Virtual Relay Design for Feeder Protection Testing With ... - IEEE Xplore

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Jan 18, 2018 - Testing With Online Simulation. David Felipe Celeita Rodriguez , Student Member, IEEE, Juan David Pérez Osorio, Student Member, IEEE,.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2018

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Virtual Relay Design for Feeder Protection Testing With Online Simulation David Felipe Celeita Rodriguez

, Student Member, IEEE, Juan David P´erez Osorio, Student Member, IEEE, and Gustavo Ramos , Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—The aim of this study is to design and implement an accurate virtual model of a basic feeder protection relay. This paper focuses on certain sets of ANSI functions and COMTRADE (Std C37.111) to interact with an online simulation subjects to different fault scenarios. The proposed methodology includes robust synchronization between power system simulations and the response of the virtual relay. The results validation integrates a distribution system simulation software running with remote control for time-based simulation, then it reproduces voltage and current signals with the virtual relay operation. The performance is assessed in three cases of study comparing real protection equipment and the operation of the virtual relay at the same fault scenarios. This paper is the next step of the attempt to reach a versatile test engine for substation automation systems, including multiple protective virtual devices, which reduces costs and allows to assess critical protection schemes. Index Terms—Analysis and modeling, intelligent electronic devices, protective relaying, real time, substation automation, testing.

I. INTRODUCTION: THE PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION OF RELAY MODELING HE RESEARCH of testing and analysis modeling for relaying automation has identified significant challenges, one of them complies testing concerns of substation-based protection with realism, flexibility, scalability, and open simulation tools [1]. These efforts have been constant objectives in the evolution of protective relaying modeling; for example, DYNA-TEST [2] was originally developed for protection relay applications and it was proposed almost 25 years ago, at the same time when the COMTRADE Standard C37.111 [3] was urgently needed in 1991, then revised in 1999 [4] and 2013 [5]. Protective relaying literature and history show that both research and industry standardization guarantee the progress of this field and it is consistent with upcoming needs.

T

Manuscript received July 5, 2016; accepted December 8, 2016. Date of publication August 17, 2017; date of current version January 18, 2018. Paper 2016PSPC-0710, presented at the 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, USA, Oct. 2–6, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Power System Protection Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. (Corresponding author: David Felipe Celeita Rodriguez.) The authors are with the Universidad de los Andes, Bogot´a 111711, Colombia (e-mail: [email protected]; jd.perez2691@uniandes. edu.co; [email protected]). Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2017.2741918

Although, one of the main requirements for relay testing with hardware/software integration is low cost usage of commercial computer hardware and system software support [6]. Previous works with relay’s modeling have presented excellent features in real applications, but always taking into account the limitations of each model [7]; certainly, virtual environments, real-time models, and test beds were improved after a decade of the COMTRADE publication, not only for academy courses [8] but also professional training [9]. The interaction between protective devices, relay models, and power systems simulations [10]–[13] have shown the effectiveness of these research works in various applications such as protection coordination, adaptive protection, reconfiguration, and so forth. Most of these studies include at least one or two protective devices, but the progress of this research field requires a higher number of relaying equipment in order to obtain better results [14]. Having not one, but many protective devices (real and virtual relays) will enhance relay testing and that is the proposal of this paper. This paper integrates free-distribution software to simulate distribution networks and connects a virtual relay for any switch synchronized with an online simulation. The performance of the designed and implemented virtual relay is compared with previous real-time studies that interact with real protective equipment in different fault scenarios, in order to validate the operation of this tool [15]. First, the function logic and modeling is presented. ANSI functions are designed following the standards for overvoltage, overcurrent, and reclose sequence. The COMTRADE module is also presented. Section III discusses the implementation of the virtual relay using LabVIEW. Validation and results are assessed in Section IV. Finally, conclusion and further work are presented in Section V.

II. RELAY DESIGN AND FUNCTIONS’ MODELING According to the standardization [16] and manufacturers, a set of ANSI functions are selected to develop a virtual model of each function. For feeder’s protection, the model should include at least overcurrent functions for primary protection (ANSI 50P/51P and ANSI 50N/51N). Undervoltage and overvoltage functions are also integrated in the virtual relay (ANSI 27/59) and the reclosing sequence function (ANSI 79). In order to validate the operation in different fault scenarios, COMTRADE files are recorded following [5] and based on the state machine

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Fig. 1.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2018

State machine for overcurrent and voltage protection—logic. Fig. 2.

programmed to a real protective equipment with the concepts reported in [17]. The following sections describe the state machine of each function and the logic operation.

State machine for autoreclosing—logic.

Protection against abnormal scenarios of voltage or current levels must be addressed when protecting a feeder. Three states are defined for undervoltage, overvoltage, and overcurrent protection, as shown in Fig. 1. At the first state, the machine is waiting for an abnormal situation; certainly, in case of an excess of current, the state will move to stand-by state no matter if there is a programmed ANSI function 50 or 51. This will also occur in case of abnormal voltage levels. The stand-by state defines if the abnormal situation continues for a period of time; nevertheless this time value is previously programmed by the user. There are following two conditions to change: 1) if the condition vanished in the programmed time; and 2) if the condition stand still along the programmed time. In the first case, the machine moves back to the first state. Otherwise, the machine will move to a lockout state if an abnormal condition continued, which means that the programmed time was accomplished with the abnormal scenario. To return to the normal state, the user should reset the state machine. ANSI functions 50P/51P, 50N/51N, 27, and 59 will work with the state machine previously presented in Fig. 1.

re-energization process. If the breaker is not healthy but a reclose signal is activated, the machine is taken to a lockout state. If a reclose signal is activated and the breaker condition is healthy, the machine will move to the stand-by state. Likewise the state machine explained in the previous section, stand-by states are designed to wait preprogrammed periods of time, so in this case the machine will wait until the dead time passed and then it will decide to which state the machine will continue. Note that the stand-by state is the only one that can move to all the states. 1) If the dead time has passed and the breaker is closed, it will go back to the normal state. 2) If the dead time has passed and the breaker is opened but it is not healthy, the machine will move to a lockout state. 3) If the breaker is opened and the machine has tried all the tripping sequence to reclose after the dead time passed, the next state will be the lockout condition. 4) If the dead time has passed and the breaker is open and healthy, the machine will allow a reclose condition. In the reclose state, the machine will give the pulse signal to reclose the breaker and it will wait until the reclaim time has passed. Then, a sequence trial is accomplished and the machine goes back to the stand-by state. Finally, the lockout state is included in case where the breaker is not healthy or the reclosing sequence has totally passed but the fault remains in the network. This state machine is shown in Fig. 2.

B. Reclosing Sequence

C. COMTRADE Generator and Event Monitoring

The state machine to include the autoreclosing feature (ANSI function 79) in the virtual relay design is proposed taking into account three different fault conditions: transient, semipermanent, and permanent. According to the literature and experience, most of overhead line faults are caused by lightening and temporary contact with external objects such as trees or wind movement. Since these kind of faults do not last for a long time, the transient nature of this phenomena will possibly allow successful re-energization of the system after the trip of the protection equipment. The first state defines a normal condition, therefore the machine will wait until it receives the reclose signal to begin a

The idea is inspired in taking advantage of digital computer based devices capable of record data from transient events in the electric power system. The standard allows the data exchange for analysis and validation of records [18]. With the protective relaying evolution, technology has a wide range of purposes that still needs this standard in order to validate realtime simulations and hardware-in-the-loop testing. Alternative solution of advanced automation, smart fault recorders, power quality tools, and transient phenomena studies might be focused on COMTRADE files. The state machine to perform a consistent COMTRADE recorder is proposed in order to be activated by a previous

A. Overcurrent Protection and Voltage Protection

RODRIGUEZ et al.: VIRTUAL RELAY DESIGN FOR FEEDER PROTECTION TESTING WITH ONLINE SIMULATION

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

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Virtual relay design—software integration.

State machine for COMTRADE recorder.

user configuration that allows an ANSI function trip to save the transient data. This application includes important aspects of the standard about header, configuration files (.CGF), and sampling rates. The state machine starts in a presave state where the machine is saving data in case some event occurs, therefore a prefault transient data is always recorded. When an event is triggered (this change of state is activated by the trip of a selected ANSI function), the machine records data after the relay sends the trip signal. The third and last state defines the machine when there is enough data to save a COMTRADE file. In this state, the machine saves the COMTRADE file and passes to the presave state, as shown in Fig. 4. It is important to note that the triggering of this feature and the recorded time are all configured by the user. III. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE VIRTUAL RELAY The first version of the virtual relay is compatible with DSSim-PC [19], which is a recent free distribution simulator software and the nondeterministic version of the DSSim-RT simulator. This simulator is based in the powerful

EPRI’s OpenDSS [20] and it can be used as a graphical interface for it. As shown in Fig. 3, the online simulation of a distribution system is running on DSSim-PC, while a transmission control protocol (TCP)/IP connection makes possible data exchange between the grid simulation and the operation of the virtual relay. LabVIEW libraries of DSSim-PC are used to synchronize measurement acquisition and time steps (1 ms). A meter file is previously saved in DSSim-PC for monitoring the distribution system during the online simulation, so the user could understand this window as a supervisory control and data acquisition of the system. In a second window, the virtual relay monitor and control panel is operating so each function for three-phase or single-phase protection is configured. In case of any event, the user is allowed to save COMTRADE files for records and postfault analysis. The function logic designed in LabVIEW is explained in the next sections. A. Time Current Curves (TCCs)—Overcurrent Protection Settings TCCs have a model equation shown as follows:   K + L +C T Mα − 1

(1)

where K, α, and L are constants corresponding to every standard curve, C is a pure delay applied to the TCC, T is time multiplier setting for IEC curves or time dial for IEEE curves, and M is the proportion of the measured current over the pickup current. The constants used to model the ANSI function 51 are shown in Table I. The user is able to select any standard TCC, and

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TABLE I CONSTANTS FOR TCC ACCORDING TO [21] Characteristic curves Definite time Moderately inverse time Short time Modified inverse time Modified very inverse time Inverse time Very inverse time Extremely inverse time

path file in addition with the event time stamp when it was created.

K

L

Alpha

0.2 0.55 0.2 1.35 1.35 5.4 5.4 5.4

0.18 0.18 0.015 0.055 0.015 0.18 0.11 0.03

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

it is allowed to individually adjust each parameter of the TCC equation. B. Current and Voltage Protection Logic The current and voltage protection logic of the virtual relay works with the activation of two voltage protection functions undervoltage (27) and overvoltage (59) and two current protection functions instantaneous (50) and inverse time (51). The user can configure each one of this protection function and decide which one wants to use to protect the feeder with a Boolean panel. There is also the possibility of having different protection configuration in every single phase or having the same configuration in the three phases for the implemented ANSI function. Finally, the virtual relay has a reclosing sequence function (79). C. Reclosing Sequence Configuration To configure this function in the virtual relay, there are four settings to define. First, the user should give the reclaim time and dead time for each reclosing trial; second, the user should configure how many reclosing trials are required. Then, to finish this setting, the user must press the activation of this function in the front panel, and finally, the user select which protection function wants to reclose, normally overcurrent functions. The operation of the reclosing sequences will behave as the state machine explained in Fig. 2. D. COMTRADE Settings and Records In order to save an event, the virtual relay use COMTRADE files using the COMTRADE library of LabVIEW. It is important to highlight that this library saves a COMTRADE file according to [5]. It is assumed that the potential transformer and current transformer rates are 1:1 due the communication with DSSim-PC. This data exchange shares voltage and current measurements with the real values in the switch. To adjust the COMTRADE settings, the user must define the path file where the COMTRADE file will save and name the file. Then, the program needs two time windows to know how much data to save before and after the trip, therefore these times are taken in milliseconds. Finally, in order to avoid rewriting a COMTRADE file, the program will save the name put in the

E. User’s Interface—Virtual Relay Monitor and Control Panel Fig. 5 shows the front panel of the proposed virtual relay, which has four subpanels. The biggest one (left side of the figure) is the configuration panel where parameters for ANSI functions 27, 50P, 51P, 59, and 79 can be configured. At the end of this panel, there is a button to graph a TCC in the TCC Viewer. The TCC Viewer panel has a button to configure if the user wants to see the current axe in multiples of the pickup current. The next panel is the simulation and COMTRADE configuration where the relay controls the cosimulation link with DSSim-PC (the user selects the node and the switch to be controlled) and the COMTRADE configuration. Finally, the last panel (right side in the bottom) voltage and current measurement are presented in rms values, and there is also a calculation of the sequences voltages and currents in the three phases. IV. VALIDATION AND RESULTS ANALYSIS This section will present the results of the virtual relay performance under different fault scenarios. The first case assesses a basic example that requires two types of protection: overvoltage and overcurrent protection based on the real-time study with hardware in the loop for educational purposes [10]. The second case presents the IEEE 13 node test feeder to study the behavior of a recloser connected between nodes N_671 and N_692. And the third case is based on the example IEEE 242-2001 real-time study [14], which aims to compare COMTRADE files records between a real protective equipment and the proposed virtual relay. Relative error is calculated in case A and case C between values obtained with real-time tests and the virtual relay with the following equation:    Xi − Xv   ∗ 100%.  (2) εr =  Xv  A. Case 1: Basic Example—Overcurrent and Overvoltage Protection Based on a simple case that was tested using two relays in a RT-HIL testbed [10], an overvoltage and an overcurrent protection are implemented using now the virtual relay. There are a basic feeder and two branches each one with a certain load. Load LD_1 is highly sensitive to overvoltage phenomena. A three-phase fault is programmed at the bus N_6 near to load LD_2, which is four times higher than LD_1. The first event is shown in Fig. 6(a), the overcurrent protection is tripped in one of the virtual relays (TCC = IEC extremely inverse C5). Up next, the action of that relay causes an overvoltage in the bus N_2 due the disconnection of load LD_1. This event is shown in Fig. 6(b). The corresponding generated COMTRADE by the virtual relays in both events are shown in Fig. 7(a) for overcurrent and Fig. 7(b) for overvoltage. The relative error in the overcurrent

RODRIGUEZ et al.: VIRTUAL RELAY DESIGN FOR FEEDER PROTECTION TESTING WITH ONLINE SIMULATION

Fig. 5.

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Front panel of the virtual relay in LabVIEW.

TABLE II RELATIVE ERROR FOR CASES A AND C COMTRADE Case A Overvoltage Overcurrent

Relative error Vp (%)

Relative error Ip (%)

3.571428571 3.278688525

– 1.41955836

5.287251087 0.301265823 0.301265823

0.819277108 0.448859455 1.43153527

Case C F1 138000 F1 4160 F2 4160 Fig. 6.

(a) Overcurrent event. (b) Overvoltage event [10].

Fig. 7. (a) Overcurrent COMTRADE switch SW_2. (b) Overvoltage COMTRADE switch SW_3 [10].

value and the overvoltage is calculated using (2), which is lower than 3.6%. Results are shown in Table II. Fig. 8.

B. Case 2: IEEE 13 Nodes Test Feeder—Recloser for Overcurrent Protection Nodes N_671 and N_692 In this example, the IEEE 13 node test feeder shown in Fig. 8, which is one of the default systems that DSSim-PC brings to the user, is studied. This highly loaded 4.16-kV feeder is quite

IEEE 13 node test feeder and a three-phase fault at bus N_692.

small, and it has a recloser between nodes N_671 and N_692. Load flow and short circuit results are previously validated. The idea is to reproduce a three-phase fault and a single-phase fault to ground in the bus N_692; therefore, the user can see the

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Fig. 9. COMTRADE results for (a) three-phase fault and (b) single-phase fault bus N_692.

Using the model of IEEE 242-2001 in DSSim-PC, the results for faults F1 138000, F1 4160, and F2 4160 are tested using virtual relays. Relative error between the real-time results and COMTRADE acquired by the virtual relay in the three different failure scenarios shows that the operation is consistent not only with the standard but also seems alike with the real-time COMTRADE results. The appendix shows the COMTRADE results for faults F1 138000, F1 4160, and F2 4160 with the virtual relay, that seems to be highly consistent with the obtained results in [14]. Table II summarizes the relative error for case A (basic example: overcurrent and overvoltage) and case C (IEEE 242-2001 with faults F1 138000, F1 4160, and F2 4160). V. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK

Fig. 10.

Reclosing sequence operation.

operation of the virtual relay with this phenomena and obtain the COMTRADE file associated to these events. To do so, the original TCC is programmed in the virtual relay. COMTRADE files for both events are shown in Fig. 9. And finally, for this case Fig. 10 shows the reclosing sequence for a three-phase fault is activated and successfully performed. Note that ANSI function was programmed to make a reclosing sequence with two trials. The first trip is detected and the breaker opens almost in 1 cycle. Approximately, 60 ms after this trip, a reclosing trial is activated but the fault remains active. Finally after 140 ms, the system reaches a complete reclosing operation.

This paper presented the first version of a virtual feeder protection relay. The operation of the proposed relay shows consistency with results previously tested on real-time studies. The Std C37.111 for COMTRADE and event recording was successfully integrated within the virtual relay so protective studies can be done using this first model and running distribution systems in DSSim-PC. The validation of the virtual relay performance is assessed with voltage and current phenomena with three different cases of study. The relative error between real-time hardware-in-theloop results and the virtual relay is lower than 5.3%. Further work is expected with this application of new protective functions also for transmission systems and the future development of setting-less protection schemes. The virtual relay is versatile, scalable, and flexible to design new protection algorithms. APPENDIX VIRTUAL RELAY COMTRADE RECORDS FOR FAULTS F1 138000, F1 4160, AND F2 4160 IN THE CASE STD IEEE 242-2001 WITH ONLINE SIMULATION

C. Case 3: Overcurrent Protection Coordination Based on the Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Study IEEE 242-2001 Since this particular and useful case was tested in real time [14] for understanding and training with protection coordination in industrial systems, the implementation of the virtual relay allows to expand the benefits of the real-time test bed for protective relaying control. The advantage of this application contributes to a better interaction with the standard 242-2001 because the user can now implement each relay with a virtual environment. This is an important contribution that could be included in academia (protection courses), professional training with real distribution systems models, and future standardization.

Fig. 11.

Virtual relay COMTRADE record for F1 318000.

RODRIGUEZ et al.: VIRTUAL RELAY DESIGN FOR FEEDER PROTECTION TESTING WITH ONLINE SIMULATION

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Virtual relay COMTRADE record for F1 4160.

Virtual relay COMTRADE record for F2 4160.

REFERENCES [1] EPRI, “Grid transformation workshop results: Advanced reading material product id 1024659,” Elect. Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, CA, USA, Tech. Rep. 000000000001025087, Apr. 2012. [2] M. Kezunovic et al., “DYNA-TEST simulator for relay testing. I. Design characteristics,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1423–1429, Oct. 1991. [3] IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE) for Power Systems, Standard C37.111-1991, 1991. [4] IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE) for Power Systems, Standard C37.111-1999, Oct. 1999. [5] IEEE/IEC Measuring Relays and Protection Equipment Part 24: Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE) for Power Systems - Redline, IEC 60255-24 Edition 2.0 2013-04, IEEE Standard C37.1112013, Apr. 30, 2013. [6] M. Kezunovic et al., “Design, implementation and validation of a realtime digital simulator for protection relay testing,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 158–164, Jan. 1996. [7] P. G. McLaren et al., “Software models for relays,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 238–245, Apr. 2001. [8] A. P. S. Meliopoulos and G. J. Cokkinides, “A virtual environment for protective relaying evaluation and testing,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 104–111, Feb. 2004. [9] M. B. Miranda, “Virtual reality in the operation and protection relay in substations,” in Proc. 10th IET Int. Conf. Develop. Power Syst. Protection, Manage. Change, Manchester, U.K., 2010, pp. 1–5. [10] D. Celeita, M. Hernandez, G. Ramos, N. Penafiel, M. Rangel, and J. D. Bernal, “Implementation of an educational real-time platform for relaying automation on smart grids,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 130, pp. 156–166, 2016. [11] W. Guo-yang, S. Xin-li, T. Yong, Z. Wu-zhi, and L. Tao, “Modeling of protective relay systems for power system dynamic simulations,” in Proc. 2011 IEEE/PES Power Syst. Conf. Expo., Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2011, pp. 1–7.

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[12] I. G. Kuli, A. Marui, and G. Leci, “Protection relay software models in interaction with power system simulators,” in Proc. 2012 35th Int. Conv. MIPRO, May 2012, pp. 924–929. [13] D. Celeita, S. Zambrano, and G. Ramos, “Fault location framework for distribution systems with DG using DSSim-PC,” in Proc. 2014 IEEE PES Transmiss. Distrib. Conf. Expo.—Latin Amer., Sep. 10–13, 2014, pp. 1–6. [14] D. Celeita, J. D. Pico, and G. Ramos, “Protection coordination analysis under a real-time architecture for industrial distribution systems based on the Std IEEE 242-2001,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 2826–2833, Jul./Aug. 2016. [15] D. Celeita, J. D. Perez, and G. Ramos, “Virtual relay design for feeder protection testing with online simulation,” in Proc. 2016 IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, Oct. 2016, pp. 1–7. [16] IEEE Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer Interconnections, ANSI C37.95-1974, IEEE Standard 357-1973, May 24, 1973. [17] Schneider Electric, Network Protection Automation Guide, Schneider Electric, Rueil-Malmaison, France, 2016. [Online]. Available: http:// www2.schneider-electric.com/sites/corporate/en/products-services/ energy-distribution/automation/npag.page [18] Working Group, “COMTRADE: A new standard for common format for transient data exchange,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1920–1926, Oct. 1992. [19] D. Montenegro, DSSim-PC, Electrical Distribution System Simulator for PC, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot´a, Colombia, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://sourceforge.net/projects/dssimpc/ [20] EPRI, OpenDSS, Elect. Power Res. Inst., Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://sourceforge.net/projects/electricdss/ [21] P. M. Anderson, Power System Protection [recurso electr´onico] (IEEE Press Power Engineering Series). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1999. [Online]. Available: http://ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8080/login?url =http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00683a& AN=udla.704538&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site David Felipe Celeita Rodriguez (S’12) received the B.Sc. degree in electronic engineering from the Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos de Caldas, Bogot´a, Colombia, in 2011, and the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Universidad de los Andes, Bogot´a, Colombia, in 2014, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in real time model based adaptive relay for transmission line protection using alternative architectures of hardware/software with the Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering. His research interests include smart grids, advanced distribution automation, fault location, protective-relaying control, and real-time simulation.

Juan David P´erez Osorio (S’16) received the Electrical Engineer and Mathematics degree in design and implementation of a virtual relay feeder protection from the Universidad de los Andes, Bogot´a, Colombia, in 2016, where he is currently working toward the master’s degree in real time simulation and mathematical morpholofy applied to power system protections with the Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering. His research interests include protection algorithms, modeling, and simulation.

Gustavo Ramos (M’04–SM’13) received the electrical engineering degree from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Manizales, Colombia, in 1997, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Universidad de Los Andes, Bogot´a, Colombia, in 1999 and 2008, respectively, all in electrical engineering. He is currently an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, where is involved in teaching courses on power electronics, fundamentals of power systems, power quality, distribution, and industrial systems design. His research interests include power quality and transients in grounding systems.