary Portland cement for the production of concrete. The aim of this review work is to summarize previous research studies on utilization of sawdust ash as a cement replacement. Hence, this review paper will provide the significant idea and valuable information for the fellow researchers working for the composite cement materials, supplementary cementing materials in the field of concrete technology and it is the considerable verdict that more research is deserved to be carried out on the development of high-strength concrete incorporating sawdust ash as a cement replacement. Keywords: Sawdust ash, Pozzolanic material, cement replacement, concrete, compressive strength.

1. Introduction

T

he present boom in the field of construction has caused the huge rise in the demand for Portland cement which is the important material in the production of concrete. It was noted by Ramos, Matos, & Sousa-Coutinho, [1] that globally more than one cubic meter of concrete is produced per person per year with Portland cement being the main component, but it produces the greatest environmental burden. Currently, about 3 billion tons of Portland cement are consumed worldwide and for the every 600 kg production of cement, a 400 kilograms of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is released. In the recent years, raising concern about global environment and utilization of renewable energy resources leads to modify the traditional practices of energy production. Among these resources, wood waste is a promising source of renewable energy [2]. Wood biomasses namely sawdust is the significant waste produced from the wood industries. The utilization of wood-fuel for generating energy is the ultimate solution for problems connected to wood waste. However, the thermal combustion generally reduces the mass and the volume of the wood waste but it yields an inheritance problem that is formation wood ash (Sawdust ash). In the USA alone, about 3 million tons of wood ash are produced annually [3]. Usually, timber industries have its own small-scale boiler

Corresponding Author Email Address: [email protected]

units which employ generated wood waste in the unit itself as fuel for heat energy production regarding other processes like drying the finished products. Moreover, it was detected that wood ash produced by timber manufacturing industries is not handled properly, which may cause serious environmental and health problems. Research has been conducted on SDA as a cement replacement material. Findings have indicated that SDA can effectively be used as cement replacement material in the concrete of adequate strength and durability performances. In long term, the utilization of SDA as replacement of cement is expected to carry substantial decrease in the cost of construction since cement is the most expensive integral part of the concrete.

2. Previous Research The summary of literature review has been presented in Table 1. It indicates the previous findings on the utilization of SDA as replacement of cement in the concrete. It was explored by the researchers that the sawdust ash has great potential to perform as a Pozzolanic material, it can be considered for the normal and high strength concrete as a cement replacement. Through the adoption of these practices can reduce the environmental burden and creates a solution to the sustainable construction material to build cost-effective structures.

S.A MANGI et.al: UTILIZATION OF SAWDUST ASH AS REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT FOR THE CONCRETE PRODUCTION: A REVIEW

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Table 1: Summary of pervious research findings Ref. [2]

Country India

Materials Ash obtained from uncontrolled burning of Sawdust,

Design & Mix Proportion 5, 10, 15,18 and 20% w/b : 0.4 & 0.45 curing period 7 and 28 days

Research Findings Strength decrease slightly with increase in wood ash content

[3]

Malaysia

OPC, Silica fume, Rubber wood ash with SP dosage 0.5 to 3.0

As compared to OPC, Silica fume with OPC with 6% wood ash gives higher compressive strength.

[4]

Nigeria

[5]

Malaysia

[6]

Malaysia

OPC, Silica fume, Rubber wood ash with SP dosage 0.4 to 2.6

7% Silica fume with 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 & 27% w/b ratio: 0.32 curing period 3,7, 28, 90, 180 and 364 days 1:2:4 with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% SDA w/b ratio: 0.32 to 0.42 curing period 3, 7, 14 and 28 days 0%, 10% to 40% SDA w/b ratio: 0.60 curing period 7, 18, 91 and 180 days binder: sand 1:2.25 with 7.5% Silica fume with 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, & 16% wood ash w/b ratio: 0.32 curing period 3, 7 and 28 days

[7]

Thailand

OPC, LFA and Rubber sawdust ash

1:2.75 ration cement to sand by weight

Increased 51% with 40% of LFA for curing period of 28 days.

[8]

Nigeria

SDA was obtained through uncontrolled burning and sieved through 425µm

Curing days 7 & 28 1:2:4 , with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of OPC w/b ratio 0.5-0.6 Curing period 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days

Compressive strength of SDA concrete was inferior at early age but progresses well up to 90 days. The optimum compressive strength value were recorded as 23.26N/mm2 with 5% SDA replacement at 90 days.

[9]

India

[10]

[11]

Species are Abura, Afara, Obeche, Mahogany and Iroko. Open burning method used wood ash obtained from different species

SDA collected from different timber mills, retained on sieve 45 µm, 12, 23, 40, 60 and 90%

5%, 10%, 15%, 20% , 25% and 30% by weight of OPC Curing period 3, 7 and28 days

Nigeria

Sawdust ash obtained through uncontrolled burning sieved through 212µm

Nigeria

Ash obtained from uncontrolled burning of Sawdust and through 600μm

Mortor mix of 1:3 with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% SDA w/b ration 0.60 Curing period of 3, 7, 28 and 60 days 1:2:4 with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% SDA curing period 7, 14 and 28 days

At 28-day, 68% increased while 15% of cement replacement

Use of wood ash as a cement replacement in concrete up to 25% of binder weight does not have adverse effects. Utilization of wood ash as replacement of cement up to 16% by weight of binder corresponding with small quantity (7.5%) of DFS contribute to refinement in pore structure of a cement matrix, hence, it reduces the chloride diffusivity in mortar.

Utilizing wood ash as replacement of OPC, decreases the slump values of concrete even increases the water demand. 10% replacement by weight of binder found to be good for structural grade concrete. At 10% replacement of cement with SDA for curing of 28 and 60days 17.63 & 21.45 N/mm2.

28days compressive strength were recorded as 19.05 N/mm2 at 15% cement replacement with SDA, 32% compressive strength were increased as compare with control mix.

OPC: Ordinary Portland cement, FA: Fine Aggregate, SDA: Sawdust Ash, LFA: Lignite Fly Ash, SP: Supper plasticizer

Copyright ©2017 ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.3 (11-15)


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3.2 Mineralogical Properties

3. Discussion on Previous Findings 3.1Physical and Chemical characteristics of SDA The sawdust ash having an angular shape with a heterogeneous mixture of different particle size. These particles mostly consisted of partially incinerated or unburned wood. To assess the fineness, typical quantity of wood ash passing through sieve #200 (75 µm) is 50% and percentage retained on sieve #325 (45 µm) is 31%. It was noted by Swaptik Chowdhury, Mishra, & Suganya, [2] that the unit weight of SDA or wood ash as 490 kg/m3 and 827 kg/m3 respectively and average specific gravity were recorded as 2.48 and 1.65 respectively [2]. It was generally observed that bulk density reduces as the percentage SDA is increased.

Considering the mineralogical properties of sawdust ash (SDA), it has been found by Elinwa, A.U., and Ejeh, [4]that through the X-ray diffraction analysis, Sawdust ash has a higher amount of silica dioxide (SiO2) as compared to the other oxidants as shown in Figure 2. It is the key indicator for the pozzolanic activity occurs in the SDA. Therefore, it can be utilized as the replacement ordinary Portland cement for the production of concrete.

Figure 2: XRD Analysis of sawdust ash [4]

Figure 1: Setting time of SDA v/s OPC paste [4]

It was also observed by Swaptik Chowdhury, Mishra, &Suganya, [2] and Raheem, Olasunkanmi, & Folorunso, [8] that the SDA satisfied the requirement as specified in ASTM C-618 that the sum of SiO2+Al2O3 +Fe2O3 within the range of 70%. Hence, Sawdust ash has a great tendency to be work as a pozzolanic material.

According to the findings of Elinwa & Mahmood, [4] that that SDA conforms as a similar material as per speciﬁcations for setting as shown in figure 1. Also, the workability of the concrete decreases as the fraction of SDA increases. In addition to that it was detected by Cheah & Ramli, [5] on the basis of chemical configuration, the important oxide compounds that recognized appropriateness of wood ash / sawdust ash as a replacement of cement i.e. Silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), ferrous oxide (Fe2O3) and lime (CaO) which varies according to the type of species of the trees. Table 2: Essential Oxides in SDA from different wood species Variety of Species Pine SDA

SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

CaO

Ref.

9.71

2.34

2.10

48.88

OrkSDA Alder-fir SDA High calcium Rubber sawdust Rubber SDA

29.93 37.49

4.27 12.23

4.20 8.09

15.56 26.41

[5]

2.70

1.30

1.30

61.0

[6]

9.91

1.19

1.63

40.23

[7]

Figure 3: Cement-Silica fume with 2% of wood ash at 28 days [3]

From table 2. Utilization of SDA as a cement replacement can justify by requirement of ASTM C-618, which indicated that SDA has a good potential to work as pozzolanic material.

It could be observed from the Figure 3 that the mortar mix initially forming agel of C-S-H from the hydration of cement. With reference to the cement paste, the microstructure analysis revealed that C and CS, at the early age during hydration process ettringite crystals were vanished on long curing up to 182 days. This is due to depletion of presented calcium sulfate in cement paste on extended curing process of the cement paste, the ettringite crystals would respond with C3A mineral to form the mono-sulfate. 3.2 Compressive strength performances



Considering the strength parameters It was noticed by Elinwa & Mahmood, [4] that the compressive strength at 28-days were recorded, 5, 10 and 15% cement replacement is about 93, 78 and 68% of the control mix respectively as shown in figure 4. While 10% replacement of OPC with SDA shows good strength performance and desired workability.

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References [1] Ramos, T., Matos, A. M., & Sousa-Coutinho, J. (2013). Mortar with wood waste ash: Mechanical strength carbonation resistance and ASR expansion. Construction and Building Materials, 49, 343–351. [2] Chowdhury, S., Mishra, M., & Suganya, O. (2015). The incorporation of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material for making structural grade concrete: An overview. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6(2), 429–437. [3]Cheah, C. B., & Ramli, M. (2013). The engineering properties of high performance concrete with HCWADSF supplementary binder. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 93–103. [4] Elinwa, A. U., & Mahmood, Y. A. (2002). Ash from timber waste as cement replacement material. Cement and Concrete Composites, 24(2), 219–222.

Figure 4: Compressive strength of SDA v/s OPC concrete at different curing period [4] It was generally observed that the suitable range of replacement of cement with wood ash according to the compressive strength point of view is 10% to 20 by weight of the binder. Moreover, the compressive strength concrete containing SDA was lower at the early age but improves significantly by increasing the curing period. For the longterm curing process Cheah & Ramli, [3] were found that wood ash at 16% to 20% replacement still produced good strength mortar with compressive strength (ASTM) beyond 55 N/mm2 at 364 days. It was suggested by and S. Chowdhury et al., [2] that the future studies need to be carried out on concrete improving durability and strength.

5. Conclusion

[5] Cheah, C. B., & Ramli, M. (2011b). The implementation of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material in the production of structural grade concrete and mortar: An overview. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(7), 669–685. [6] Cheah, C. B., & Ramli, M. (2011a). Properties of high calcium wood ash and densified silica fume blended cement. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(28), 6596–6606. [7]Tonnayopas, D., & Ritawirun, C. (2005). Influence of Fly Ash and Rubber Sawdust Ash on Mortar, PSUUNS International Conference on Engineering and Environment (pp. 1–5). [8] Raheem, A. A., Olasunkanmi, B. S., & Folorunso, C. S. (2012). Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete. Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: An International Journal, 4(2), 474–480.

In the view of sustainable development, it is imperative to use supplementary cementing materials in the field of concrete engineering. The utilization of Sawdust ash (SDA) has long been known as a cement replacement material for normal strength concrete or mortar. The review of the literature on Sawdust ash starting from the early days till now suggest that no detailed study, particularly on high-strength concrete developed through incorporating sawdust ash and durability aspects, need to be considered for the future studies. It was perceived from the extensive literature review that the application of highstrength concrete is widely increased due to its superior structural performance, environmental friendliness, and energy conserving implication but the high-strength concrete developed through sawdust ash is need to be investigated for its durability performance may also be investigated in the aggressive environment.

[9] Chowdhury, S., Maniar, A., & Suganya, O. M. (2015). Strength development in concrete with wood ash blended cement and use of soft computing models to predict strength parameters. Journal of Advanced Research, 6(6), 907–913.

Acknowledgment

Sajjad Ali Mangi is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, SZAB Campus Khairpur Mir's. Currently, he is doing his Ph.D. in the field of Materials and Structural Engineering at UTHM Malaysia. Mr. Mangi has bachelors in Civil Engineering from QUEST, Nawabshah and Masters in Environmental

The authors gratefully acknowledged the support of Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Office for Research, Innovative, Commercialization and Consultancy Management, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia for financial support.

[10] Elinwa, A.U. and Ejeh, S. P. (2004). Effects of the Incorporation of Sawdust Waste Incineration Fly Ash in Cement Pastes and Mortars. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 3(1), 1–7. [11] Obilade, I. O. (2014). Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concrete. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5(4), 11–16.

About authors



Engineering from NED University, Karachi, Pakistan. He has been involved in local and international research projects. He has also participated in national and international conferences and has been awarded a lifetime member of EWT Islamabad. His research interests lie in the field of Materials and Structural Engineering. Dr. Norawati Jamaluddin is the Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She did her Ph.D. in the Structural Engineering from University of Leeds, UK. Her expertise are in Composite Structures and Concrete Technology. Dr. Wan Ibrahim, M.H is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Currently, he is also holding the additional charge of Deputy Dean (Academic and International). Apart from the academics, he has been associated in the construction industry and honored as a Vice President by Concrete Society Malaysia. His expertise are in the Concrete Technology and Masonry Engineering. Dr. Noridah Mohamad is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She did her Ph.D. in the field of Civil Engineering from UTM Malaysia. Her expertise are in Structural Engineering and Precast Wall Panels. Samiullah Sohu is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University College of Engineering, Science & Technology, Larkano. Presently, he is doing his Ph.D. at UTHM Malaysia. Mr. Sohu has bachelors in Civil Engineering from QUEST, Nawabshah and a Masters in Construction Management from MUET, Jamshoro. His field of research is Construction Management.

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