Wing Beats of the Florida Mosquito Control Association
An Official Publication of the
Vol 24, No 2
THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION
Summer 2013
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Summer 2013 V o lume 24 Number 2
Wing Beats of the Florida Mosquito Control Association
Editor-in-Chief
The Mosquito Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by Elissa Ashley
Stephen L Sickerman 850-814-2610
[email protected]
Managing Editor
Indoor Residual Spraying: One Aspect of Controlling Anopheline Mosquitoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by Graham Matthews
Jack Petersen 850-866-9895
[email protected]
Director of Advertising
Marin Brouillard 239-436-1000
[email protected]
Applications of the Area Profile Project for Harris County Mosquito Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by Elyse Heob, Joseph Targhetta, Martin Reyna Nava and Rudy Bueno Jr
Circulation Editor
Marin Brouillard 239-436-1000
[email protected]
Associate Editors
Dave Dame, Gainesville, FL CDR Eric Hoffman, Jacksonville, FL Bruce Morgan, New Smyrna Beach, FL
Regional Editors
Glenn Collett, Salt Lake City, UT Timothy D Deschamps, Northborough, MA William C Reinert, Northfield, NJ Thomas R Wilmot, Sanford, MI
Editorial Review Board
Doug Carlson, Indian River, FL C Roxanne Connelly, Vero Beach, FL Scott Crans, New Brunswick, NJ Mustapha Debboun, Fort Sam Houston, TX David Lawson, Norwood, MA L Philip Lounibos, Vero Beach, FL Dennis Moore, Odessa, FL Steve Mulligan, Selma, CA
Florida Mosquito Control Association
FMCA President Bob Betts, Cantonment, FL
[email protected]
FMCA Executive Director Debra Parker Smith 11625 Landing Place North Palm Beach, FL 33408 1-855-OUR-FMCA
[email protected]
American Mosquito Control Association
AMCA President C Roxanne Connelly, Vero Beach, FL
[email protected]
AMCA Executive Director Sarah B Gazi 15000 Commerce Parkway, Suite C Mount Laurel, NJ 08054 856-439-9222
[email protected]
Emergency Vector Control and Endangered Species: a New Flo r id a M e m o r and u m o f Und e r s t and ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by Michael Hudon Navy Entomologists Assist CDC’s Fight Against Malaria. . . . . . . . . . . . by David Hoel, James Dunford, Daniel Szumlas, Craig Stoops and Robert Wirtz
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From Where I Sit: Notes from the AMCA Technical Advisor . . . . . . . . . . 37 by Joe Conlon About the Cover: Intern Elissa Ashley stands next to Volusia County Mosquito Control's version of “Wheel of Fortune.” During Mosquito Control Awareness Week 2012, VCMC hosted an open house, where visitors were invited to spin the wheel and answer questions about mosquitoes from the appropriate category. Small prizes were given to the winners. Photo by Bruce Morgan, Supervisor III, VCMC, New Smyrna Beach, FL. Florida Mosquito Control Association • 11625 Landing Place • North Palm Beach, FL 33408 Wing Beats: An official publication of the American Mosquito Control Association, published quarterly by the Florida
Mosquito Control Association. This magazine is intended to keep all interested parties informed on matters as they relate to mosquito control. All rights reserved. Reproduction, in whole or part, for educational purposes is permitted, without permission, with proper citation. The FMCA and the AMCA have not tested any of the products advertised or referred to in this publication, nor have they verified any of the statements made in any of the advertisements or articles. The FMCA and the AMCA do not warrant, expressly or implied, the fitness of any product advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein. Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily the opinions or policies of the FMCA or the AMCA. Subscriptions: Wing Beats is sent free of charge to anyone within the continental United States. Subscriptions are available for the cost of first class postage to any foreign address at the following rates: Europe, UK and Australia US$20; Canada, US$6; South America US$10. Make checks and purchase orders payable to the Florida Mosquito Control Association.
Correspondence: Address all correspondence regarding Wing Beats to the Editor-in-Chief, Stephen Sickerman, 200 Derby Woods Drive, Lynn Haven, FL 32444-3318. Readers are invited to submit articles related to mosquito and biting fly biology and control, or letters to the Managing Editor, Jack Petersen. There is no charge if your article or letter is printed, and authors will receive a PDF of their published article. Authors, photographers and artists are invited to submit high quality original artwork in electronic format for possible use in the magazine or on the cover; $100 will be paid for each cover photo. Businesses are invited to place advertisements through the Director of Advertising, Marin Brouillard. Change of Address: Please promptly notify the Wing Beats Circulation Editor, Marin Brouillard,
[email protected], regarding change of address, address corrections or to discontinue your subscription.
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The Mosquito Summer by Elissa Ashley In Summer 2012 I worked as an intern for the Volusia County Mosquito Control. I found out about the job because my marine biology professor was good friends with one of the environmental specialists. The opportunity was particularly appealing as it was a paid position and there was the chance to ride and work in a helicopter. I applied on a whim, mostly excited about the chance for flying, but otherwise I didn’t give it much thought. Little did I know I was in for the adventure of a life-time. It all truly began with my interview. I was nervous and spent the entire night before preparing with research about integrated pest management, the historic use of impoundments and current insecticide use. The interview went swimmingly. The most challenging question was simply “What can you use a brick for?” I racked my brain and eventually came up with using it as a step stool of sor ts. I received a call about 3 weeks later telling me I had received the job; I guess they liked my answer. On my first day I met my fellow interns and we began to learn a b o ut th e b a s i cs of m o s q u ito control. I remember when one of our supervisors walked us through the steps of how to take a landing rate. I just laughed. He was being totally serious when he told us that we were to wait and just let the mosquitos land on us as we counted them for a minute. I was confused as to how I was supposed to avoid being bitten, I wasn’t aware that I had signed up to be mosquito bait, but as it turned out they wouldn’t be able to actually bite through unless it was the dreaded Psorophora ci lia ta. To d e fe n d o u r s e l ve s against the feisty beasts we had
the backpack aspirator. A wonderful invention with a battery pack on my back making me feel like a ghostbuster, but for mosquitoes! Despite all the fun we had with the aspirators, the Interns had b e e n h i re d s p e ci fi ca l l y to ru n BG sentinel traps for a study. Putting together the traps was easy enou g h, a s l ong a s they were in good condition, it was similar to popping a tent. This summer I truly learned the meaning of h ow to i m p rov i s e. O n e o f o u r traps was left wanting for par ts and the factory where they were made was backordered. Since our study was time sensitive we just made them ourselves. We made the oddly shaped plastic funnel that held the trap bags in
Figure 1: The author places larvae into an emergence container.
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place out of 2 red solo cups and some cardboard painted black. We t h e n r e c r e a t e d t h e n y l o n m e s h t h a t re s t s o n to p o f t h e trap with some cheese cloth and bungees. The trap worked like a charm, sometimes even trapping more mosquitos than the ones in pristine condition. Since Florida is a pretty humid place and the summer has often been referred to as our rainy season, many of our traps had to have minor adjustments throughout the season. I learned how to reattach wire with just a twist tie from a whirl pack and some envelope stickers. I got to spend my entire summer outside, save for when I was doing data entry. I learned how to use 4 wheel d rive and I per fected my arts and crafts skills. Volusia County even trusted me enough to allow me to test and receive my Fl o r i d a Pu b l i c H e a l t h Pe s t Control License. I wouldn’t trade the experiences I gained through t h i s i nte r n s h i p fo r t h e w o r l d! I perfected my Excel skills, I can identify a decent amount of mosquitos and when I’m outside and inadvertently take a landing rate I know whether or not it merits a call to my local mosquito control district. My Mosquito Summer was a success!
Elissa Ashley Biology Major
[email protected] Volusia County Mosquito Control 801 South Street New Smyrna Beach, FL 32168 386-424-2920
Summer 2013
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Indoor Residual Spraying: One Aspect of Controlling Anopheline Mosquitoes by Graham Matthews The vectors of malaria – Anopheles species of mosquitoes will enter houses and are active d u r i n g t h e n i g ht. I t wa s t h i s behavior that enabled early successes in controlling the vectors by spraying the inside of houses with DDT in the 1950s. As DDT was persistent on wall surfaces, one application would remain effective throughout the year. It was so effective that in some countries, such as the USA where the vector was seasonal, its use helped to eliminate malaria. Possibly due to its long persistence but also due to extensive spraying of DDT
in ag riculture, the mosquitoes showed resistance to DDT, and indoor residual spraying was not pursued. More recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) and others have been advocating the use of bed nets impregnated with a pyrethroid insecticide, especially to protect young children and pregnant women at night. Where these nets have been widely distributed, the incidence of malaria has undoubtedly been lowered. However, as these nets are effective for long periods, the problem
Figure 1: Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) applicaion inside a house.
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of resistance is already becoming evident, so there is renewed interest in indoor residual spraying, including the use of DDT in some cou ntri es. Tri a l s a re u nd e r wa y with the need to have alternative chemistries used in rotation to minimize the risk of resistance allowing the mosquitoes to survive. Equipment used to apply sprays i n h o u s e s i s b a s i ca l l y a co m pression sprayer, which allows the operator to concentrate on directing the spray while in the house; see Figure 1. Initial problems with equipment in the 1950s led WHO to publish specifications, part of which require the tank lid to be separate from the pump. Spray operators in the 1950s had to pump the compression sprayer tank until a gauge registered 55 pounds per square inch (psi) and spray through a hardened stainl es s s te e l 8 0 02 fl at fa n n oz zl e until the tank pressure fell to 25 psi. Then they had to repressurize the tank. As the tank pressure decreased (Figure 2a), the flow rate at the nozzle also decreased, resulting in variation in the deposit on the walls; see Figures 2b and 2c. While the pressure was high, a large proportion of the spray was in very small droplets, so the operator had to wear a mask. Since 2007, the specification has required the addition of a control flow valve (CFV) to ensure that the output of a spray nozzle remains constant as the pressure in the spray tank decreases; see Figure 2d. The valve illustrated in Figure 3 operates at only 21 psi, so the risk of droplet inhalation is significantly reduced. Modern manufacturing has also allowed
A
B
C
D
Figure 2: Change in tank pressure (psi) over 4 minutes spraying with a compression sprayer (A) and output when fitted with a previously used 8002 HSS nozzle (B) The high output is compared with a new Ceramic 8002 nozzle (C) also shows decrease in output as tank pressure declines. The addition of a control flow valve ensures output remains the same as tank pressure decreases (D).
Figure 3: Close-up of Control Flow Valve with 8002 nozzle (left) and diagram showing that with Red CFV the operator can spray for 13 minutes before the tank pressure becomes too low to open the valve.
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Figure 4: Operators practicing spraying during a training course, with walls marked to show swath width.
u s e o f a c e ra m i c n oz z l e t h a t should be as durable, more accurate and less expensive than the steel nozzles previously recommended. Irrespective of the nozzle used, the equipment needs to be calibrated, as the water may contain small particles of sand that, over time, can erode a nozzle. This increases the volume applied – see Figure 2b compared with Figure 2c – thus indicating a need to use a new nozzle to avoid wasting insecticide. However, despite improvements in equipment, the implementation of IRS still has problems. Those doing the spraying must be fully trained not only in using the sprayer, but also in critically moving the nozzle over the wall surface at the correct speed and distance from the
wall to obtain the right swath and an even deposit on the wall; see Figure 4. A further problem is that access to at least 80 per cent of houses in a village is needed and the quality of houses varies with different treatable surfaces (wood, mud, plaster), often obscured with cupboards, paintings, posters or other ornaments, which have to be moved to spray the walls; see Figures 5a-d. I n s e cti ci d e i s n ow s u p p l i e d i n sachets that provide the correct amount for one tank load; see Figure 6. But with the CFV in use, reducing the flow rate in comparison with previously, each sachet is diluted in 7.5 linstead of 10 liters of water. IRS should be only one part of an
In the USA, malaria in the Tennessee Valley was tackled with drainage and use of larvicides in the 1930s before DDT was available, but then DDT was used and with better houses with screens to minimize access of mosquitoes, malaria was
integrated vector management (IVM) program. At the same time, efforts are needed to improve the qualit y of houses by screening doors and windows and reducing the number of larval habitat sites by drainage, where possible. If an area of water cannot be drained, the use of lar vicides is another important method of control that has so far not been used extensively in Africa. Space sprays may also be needed following periods of extensive rain and where some Anopheline species bite out of doors. Repellents are useful to protect those who have to be outside at night. A good example of such an IVM program has been at copper mines in Zambia, where the number of attending clinics with malaria has been significantly reduced since 2002.
eliminated. Today, control of nuisance mosquitoes and vectors of West Nile fever is largely d u e to l a r v i ci d e s a n d d ra i n a g e p ro g ra m s, backed up with space sprays when needed.
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A
B
C
D
Figure 5: Inside houses in A) India; B) Mexico (with upper wall unscreened so mosquitoes can enter easily); C) Africa; and D) Vietnam (note that operator has to move around bicycle, bags and other items in one large room).
Figure 6: Adding sachet contents into the spray tank.
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Graham Matthews Emeritus Professor
[email protected] International Pesticide Application Research Centre Dept of Biological Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY United Kingdom 00 44 (0) 207-594-2234
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Applications of the Area Profile Project for Harris County Mosquito Control by Elyse Heob, Joseph Targhetta, Martin Reyna Nava and Rudy Bueno Jr The area profile project of the Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services (HCPHES) Mosquito Control Division (MCD) characterizes mosquito control operational areas within Harris County, Texas by risk factors for mosquito-borne disease. Past and present mosquito control records are combined with environmental, socioeconomic, and geographic data and stored in a centralized database. All data are available by operational area on a concise Microsoft Access form; see Figure 1.
Area profile data include regularly collected mosquito control records and additional risk facto r s o bt a i n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y fo r the project. Regularly collected mosquito control records in clude daily operational field and laboratory surveillance records, treatment records, geopolitical boundary information, rainfall and temperature data, and neighborhood descriptive factors. Risk factors specific to area profile include geo-coded water drainage infrastructure, environmental
descriptors of mosquito habitats, and demographic data. T h e p ro j e ct h a s i m p rove d t h e MCD in many ways, such as increased efficiency, enhanced pesticide tracking, more comp re h e n s i ve u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f local mosquito habitats, heightened infrastructure knowledge a n d p re ci s e ta rg ete d e d u ca tion/outreach. Decision making is guided by operational data captured from the various MCD p ro g ra m s . S t o r i n g a l l h i s t o r i c o p e ra t i o n a l re co rd s a n d s u p p l e m e nta l i nfo r m a t i o n i n o n e concise, centralized database ca n s i g n ifi ca ntl y i ncrea s e the efficiency of normal operations. The easily accessible data forms eliminate information gathering time and simplify data for internal and external stakeholders. B e n efi t s of M CD ’s A re a Profi l e project have already been realized and include the use of GIS analysis for monitoring species bionomics, monitoring chemical usage, tracking infrastructure trends, and for educational outreach.
Figure 1: Part of page one of Microsoft Access Area Profile Data form.
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Fi r s t, t h e a d d i t i o n a l d a ta co l l e ct i o n h a s b e e n h e l pf u l w i t h managing data for habitat analysis, especially GIS spatial analysis. The MCD has already seen the b e nefit of co nci s e, o rg a n ized data with our understanding of mosquito species bionomics in Harris County. Previously, Aedes a l b o pict u s wa s t h o u g ht to b e the second most prevalent species within the I-610 Loop in Harris County, but area profile data recently showed that Culex eraticus is the second most prevalent species after Culex quinquefasciatus. Summer 2013
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This discovery was made due to the capture of surveillance data in the area profile project and has provided valuable information regarding the bionomics of various mosquito species. This information may be used to make adjustments to surveillance methodologies and maximize capture of vector species information. These data are instrumental for tracking surveillance measures and chemical usage to insure compliance to the new regulation issued by the Environmental Protection Agency pertaining to the Clean Water Act. This t ype of documentation is an important requirement to meet permit standards. Second, a rea p rofil e provid es a t ra ck i n g m e c h a n i s m fo r i n frastructure development. Two trends have star ted to emerge from the area profile data, each with implications on species distribution. The first trend is a neg ative co rrel ati o n bet ween storm water inlets and ditches. Neighborhoods with catch basins and grates tend to lack ditches lining the streets; see Figures 2 and 3. Knowing the dichotomy of neighborhoods helps in designing mosquito surveillance methods specifically for each type of infrastructure. A second emerging t re n d i s a p o s i t i ve co r re l a t i o n between construction sites and ponds; see Figures 4 and 5. Newly constructed neighborhoods tend to have artificial ponds included in the neighborhood design. That trend underscores the need for continuously monitoring and updating the infrastructure data in these areas. Additional construction sites and ponds portend significant landscape changes that can alter mosquito habitats and may affect disease risk. The MCD needs to be aware of major i nfra s tructu re s hif ts i n o rd er to target vector surveillance and effectively reduce mosquito-borne disease.
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Finally, area profile is an important tool for targeting outreach material for populations at highest risk for mosquito-borne disease. Area profile helps in two steps. The first step is identifying the high risk populations within Harris Count y. The concise historic sur veillance results reveal
where disease has occurred in the past, while the environmental factors combined with infrastructure trends can identify potential mosquito habitats and potential vector species which will be attracted to the sites. Specifically, Harris Count y Mosquito Control can identify human risk related
Figure 2: Harris County, TX: Stormwater Inlets per Operational Area.
Figure 3: Harris County, TX: Ditches per Operational Area.
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to behavior that results in trash in ditches or oviposition containers in ya rd s throug h information collected in our environmental a s s e s s m e nt. T h e s e co n d s te p is effectively matching the outreach material to the audience. Materials can be customized to be in the appropriate language,
addres s the s pecific need s of the commu nit y, a nd deliver a mes sage that will capture the attention of the target audience. Harris Count y is the third most po pu l ou s cou nt y i n the cou n tr y a nd H ou s to n i s a mo n g the most diverse cities, so providing culturally sensitive material that
Figure 4: Harris County, TX: Construction Sites per Operational Area.
a d d re s s e s t h e l o ca l n e e d s of Harris County citizens is essential. Area profile is a tool to assess the risk for mosquito-borne disease in Harris Count y by using the criteria noted above as well as other criteria. Every program and initiative at the MCD contributes pieces of information for evaluating potential disease risk in the various mosquito control operational areas. The increased understanding of disease risk diversit y results in better decision making processes. The outcome is increased efficiency and more timely response of the MCD in addressing the current and future threats of endemic and emerging mosquito borne diseases in Harris County.
Elyse Heob CDC Public Health Associate
[email protected] Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services Office of Policy and Planning 2223 West Loop South Houston, TX 77027 713-439-6269 Joseph Targhetta Area Profile Supervisor
[email protected] Martin Reyna Nava Technical Operations Manager
[email protected] Dr Rudy Bueno Jr Director
[email protected]
Figure 5: Harris County, TX: Ponds per Operational Area.
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Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services Mosquito Control Division 3330 Old Spanish Trail, Bldg D Houston, TX 77021 713-440-4800
Summer 2013
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Emergency Vector Control and Endangered Species: a New Florida Memorandum of Understanding by Michael Hudon
While attending the 2012 AMCA Wa s h i n g to n D a y s, I fo u n d o u t about an agreement bet ween the Federal Emergency Managem e nt A g e n cy (FEM A) a n d t h e U nited States Fi s h a nd W ildlife Service (USFWS). This agreement relates to a required ‘Endangered Species Consultation’ whenever t h e re i s a fe d e ra l l y d e c l a re d emergency and FEMA is involved. This written agreement takes the form of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), a document describing a bilateral or multilateral agreement between two or more par ties. It expresses a convergence of will between the parties, indicating an intended common line of action. T h i s p a r t i cu l a r M O U i s a s s o ci ated with emergency vector control, which is of ten done in Florida after hurricanes or tropical storms. Hurricanes and tropical storms occur regularly, with the subsequent need for mosquito control. Th e s e a g e n ci e s ha ve a l re a d y completed the required consultation prior to the next foreseeable disaster. In so doing, this should help expedite the treatment and reimbursement process i n Fl o r i d a. FEM A w i l l co m p a re the applicant ’s costs from the disaster with their average nondisaster costs for 3 years, and tr y to make up the dif ference. To paraphrase, the MOU says:
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I f you p e r fo rm s p ra y i n g i n th i s Manner in these Areas it will not adversely impact Threatened and Endangered species in Florida.
FDACS ha s o rg a n ized a l l the needed information at the Fl o ri d a S ta te Ag ri cu l t u ra l Re s ponse Team website:
Manner is defined as: using EPA registered pesticides and following the label, etc, all the things you are already doing.
ht tp:// w w w.fl s a r t.o rg / vector _ control
Areas are defined as: the predetermined zones you intend to spray; typically you would have provided FEMA and the Florida Depar tment of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) with your worst case treatment plan for an area. Changing your spray zo n e s l a te r i s g o i n g to ca u s e problems in that the consultation process will have to begin again. Spraying only a portion of your zones is fine. Expanding the agreed upon zones is not OK. When USFWS was asked what creatures they were most concerned about, they said primarily nesting birds and insects. USFWS provided no-spray zones for FEMA and applicants to make sure their proposed spray zones did not overlap. Most of the creatu res d o not o ccu r in the heavily populated areas where public health treatments are needed. The nesting bird GPS la yers are seasonal and of ten they do not overlap with hurricane season. As for insects, Cicindela h i g h l a n d e n s i s, t h e H i g h l a n d s Tiger Beetle, a candidate species, was one of their concerns. Post-disaster there is a follow up consultation requirement, during which time there is an evaluation to determine if the emergency actions had adversely impacted imperiled species.
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Here you will find the writ ten MOU, FEMA, and Florida policies for emergency vector control, with sample forms and frequently asked questions. I’d like to recognize the following individuals and their colleagues for helping to make this happen: D r Stephanie M adson, FEM A Region 4, Atlanta, GA; Dr Anthony Sowers, USFWS, Vero Beach, FL; and Dale Dubberly and Max Feken, FDACS, Tallahassee, FL. It can be difficult to do a Section 7 Endangered Species consultation for a single county; I can imagine what it was like to reach an agreement for all the counties and all the threatened and endangered species throughout Florida. This MOU is a significant achievement and sets a great example for other states.
Michael Hudon Research Entomologist
[email protected] Indian River Mosquito Control District 5655 41st Street Vero Beach, FL 32967 772-562-2393
OP E N P O S I T ION A N N OU N C E M E N T S Area Supervisor/Assistant Operations Manager t Brevard County Mosquito Control, Titusville, FL The Area Supervisor/Assistant Operations Manager is a full-time permanent position within the Natural Resources Management Department, responsible for the overall operations, maintenance and mosquito control facilities and supervising the Mosquito Control Ground Operations Supervisor, maintenance staff and administrative staff as assigned. The hourly rate is $18.37, with actual salary negotiable based on experience and qualifications. To apply on-line, visit http:// web.brevardcounty.us/Easy/OpenJobs.aspx. For more information please contact Chris Richmond at 321-264-5032. Executive Director t Collier Mosquito Control District, Naples, FL The Executive Director is responsible for managing day-to-day activities of the District, for keeping the Board apprised of any and all matters pertaining to an integrated pest management approach to mosquito control, short and long-range planning, overseeing budget ($10M) preparation, operation of eight (8) aircraft as well as ground-based equipment, and coordinating public education and research programs. Salary $71,250 - $132,500 per year, commensurate with experience and qualifications. For additional information call 239-436-1000 or visit the CMCD web site at www.cmcd.org. three (3) Research Assistant Professors t Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, FL The University of Florida’s FMEL announces positions for 3 non-tenure track time-limited Research Assistant Professors, to begin an initial 9 month appointment with a second year contingent on funding and performance. Each faculty member will be provided a laboratory, office and research budget, with salary commensurate with experience plus fringe benefits. Interested candidates must apply to one of 3 areas focused on Florida mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control that best matches their expertise: development, testing, and application of 1) pesticides, 2) non-pesticide control strategies and 3) evaluation and mitigation of non-target and environmental impacts of control strategies. Applicants can learn more about each position and must submit application materials through the University of Florida job site at https://jobs.ufl.edu. Information about the laboratory can be found at http://fmel.ifas.ufl.edu/.
2013 M E E T I N G A N N O U N C E M E N T S October 1-3: Please note that the dates for the Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control Association's Fall Meeting have been changed to the 1st week of the month. The Meeting will be held at the Skamania Lodge, Stevenson, WA, located in the beautiful Columbia River Gorge. For more information, contact NWMVCA Vice President Ed Burnett at
[email protected]. November 17-20: The Florida Mosquito Control Association will hold their 85th Annual Fall Meeting at the Westin Cape Coral Resort at Marina Village. FMCA has negotiated a room rate of $109 per night for attendees and their families. If you have any questions, please contact FMCA Executive Director Debra Smith at 855-OUR-FMCA or e-mail
[email protected]. November 19-22: The Pan American Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies invite you to participate in the Second International Meeting for the control of Aedes aegypti , to be held in Panama City, Panama, Central America. For more information, please go to http://www.meetingaedes2013.com. November 21-22: The 59th Annual Meeting of the Illinois Mosquito & Vector Control Association will be held at the Springfield, IL Hilton. Additional information can be found at our website http://IMVCA.org.
2014 M E E T I N G A N N O U N C E M E N T S January 7-9: The 2014 Florida Mosquito Control Association's annual Aerial Fly-In will be held at the Lee County Mosquito Control District, Lehigh Acres, FL. For more information or to register, please visit http://www. floridamosquito.org/Events/Aerial.aspx or contact Mark Latham at
[email protected]. January 20-24: The 2014 FMCA Dodd Short Course will be held at the Ocala Hilton, Ocala, FL. For more information visit http://dodd.floridamosquito.org or contact FMCA Executive Director Debra Smith at 855-OUR-FMCA or e-mail
[email protected]. March 25-27: The 11th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop will be held at Anastasia Mosquito Control District (AMCD), St Augustine, FL. The workshops are organized and sponsored by AMCD and USDA-ARSCenter for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL. Visit AMCD’s website at www.amcdsjc. org or contact Jodi Scott at 904-471-3107 or
[email protected].
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Navy Entomologists Assist CDC’s Fight Against Malaria by David Hoel, James Dunford, Daniel Szumlas, Craig Stoops and Robert Wirtz Militar y entomologists ser ve in a variet y of work positions – as deployed war fighters assisting preventive medicine units in theater, instructors, trainers, consultants, and researchers to name a few; and serve with many different organizations. Within the Navy, routine duty assignments include the Nav y Entomology Center of Excellence (NECE) in Jacksonville, FL, the Nav y and Marine Corps Public Health Center (the Navy’s public health HQ) in Portsmouth, VA, three Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Units (Norfolk, San D iego, Pearl Harbor), and on Marine Corps Bases (Camp
Lejeune, Camp Pendleton and Okinawa). We also ser ve in bill et s (wo rk a s s i g n m e nt s) a t t h e Armed Forces Pest Manage ment Board in Silver Spring, MD as policy makers and with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences in Bethesda, MD as instructors. Less common assignments for Navy entomologists include the overseas research billets found in Cairo, Egypt at the US Navy Medical Research Unit No 3 (N A M R U -3), N A M R U - 6 i n Li m a, Pe ru, a n d N A M RU -2 i n H a wa i i, soon to be relocated in Singapore. A liaison billet was created at the United States Department
of Agriculture’s Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Ento m o l o g y (U S DA - CM AV E) to collaborate joint interest research p roj ects fo r U S DA a n d m i l ita r y entomology researchers. Several ye a rs a g o a n a g re e m e nt wa s reached with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA to add two Navy entomology billets, one for a senior researcher, and a second training billet for junior or mid-grade officers. This narrative describes what Nav y entomologists do at CDC and how our work here contributes to the overall mission of military entomology.
Figure 1: Larval collections from northern Uganda roadside ditch and borrow pit. Larvae are then reared to adults in an insectary and tested for insecticide resistance.
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The CDC grew out of an agency originally created to combat malaria in the United States, which had been a serious problem throughout the South since the founding of our country. As many as a million cases of malaria were occurring during most years of the 1930s and into the early 1940s, when the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA), precursor to CDC, was created to combat the disease in the US. The inception of the MCWA could not have come at a better time as we were preparing for war in the malariarife Pacific, southern Europe, and North Africa. However, before we were to begin fighting malaria in faraway places, we needed to fight it here at home first, to ensure that the warfighters going overseas were not ill before hitting the beaches! In fact, some of the greatest threats of contracting malaria in the States occurred at basic training camps on southern military bases in such places as Fort Polk in the Louisiana swamps, Fort Jackson, SC, Camp Lejeune, NC, a nd Fo r t B e n n i ng, GA . A n a b u n d a n ce o f m i l i ta r y b a s e s throughout the South exposed many recruits to malarious mosquitoes before departing for their initial overseas assignments. It was also about this time when active duty entomologists played significant roles in preventing and reducing the number of malariarelated ca sua lties for troops fighting in the South Pacific; towards the end of WWII there were nearly 200 entomologists assigned to over 150 epidemiology units. Today, malaria is eliminated from the US, thanks in part to the many mosquito control organizations and control activities operating here, putting an end to endemic transmission by 1951 and controlling various outbreaks since then. However, militar y personnel still serve overseas in malarious areas s u c h a s A fg h a n i s t a n a n d t h e Middle East, and are frequently
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tasked to serve in disaster relief a n d h u m a n i ta ri a n m i s s i o n s i n many places around the globe w h e re m a l a r i a i s p re s e nt. T h e D e pa r tme nt of D efe n se (D o D) created the Deployed Warfighter Protection Program (DWFP) to develop technologies, techniques, and products to protect deployed troops from vector-borne disease. Navy entomologists stationed at CDC work with CDC scientists on a variety of projects to fulfill the goals of DWFP and to assist with ongoing research of interest to CDC. They also serve as technical advisors to the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), a US Government interagency initiative led by USAID a n d i m p l e m e n t e d w i t h C D C, begun in 2005 to assist much of Africa and parts of Southeast Asia in their fight against malaria. MALARIA AND PMI Malaria is a sometimes fatal mosquito-borne parasitic disease that threatens roughly half the world’s population, causing better than
200,000,000 clinical cases yearly in over 100 countries. Last year, malaria killed more than 600,000 people worldwide; most cases (70%) and the majority of deaths (90%) occurred in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert, where temperature, humidity and rainfall favor the production of large numbers of anopheline mosquitoes, the only vectors of the four Plasmodium parasites that infect and sicken humans (P falciparum, P vivax, P ovale and P malariae). S a d l y, t h e m a j o r i t y o f d e a t h s occur in children less than five years of age. Until recently, malaria deaths had been much higher, closer to a million deaths a year, but thanks to global effor ts to control malaria, death rates and illnesses are (at present) beginning to retreat. Threats to gains in malaria control from insecticide-resistant mosquitoes and bed net durabilit y and insecticide longevity problems are just a few of many issues being examined by Navy entomologists supporting PMI.
Figure 2: Anopheline larvae collected from a roadside ditch in Uganda. Vegetation-free, sun-exposed ditches and borrow pits, used for making bricks, are favored larval habitat sites for Anopheles gambiae, an important malaria vector throughout much of Africa.
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The President ’s Malaria Initiative was created by President Bush in 2005 as a five-year $1.2 billion program to reduce malaria deaths in African countries by 50%. Begun in 20 06, PM I has grown from 3 countries to 19 sub-Saharan African countries and the Greater Mekong Sub-region in Asia. Thanks to a 5-year extension authorized under the Lantos-Hyde Act, the United States Government will continue to provide support through 2014. PMI relies on four proven interventions to reduce the burden of malaria: 1) the purchase and distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs); 2) indoor residual spraying (IRS) of living quarters using long-lasting residual insecticides to control arthropophilic (human-feeding) anopheline malaria vectors; 3) intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women (prevention using malaria drugs); and 4) case management including treatment of malaria cases with combinations of newer drugs called ACTs (artemisinin-based combination therapies) after confirmation of infection by microscopy or RDT (rapid diagnostic test). PMI WORK Senior Nav y entomologists stationed at CDC serve as technical consultants to the PMI program. The va s t ma jo rit y of thei r wo rk revolves around the IRS and LLIN i nte r ve nt i o n s, a n d i n cl u d e s a wide variety of activities such as insecticide resistance monitoring, training host nationals on the World Health O rganization (WHO) and CDC bottle bioassay techniques to detect insecticide re s i s ta n ce i n ma l a ri a ve cto rs, mosquito species identification, insecticide longevity testing with WHO cone assays on bed nets and IRS-treated walls, insectary startup consultation, help with or planning operational research programs in host countries, and mosquito sur veillance with I RS
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Figure 3: At Camp Blanding in Florida, LT Ryan Larson of the Navy Entomology Center of Excellence sprays panels, made of materials typically found in African houses, with residual insecticide for longevity testing against Anopheles gambiae at CDC. CDC-DoD collaborations are mutually beneficial to both agencies.
par tners; see Figures 1 and 2. We work primarily with M inistr y of H e a lth (M O H) a n d N ati o n a l Malaria Control Program (NMCP) personnel in host countries, but also with other in-country institutions, such as the Liberian Institute of Biomedical Research, the Uganda Virus Research Institute, and local universities involved with tropical disease training and research. We also interact with non-government organizations responsible for purchases and distribution of PMI commodities and other international players such as the Global Fund, World Bank, WHO and with PMI’s IRS implementing partners such as Abt Associates and RTI International. A year ago, the lead author was assigned as the entomology consultant to PMI teams in Uganda, Liberia, and Nigeria. Since that time, he has traveled to Uganda four times, and twice to Liberia and Nigeria. These three countries face tremendous challenges due to malaria. Ever yone born and
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living in Liberia has had malaria at least once in their life and backto - b a ck ci v i l wa r s d e ci m a te d t h e i r p u b l i c h e a l t h i n f ra s t r u c ture, compounding the problem of infection in recent years. In U g a nda, nea rl y 40 pe rcent of all outpatient visits to health clinics are due to malaria and over 90 percent of the countr y ’s 33 million residents live in highly malarious areas. Nigeria bears the brunt of the malaria burden in Africa, where it is estimated that a quarter of the world’s malaria cases occur. Ghana, Mali and Malawi are other countries where Navy entomologists CDR Daniel Szumlas and LCDR Craig Stoops continue to have assigned PMI duties. Each country represents unique malaria scenarios due to topography, climate, anopheline species composition, mosquito feeding behaviors and changing insecticide resistance profiles. Work has centered on developing the entomology portion of the annual PMI Malaria Operational
Plans for these countries and providing technical assistance and training to MOH employees. In Liberia, work has recently begun on developing a mobile insectary to enable the NMCP to colonize insecticide susceptible malaria mosquitoes for residual insecticide testing of IRS sprayed walls and long lasting insecticide-treated bed nets, which is essential in determining whether these insecticides are lasting as long as advertised. Shortfalls in product performance can greatly increase program costs. The insectary will be used to rear field-collected larvae to adults for local species determination and for training purposes. An insectary was recently completed in northern Uganda fulfilling these same needs and funded through the PM I pro gram. We are in the process of p u rc h a s i n g m o s q u i to s u r ve i l lance equipment to help NMCPs e s t a b l i s h o r i m p ro ve m a l a r i a
surveillance programs for Nigeria, Liberia and Uganda. The goal is to provide enough equipment and training to the NMCP and MOH to enable them to eventually take over these operations and become self-sufficient in IRS and mosquito sur veillance. The PMI effort in Liberia has been bolstered by technical assists, surveillance activities, and IRS technique training given to the Liberian NMCP and MOH by personnel from NECE and NAMRU-3. All of this work has occurred in conjunction with interagency country teams including epidemiologists and public health advisors to ensure the most effective use of entomology data to guide national programs. COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH I n add iti o n to PM I - related a ctivities and overseas travel, Navy entomologists assigned to CDC are tasked with providing support
to, a s well a s lead ing, several collaborative vector control research projects. The CDC bottle bioassay was developed by CDC entomologists as a quick, field expedient method of determining the insecticide susceptibility status of mosquitoes to a given insecticide or class of insecticides at a specific time and location. We are currently engaged with studies that aim to modif y and enhance surveillance techniques to further develop this test. CDC senior research entomologist Dr William Brogdon, responsible for initial development of the CDC bottle bioassay, is currently leading an investigation to assess the frequency and intensity of insecticide resistance by tailoring assays to also allow for evaluation of the strength and resistance mechanism profile of resistance foci. This modified standard bioassay has been developed to determine insecticide resistance intensity in
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mosquitoes by exposure to 2X, 5X, and 10X the diagnostic dose. Once resistance frequency and intensity are determined, discrimination between metabolic and target site resistance can also be determined using insecticide synergists in the standard bottle bioassay. Dr Brogdon’s protocols are designed to more accurately reveal resistance strength and detoxification mechanisms in target mosquitoes. They allow for assessment of the maximum number of s ites throug hout a prog ra m area; thus, enabling intervention decision-making to be based on a more complete understanding of resistance at varying frequencies and intensities. Some of the laboratory work associated with these projects is being conducted by Navy entomologists at CDC. The CDC bottle bioassay is used primarily to determine susceptibility levels of mosquitoes to a variety of insecticides. However, CDR Daniel Szumlas and LCDR Toby Palmer, two Navy entomologists previously stationed at CDC, conducted bot tle assays using house flies (Musca domestica) to determine diagnostic doses of insecticides needed for this group of public health pests. House flies represent a significant threat to deployed forces throughout the world because they aid in mechanically transmit ting enteric pathogens that cause diarrheal diseases, a significant cause of morbidity to troops.
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Figure 4: CDR David Hoel collecting mosquitoes from a light trap placed under a “failed” bed net (with holes) to measure the degree of mosquito ingress into the bed net. This project is a collaboration between CDC and USDA–CMAVE, Gainesville, FL.
In the laboratory facilities at CDC’s Roybal Campus in Atlanta, we are al so u s ing the CDC bot tle bioassay to investigate the efficacy of candidate insecticidal compounds with the goal of determining the range of effective lethal concentrations for differing formulations of novel compounds. The goal is to find effective candidates with proven lethalit y to mosquitoes for future commercial development. C8910, a mixture
of m e d i u m - ch a i n o cta n o i c, nonanoic and decanoic acids in equal parts, shows promising characteristics for use in public health vector control. At sufficient concentrations, this compound provides quick knockdown with no recovery. The fatty acids that comprise C8910 have been app roved by the U S FDA a s foo d a d d itives in the U S s ince 1965 and are categorized as “Generally Recognized as Safe,” We have conducted numerous tests that demonstrate its effectiveness against the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, with plans to further evaluate this compound as well as similar ones against a variet y of disease - carr ying arthropods. Further development of C8910 and similar compounds may provide vector control specialists with effective, environmentally-safe insecticides for controlling insect disease vecto r s , a s w e l l a s a s u s ta i n a b l e
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alternative to a growing insecticide resistance crisis. Ca m p B l a n d i n g J o i nt Tra i n i n g Center (Starke, FL), NECE and CDC teamed up in 2012 to conduct Indoor Residual Spray evaluations that intend to provide critical data on the residual longevity of WHOapproved (and those pending approval) insecticides used in IRS programs. NECE is well equipped to eva l u a te e x i s t i n g a n d n ew insecticides using state of the ar t equipment, and provide a tremendous resource to independently evaluate products already being implemented in malaria management programs. The geographical location, climate, and surrounding vegetation at Camp Blanding are ideal for reproducing ‘real world’ conditions that DoD and other vector control specialists encounter in the field. Wooden latrines, representing ‘huts’ that would be encountered
Figure 5: Broward College, FL interns Cristiane Gasparetto (left) and Rachel Cruz assisting with CDC bottle bioassays used to monitor insecticide resistance.
in sub-Saharan Africa, were pos i t i o n e d i n o p e n g ra s s y a re a s adjacent to wooded habitat with moderate to dense understor y. Each latrine was retrofit ted in teriorly with insecticide treated 12 by 12 inch panels made of va ri o u s bu i l d i n g mate ri a l s (i e, sheet metal, ply wood, cement, and mud/du ng); see Fig u re 3. The panels were left exposed to environmental conditions and a subset of panels were collected and shipped to CDC at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months post-application. WHO cone bioassays were used against a susceptible strain of An gambiae available in colony at CDC. The primar y objectives of this on-going study are to test a number of WHO-approved insecticides representing different insecticide classes, in order to determine the residual efficacy of each insecticide and whether including a pH buf fer
A bed net study was also initiated in 2012 at Lower Suwannee N ati o na l W ild life Refu g e, Lev y County, FL with the assistance of personnel at USDA-CMAVE; see Figure 4. Because bed nets also represent one of the most effective malaria inter ventions used by global malaria programs incl u d i n g PM I, it i s i m p o r ta nt to k n ow w h e n a b e d n et i s co n s idered no longer ef fective at preventing mosquito bites. Over time, bed nets of ten degrade by either losing their insecticide res id u a l o r (mo re co nce rn i ng) by becoming frayed or replete with holes. In order to reveal the effects of hole size and obtain preliminary information towards determining bed net failure, a
field experiment was conducted to appraise the ingress of hostseeking female mosquitoes into compromi sed u n -treated bed nets. One hole each was centered and cut into each of four sides and the top of bed nets. Hole sizes were based on published WHO criteria for assessing bed net failure using a three hole size test criterion: finger (2.5 cm diameter), fist (10 cm diameter) and face (25 cm diameter) sized holes; the other two treatments consisted of a bed net with no holes and a site with no bed net (control). Field work in 2013 will include use of insecticidetreated bed nets, following the same design described above. Studies have only recently begun that address the physical and insecticidal longevity in bed nets used in governmentfunded antimalarial programs, s o t h i s i n fo r m a t i o n i s n e e d e d to determine bed net field life.
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improves longevity. Ultimately, we will use the results to make recommendations to those already using or considering various insecticides for IRS programs.
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Laborator y testing at the CDC i n s e cta r y i s a l s o u n d e r wa y to d ete r m i n e t h e m o s t ef fe ct i ve combination of modified BG Sentinel traps and various attractants in capturing An gambiae mosquitoes, the primary malaria vector in Africa. Large room sized climate-controlled test chambers are used to conduct these tests. These test chambers were used by previous Navy entomologists in collaboration with the Mosquito and Fly Research Unit at CMAVE in Gainesville, FL to test various filth fl y tra ps and devices that reduce fly populations and eliminate their associated nuisance and disease spreading potential. Anopheline mosquitoes often do n ot re s p o n d we l l to CD C l i g ht traps, and the DoD has an interest in developing better anopheline traps and attractants to enhance field surveillance of malaria mosquitoes to better protect troops deployed to malarious areas. STUDENT INTERNS The research aspect of our work at CDC has been greatly facilitated with the help of student interns b ro u g h t i n v i a a c o m p e t i t i ve internship program developed by LT James Dunford. An agreement between Broward College, Davie, FL and CDC has allowed us to bring in and mentor biology student interns to work alongside CDC and Navy entomologists to gain a better understanding of global public health as it relates to disease carrying arthropods; s e e Fi g u re 5. S tu d e nts ha ve worked on several projects, including those described earlier. They also helped develop and appear in an instructional video on how to monitor insecticide resistance in the field. The work they conduct at CDC is counted as a three-credit course and included in their academic curriculum. As it turns out, both students chosen i n 2 012 h a d w i t n e s s e d f i r s t hand friends and close relatives
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a f f l i cte d by i n s e ct- b o r n e d i s ease in Brazil. As children, they had seen dengue outbreaks that closed schools and businesses in their towns and had family members chronically ill with Chagas disease. The internship provided both students a unique opportunity to learn about insects that transmit vector-borne diseases such a s mala ria, deng ue a nd Chagas, diseases they were already familiar with. We can’t say enough about how well the s tu d e nt s p e r fo rme d, a n d h ow much we learned from them as we streamlined new protocols and procedures in the laboratory to evaluate various insect control methodologies. The program will continue in 2013. CDC continues to be an excellent platform for us to promote Navy M e d i ci n e a n d N a v y Ento m o l ogy, and we will continue to use ever y opportunit y to do so. We welcome visits from public health professionals and Navy entomologists across the fleet as well as from other branches and offer training on procedures we have l e a rn e d w h i l e s ta t i o n e d h e re. CDC is a great location to work alongside some of the world ’s premier vector control specialists, epidemiologists, and humanitarians – and that is one of the main reasons Navy entomologists are h e re, to a s s i s t a n d l e a rn fro m world class scientists and employ what we learn to better service deployed troops and countries in need of public health expertise. Service members are not immune to the various insect-borne diseases that occur worldwide and Navy entomologists play a major role in keeping members safe from these illnesses. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the US Government.
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David Hoel Commander
[email protected] James Dunford Lieutenant
[email protected] Medical Service Corps United States Navy Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center Detachment Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA 30329 404-718-4330 Daniel Szumlas Commander
[email protected] Medical Service Corps United States Navy Walter Reed Military Entomology Research Program / Naval Medical Research Center Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-319-9646 Craig Stoops Lieutenant Commander
[email protected] Medical Service Corps United States Navy Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology / United States Department of Agriculture Gainesville, FL 32608 352-374-5924 Robert Wirtz Chief
[email protected] Entomology Branch Department of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Center for Global Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA 30329 404-718-4330
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From Where I Sit: Notes from the AMCA Technical Advisor by Joe Conlon Our profession has been under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit yoke for approximately a year and a half now and it’s time to take stock of current legislative initiatives to address this seemingly intractable problem that is unnecessarily sapping scarce public health resources. A s y o u r e c a l l , i n M a r c h 2 011 Congressman Bob Gibbs (R-OH) introduced HR 872, the “Reduci n g Re g u l ato r y B u rd e n s Act of 2011.” T h i s b i l l s p e ci fi ca l l y exempted public health agencies from having to get costly and restrictive NPDES permits in order to apply life saving mosquitocides, including larvicides. It passed the House with strong bipartisan suppor t and was then assigned to the Senate Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee chaired by Senator Debbie Stabenow (DMI), for review and appropriate action. It was also passed out of this commit tee with bipar tisan suppor t and was for warded for further action by the full Senate. Senator Barbara Boxer (D - CA), who chairs the Senate Environm e n t a n d P u b l i c Wo r k s ( E P W ) Committee that has jurisdiction over Clean Water Act issues, was and remains in strong opposition to any NPDES amendment. She, along with other senators, put a procedural “hold” on the bill, effectively scuttling its chances to be considered by the full Senate. A hold requires 60 votes in the senate to override and a sched u l i n g by S e nate l e a d e rship to have a vote, neither of which took place. A number of attempts were made to at least have a floor debate on the bill’s merits, but none were successful.
Other at tempts to place the bill ’s language as a rider onto the Senate Farm Bill were also unsuccessful, as the addition of riders was actively discouraged by Senator Stabenow. So, where does that leave us now? We’re just now get ting wind of arguments being made that the costs of implementing this program are no big deal – hence, A M C A’s re p e a t e d re q u e s t s to districts for cost data related to N PD ES i m p l e me ntati o n. “ EPA’s program, which already exempts agricultural runoff, is a relatively non-burdensome way to address the demonstrated environmental and health problems caused by pesticide pollution,” said a s pokeswoman for Senator Ben Cardin (D-MD), the chair of the Senate EPW Committee’s Water and Wildlife subcommittee. “The E PA’s g e n e ra l p e r m i t t i n g p ro gram has been ongoing for over a year at this point, and by all accounts is operating successfully,” she says. I guess we might ta ke i s s u e w i t h h e r d efi n i t i o n s of “relatively non-burdensome” and “by all accounts is operating successfully.” Really ? By whose account?
t wo are linked, but there i s no proof that is the case.” While I would agree that the causation m i g ht b e p ro b l e m a t i c, I w i s h that they wou l d a ck nowl ed g e that same distinction with their own hazard - based arguments about mosquito control methods being “linked to” and “may cause” any number of untoward effects on human health and the environment – but I won’t hold my breath. I ’ve recently returned from the 14 th Annual Washington Legislative Conference and can report t h e fo l l ow i n g a s a t i m e l i n e of NPDES initiatives having recently taken place. I present these to give you an idea of the extraordinarily complex process through which this issue is being settled one way or another:
I n a d d iti o n, e nv i ro n me nta l i s t s note that the increase in West Nile virus cases reported by the Ce nte rs fo r D i s e a s e Co ntro l & P reve n t i o n (C D C) i n 2 012 h a s not been causally linked to reduced pesticide spraying. “I think that ’s false causation,” a source says, adding that CDC does not say why there has been an increase. “ With a lot of diseases we see up-ticks and down-ticks . . i t ’s co nve n i e nt fo r t h e m to make that argument ” that the
O n M a rch 4, 2013, B o b G i b b s (R- OH) introduced H R 935, the “ Reducing Regulator y Burdens Act of 2013”, essentially a restatement of the previous year ’s bill (HR 872). Its stated intent is “[to] amend the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FI FR A) a n d the Fe d e ra l Wate r Pollution Control Act (the Clean Wa te r Act) to cl a ri f y Co n g re s sional intent regarding the re g u l a t i o n o f t h e u s e o f p e s ticides in or near navigable waters, and for other purposes.” The bill amends both Section 3(f) of FIFRA and Section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act by stating that neither the EPA Administrator nor a state may require under the Act a permit for discharge of a pesticide or residue from such pesticide into navigable waters of the United States. The bill has been referred
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Summer 2013
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to the House Commit tee on Transportation and Infrastructure in addition to the Committee on Agriculture. Considering its predecessor’s (HR 872) passage last year with overwhelming bipartisan support, we look forward to its reaffirmation again this year but don’t expect it to pass both chambers. On the 24th of April, Senators Kay Hagan (D -NC) and Mike Crapo (R-ID) introduced a related bill, S 802, the “Sensible Environmental Protection Act (SEPA) of 2013”, with the stated purpose to “clarify Congressional intent regarding the regulation of the use of pesticides in or near navigable waters…” The bill ’s language is similar to that of HR 935 – with the add ition of a requirement for a study to fully evaluate the impact of pesticides on the nations water. It has been referred to th e S e n ate EP W cha i re d by S e n a t o r B o x e r. A c c o r d i n g t o Senator Hagan, “This bill is not about whether pesticides should be regulated, but rather about eliminating a redundant regulation that provides lit tle or no environmental or public health benefits, and imposes unnecessar y burdens on our farmers, s tates a nd mu n ici pa liti es a nd other entities that use pesticides responsibly. I will continue working with my colleagues to eliminate redundant regulations that add unnecessary costs and create legal uncertaint y during these difficult economic times.” She gets it. Add itiona l bi pa r ti san cos pon sors of S 802 include Senators David Vit ter (R-L A), the ranking Re p u b l i ca n o n t h e E P W co m mittee, Tom Carper (D-DE), Chris Coons (D-DE), Saxby Chambliss (R- GA) Heidi Heitka mp (D - N D), Cl a i re M cCa s k i l l (D - M O) J o e Donnelly (D-IN), Deb Fischer (RNE), Mar y Landrieu (D-LA), Mark Pr yor (D-AR), James Risch (R-ID)
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a nd J a mes I n hofe (R- O K ). U n for tunately, S EPA evidently will not be scheduled for a hearing in commit tee. The Senate Version of the Farm bill passed the Senate without corrective NPDES language in it.
The bottom line is that the Senate and House versions of the Farm Bill will most likely go to conference where Senate and House m e m b e r s o n t h e c o n fe re n c e commit tee will iron out a final bill. This is where the case must b e m a d e t h a t FA R R M T i t l e X , S e c t i o n 10 013, e x e m p t i n g u s from NPDES, must remain intact i n t h e fi n a l d ra f t b i l l. Yo u ca n ex p e ct a l a rg e p u s h fro m t h e AMCA to have its members conta ct co nfe re es to g a rne r the i r support for the NPDES exemption language in the coming weeks. It ’s difficult to predict outcomes, but the primar y issues of food stamps, farm subsidies and other major agricultural programs have to be sor ted out – and (hopefully) the NPDES language inclusion might be granted by consensus. We’ll see. That brings us to the current status of our attempts to obtain an exemption from NPDES permit requirements. House Ag ri cu lt u re Co m m i t te e Ch a i rman Frank Lucas, R-OK and the Committee’s ranking Democrat, Representative Collin Peterson, D -MN have both been actively
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engaged in the House Farm Bill, HR 1947 the “Federal Agricultural Reform and Risk Management A c t o f 2 013 ” ( FA R R M ) , w h i c h contains the language from the Re d u ci n g Re g u l a to r y B u rd e n s Act of 2013 (HR 935) is included in FARRM (Title X, Section 10013). As you may be aware, on June 20th the FARRM bill was not approved by the full House. Each Pa r t y i s b l a m i n g t h e ot h e r fo r the bill ’s failure. House leadership is now considering how to p ro ce e d. O pt i o n s i n cl u d e re craf ti ng the bill i n such a wa y s o a s to s e cu re t h e 218 vote s neces sa r y for pa s sage, doing an extension of the current law, or doing nothing. That last option is believed to be the most unlikely response because of the budgetar y impacts that would occur from such a situation. We will likely know which course will be pursued within the nex t t wo weeks. We do continue to par ticipate in the Congressional discussions and continue to a d vo cate fo r i ncl u d i n g o u r language in whatever Farm Bill advances out of the House. We are convinced that if a House passed bill includes our provision and its supporters continue to press for its adoption, we have a good chance of having it ado pted i n the fi na l ve rs i o n that comes out of the Senate-House Conference Committee. Stay tuned…
Joseph M Conlon AMCA Technical Advisor
[email protected] 1500 Millbrook Court Fleming Island, FL 32003 904-215-3008
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