Volume 1, No. 1-16

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research and information on all fields of science. ... Msc. Steljana Lami. ..... Head of Computer Science Department; Faculty of Information Technology;. Msc.
ISSN 352-885

International Journal of Current Research and Review

Volume 1, No. 1-16

February 2016, Madrid, Spain

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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) (ISSN 352885) (Impact Factor [2015] 1. 429) [review] is a multidiscipline online journal with open access policy. IJCRR provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. IJCRR is published as six volumes annually. Authors can submit their work anytime.

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) is a peer reviewed, international open access journal. Its mission is to disseminate research and information on all fields of science. We publishes original research, reports on multidiscipline practices, literature reviews, case studies, and book, conference and product reviews. The Journal accepts submissions continuously.

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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) covers following Subjects: Architecture/ Planning, Agriculture, Advertising, Accounting & Finance, Botany, Business Research, Chemistry, Commerce, Computer Application, Consumer Behaviour & Relationship Management, Corporate Governance, Earth Sciences, Education, Economics, E-commerce, Engineering & Technology, Bioscience, Entrepreneurship, Fisheries, History, Human Resources, Management, Information Technology, International Business, Law / Criminology, State order, Justice, Administrate, Life Sciences, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Social Work, Performing Arts, Physics, Psychology, Health Care, Management, Industrial Relations, Medicine, Management, Marketing communication, Marketing, Management, Marine, Microbiology, Medical Sciences, Nursing / Pharmacy, Nutraceuticals, Physical Education, Philosophy, Political Sciences, Psychology, Population Studies, Selling and Marketing techniques, Strategic Management, Total Quality Management Training and Development, Sociology, Veterinary Sciences, Languages, Vector Ecology, Prevention and Control of Mosquito/Vector-Borne Diseases, Vector Competence of Vector-Borne Diseases, Biopesticides/Botanical Insecticides in Vector Control and Management, Primatology, Zoo archaeology, Zoosemiotics, Vector Molecular Biology, Molecular Endocrinology, Parasitology and Immunology, Philosophy, Commutation, Sociology, Mythology etc.

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Content

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD ...................................................................... 10 Next issue .......................................................................................................................... 12

IJCRR VOLUME 1, NO. 1-16; ACCEPTED PAPERS .............................................. 13

ANALYZING AND FORECASTING MODELS BASED ON SPECIFIC CASES FOR STUDENT SCHOLARSHIPS CASE STUDY: UNIVERSITY "ALEKSANDER MOISIU", DURRES ......................................................................... 14 Phd. Senada Bushati (Hoxha) ........................................................................................ 14 Msc. Steljana Lami......................................................................................................... 14 THE PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EIGENVALUE PROBLEM .... 28 Rinela KAPÇIU, ............................................................................................................. 28 Eglantina KALLUÇI, ..................................................................................................... 28 Fatjona BUSHI .............................................................................................................. 28 CHAME ISSUE IN DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY IN THE GOVERNMENT OF VLORA 1912-1914 ........................................................................................................... 37 Matilda Meta; ................................................................................................................ 37 MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER IN TIRANA ... 45 Milidin Bakalli, .............................................................................................................. 45 Margarita Hysko, ........................................................................................................... 45 Violeta Zanaj.................................................................................................................. 45 Julis Selamaj .................................................................................................................. 45

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THE DYNAMIC OF EMIGRATION OF ALBANIANS AFTER 90 YEARS. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS IN THE MIGRATION OF ALBANIANS ............................ 51 Dr. Mirela Tase .............................................................................................................. 51 CHILD’S RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM ALL FORMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE. ..................................................................................................................... 58 Anilda Shestan ............................................................................................................... 58 PRIVATE PROPERTY DURING CONSITUTIONS OF DICTATORSHIP ........... 66 Dr. Assoc. Xhensila Pine ............................................................................................... 66 INSULT AND DEFAMATION AS CRIMINAL OFFENCES DIRECTED AGAINST THE PERSON, THEIR RELATION WITH FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AS A HUMAN FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM AND THE LEGAL DEBATE ABOUT THEIR DECRIMINALIZATION ................................................. 73 Etlon Peppo .................................................................................................................... 73 “PROBLEMS IN “ALBANIAN HEALTH MARKET AND ITS MANAGEMENT”. ............................................................................................................................................ 90 Enis URUҀI ................................................................................................................... 90 Dr. Med Emirjeta KUNIQI² ........................................................................................... 90 Dr. Med Brela XHAFERRAJ³ ........................................................................................ 90 LINK BETWEEN DRUG ABUSE AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE IN PRIZREN ................................................................................. 103 Blerina Vehbiu ............................................................................................................. 103 Kaltrina Skoro Murtezaj .............................................................................................. 103 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ECONOMIC AND TREATMENT OF FINANCIAL CRISIS ............................................................................................................................ 112 Dr. Avdi Jakupi ............................................................................................................ 112 DEPRESSION AND ITS CAUSES AT THE AGE OF 15-18.................................... 135 Mr. sci. Nevzat Shemsedini .......................................................................................... 135 SOCIO - EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING OF ADOLESCENTS DISPLACED BY FORCE FROM THEIR HOMES IN THE REGION OF MITROVICA ................. 148 Mr. Sci. Imri ZABELI ................................................................................................... 148 Mr. Sci. Latif HOXHA .................................................................................................. 148 Page | 7

Dr. Sci. Besnik SPAHIU............................................................................................... 148 RESEARCH OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN FRESH MEAT BROILERS IN POULTRY SLAUGHTERHOUSE ........................................................................ 158 HESET VRANOVCI, .................................................................................................... 158 PRANVERA ÇABELI, .................................................................................................. 158 SONILA ÇOÇOLI, ....................................................................................................... 158 TANA SHTYLLA........................................................................................................... 158 DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING TO READ TO STUDENTS IN GRADES EARLY .......................................................................................................................................... 166 Edita Haxhijaha ........................................................................................................... 166 APPLICATION OF MODERN AND CREATIVE TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING .......................................................................................................................................... 183 Mr. Sci. Latif HOXHA .................................................................................................. 183 THE PURPOSE OF THE SURVEY ............................................................................ 186 The main hypothesis ................................................................................................ 187 Sub-hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 187 Variables .................................................................................................................. 187 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TEST ANXIETY AND THE SUCCESS OF STUDENTS IN KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT TEST ............................................ 197 MA. Lumturije Kuçi ..................................................................................................... 197 Mr. Sci. Latif HOXHA .................................................................................................. 197 Dr. Sci. Besnik SPAHIU............................................................................................... 197 SENSITIVITY AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ISOLATED FROM POULTRY FOR EGGS PRODUCTION ...... 208 Hyzer Rizani ................................................................................................................. 208 HUMANIZING PROHIBITION MEASURES (PUNISHMENT) ............................ 214 Ruzhdi Kadrija ............................................................................................................. 214 PRESENTATION, PROBLEM EXPOSURE, MOTIVES OF ENGAGING CHILDREN AT WORKS ............................................................................................. 221 Prof. As. Dr. Behxhet Gaxhiqi ..................................................................................... 221 Page | 8

WORK SATISFACTION- COMPARISON BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR ......................................................................................................................... 238 Aziz Rexhepi PhD. c ..................................................................................................... 238 THE ROLE OF VICTIMS AND WITNESSES IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT .................................................................. 251 Besim Kusari, ............................................................................................................... 251

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INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

D. R. Prajapati; Assistant Professor, Mech. Engg. Deptt. , PEC University Of Technology, Sector-12, Chandigarh,INDIA G. F Torres; Research Professor, Enginnering Petroleum Department, Universidad del Istmo, Mexico G. ILIPINAR; ESADE Business School, Department of Marketing, Av. Pedralbes, 60-62, E-08034, BARCELONA, SPAIN I. Kondrashin; The Member of The Russian Philosophical Society, The Russian Humanist Society and Expert of the UNESCO - Moscow, Russia J. VITthalbhai Patel; Associate Professor , Kalol Institute Of Management, (MCA Programme), Affiliate With Gujarat Technological University (Gtu) Josef Hoechtl; Department of Political Economy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Ex. Member of the Austrian Parliament– Austria L. Ciric; Dept. of Mathematics Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia Md. N. Hossain; Lecturer, Department Of Marketing,Faculty Of Business Studies, University Of Dhaka N. Kavitha; Department Of Management, College Of Business And Economics, Mekelle University, ETHIOPIA P. Dhar; Associate Professor, Department Of Commerce & Management, West Bengal State University, INDIA Pokutnyi Sergey; Institute of Surface Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,Ukraine

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R. P. Samy; Dept. of MicrobiologyYoung Loo Lin School of Medicine,Singapore R. S. Sethi; Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, IndiaAdjunct Faculty: Dept. of Biomed Sci. , University of Saskatchewan, Canada R. P. C. S. Rajaram; Assistant Professor , Kalasalingam University, 91/C,P. K. S. A. Arumuga Nadar Road, Sivakasi S. Aswale ; Head And Research Guide , Department Of Commerce , Scs College Omerga. S. Bojnec; Professor of Economics, University of Primorska, Slovenia S. KISHORE REDDY; M. TECH, MISTE, IAENG, UACEE, SCIEI, ICE, ISMTE, IARCP,ICST, PASS, PhD. , Associate Professor , Department Of Electrical Engineering, Adama Science & Technology University, ETHIOPIA S. N. TAKALIKAR; Principal, St. Johns Institute of Engineering, PALGHAR (M. S. ), Samfira Ionel; Banat’s University of Agricultural Sci. and Vet. Med. , Romania T. Dovenski; Faculty of Vet. Med. Institute of Reproduction and Biomedicine , Macedonia V. S. Sreebalaji; PRINCIPAL, Thamirabharani Engineering College, Tirunelveli Tamilnadu 627 357, INDIA Z. AHMED ; Software Research Eng, Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, GERMANY Z. Vujisic; Rector, St. Gregory Nazianzen Orthodox Institut, Universidad Rural de Guatemala, GT,U. S. A

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NEXT ISSUE

Important dates  Paper submission deadline: 15, April 2016  Confirmation of acceptance deadline: 18 April 2016.  Fee Payment no later than 3-5 days from acknowledgment of the full paper.  Online edition (28. 04. 2016)

Papers submissions for next issue must be online by April 15, 2016, at: info@adicciones-online. com Page | 12

IJCRR VOLUME 1, NO. 1-16;

ACCEPTED PAPERS

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ANALYZING AND FORECASTING MODELS BASED ON SPECIFIC CASES FOR STUDENT SCHOLARSHIPS. CASE STUDY: UNIVERSITY "ALEKSANDER MOISIU", DURRES

Phd. Senada Bushati (Hoxha) Head of Computer Science Department; Faculty of Information Technology;

Msc. Steljana Lami Specialist, Legal Sector; University "Aleksander Moisiu", Durres

Students enrolled in public institutions of higher education who are attending a full time bachelor program, can benefit scholarship, according to paragraphs provided by law, from the annual budget approved by the Ministry of Education and Sports and the Ministry of Social Welfare and Youth. The distribution of scholarships will be based on several criteria, including the results achieved, the economic criteria, categories of special status etc. All students must respect the deadlines and submit the relevant documents, so they can be called candidate applying for scholarships. Referring to the allocated fund, as winners will be selected those candidates who satisfy the criteria according to the relevant staff of the institution. Since the law can be interpreted in several ways, we must say that may have different lists of winners. Therefore it would be positive the use of technological tools and methods, as a way to resolve the problems encountered. This paper serves to study the phenomenon, the correct interpretation of the law, mining and analyzing the students, of the University of Durres, benefiting scholarships. We will discuss with the problems that we have encountered in our daily work; we will also propose a solution through the use of Data Mining techniques. Page | 14

Keywords: student scholarship, analyzing methods, statistics, classification, prediction.

Introduction Each academic year, full time students enrolled in a study program of the first cycle degree (Bachelor), in public educational institutions, can receive scholarships from the annual budget allocated to the Ministry of Education and Sports, Ministry of Social Welfare and Youth, which was given to different categories of pupils and students, in our case the students, who must follow and meet certain deadlines and criteria for the benefit of scholarships. Depending on criterions, stands quantification of scholarship. Repeatedly, each academic year at Institutions of Higher Education, as well as local government bodies, is sent a decision of the Council of Ministers which has prerogative (the right) of legal dispositions that underlie the conditions, criteria and categories of beneficiaries for those who play the leading role in the review and approval of these students. To have a clear picture in this paper, it is worth to clarify the structure of academic of the University "Aleksander Moisiu", Durres, which consists of: Faculty of Business, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Technology and Information, Faculty of Political legal issues, Faculty of Professional Studies, Faculty of Integrated Studies with Practice (FASTIP), it is important to mention it, because the distribution of scholarship recipients is made by faculty, although never has restrictions on quotas, but depending on the categories eligible. The distribution of scholarships will be based on several criteria, including the results achieved, the economic criteria, categories of special status etc. All students must respect the deadlines and submit the relevant documents, so they can be called candidate applying for scholarships. Referring to the allocated fund, as winners will be selected those candidates who satisfy the criteria according to the relevant staff of the institution. As we know, the interpretation of the law can be made in different ways, referring to selective criterions. Practices that should be followed to complete the lists of students candidate for scholarships is as follows: We accept documents to the relevant institution,

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these documents are processed and analyzed on the basis of the selection criteria, the lists must be sent to the ministry, which will be approved or not the requirements of the institution. In this paper we seek to discuss and explain the phase of creating lists of candidate students, which should be sent to the Ministry. They need to be very accurate, not to have errors during analysis and data processing, also selected cases should coincide with similar cases in the past years, so be based on the data history. Therefore it would be positive the use of technological tools and methods, as a way to resolve the problems encountered. This paper serves to study the phenomenon, the correct interpretation of the law, mining and analyzing the students, of the University of Durres, benefiting scholarships. We will discuss with the problems that we have encountered in our daily work; we will also propose a solution through the use of Data Mining techniques.

Materials and methods It is important that the fulfillment of the criterions to be correct and in time, in order to develop a regular process of analysis and evaluation. In the last four years, precisely, starting from the 2012-2013 academic year, applications folder, for students of the second year and the third, and documents for the first year students, are competence of the Legal Department of the University "Aleksander Moisiu", Durres. Legal sector handles all applications, and evaluates them based on the criterions mentioned and widely explained below. According to the Decision of the Council of Ministers NO. 911, dated 11. 11. 2015 "On defining the criterions for the benefit of scholarship payments for financial quotes and food in mensa and dormitories for pupils and students in public educational institutions for the academic year 2015- 2016 ". We refer this decision for purposes of validity, but these criteria are valid also for previous years because they are not changed. The main criteria according to which pupils and students receive scholarships within the quotas allocated as follows:  According to the economic criteria;  According to the results achieved; Page | 16

 Outside of economic criteria;  According to the primary branches, of the economic development of the country

1. According to the economic criteria (students): a) Students who continue their studies in the distance over 10 km from their place of residence of the economic criterion, according to the statement no. 1; b) Each of the students spouse with children which is accommodated in public dormitories and fulfill the economic criteria, according to the statement no. 1. This criterion is accompanied by a multitude of other documents, for which each student is provided with a personal dossier itself comprising: 1. A written request from family head to benefit the scholarship. 2. Photocopy of identity card, student applicants. 3. Family certificate (Civil Registry Office). 4. Certification by municipal unit or administrative unit where the student resides. Benefiting scholarship, only students who continue their studies at UAMD, in the distance over 10 km from their place of residence. 5. Evidence that the applicant is a student at the University "Aleksander Moisiu", Durres (by the secretary of the Faculty) 6. Certification of grades (transcript) that the students have taken in the previous years of study at UAMD. (By the secretary of the faculty). Students of the 2nd year, submit certification of marks obtained in the the first year. Students of the 3rd year, submit certification of marks obtained in the first year and second year. 7. Certification for family members who are pupils or students for the treatment or not, with scholarship (from high school or faculty). 8. Document for the monthly income of each adult member of the family over 18 years from the center of the work when they are employed. (Job Centre) 9. Document for all family members over 18, who are registered as unemployed if they are not employed. (Employment Office).

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10. Certification for treatment with economic aid, as families in the need specifying the file number and the amount of economic aid (the value expressed in figures and words) (Office of Welfare, the Municipality / basic units of local government). 11. Social Security Certification, for all family members over 18 years or no pension benefit and other additives (Social Insurance Office). 12. Certification by the Municipality or 'administrative unit, which confirms that all adult family members of the students over 18 years old are not equipped with a license to conduct personal activities. 13. Certification by the Regional Directorate of Taxation, to certify that all adult family members of the students over 18 years are not listed as taxpayers to exercise private activity. 14. Certification from the cadaster whether or not the family owns agricultural property and the amount of income that the family benefits from agricultural land. 15. Certification from the mortgage, which indicates whether or not the family owns the property. So, besides fulfilling the above criterions, the student should fulfill his dossier with all the documentation required. Table 1 economic conditions of student for the scholarship award No

Family composition

Benefit full Benefit 50% Payment scholarship scholarship

Urban area

With monthly With monthly With monthly income income income

1

Family with 2 persons

To 3. 200

3. 200-4. 600

Over 4. 600

2

Family with 3 persons

To 3. 100

3. 100-4. 500

Over 4. 500

3

Family with 4 persons

To 3. 000

3. 000-4. 400

Over 4. 400

4

Family with 5 persons

To 2. 900

2. 900-4. 300

Over 4. 300

5

Family with 6 persons

To 2. 800

2. 800-4. 200

Over 4. 200

6

Family with 7 persons

To 2. 700

2. 700-4. 100

Over 4. 100

7

Family with 8 persons

To 2. 600

2. 600-4. 000

Over 4. 000

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Note: Pupils and students from non-urban areas, benefit scholarship when the family receives social assistance, depending on the extent of this assistance within the extended plan for each basic unit of local government.

2. According to the results achieved:  Students enrolled in the first year of high school, which were announced from MAS as the best of State Matura Exam, as listed in the list of the evaluation, conducted by the National Examination Agency.  Students who follow a program of the first cycle study, full-time, who completed the previous academic year with all 10s  Students who follow a program of the first cycle study, full-time, in the Mathematics and Physics branches, in the second year and above, and have completed the previous academic year with an average grade over 8 (eight).

3. Outside of economic criteria:  Students who have received orphan status;  Students who have lost parental custody, with a court decision;  Students who have legal status of paraplegic and tetraplegia;  Students who have legal status of people who are Blind or hear not;  Students, children of persons who were granted disability status and disability pension benefit and have no other income;  Students who are identified and treated as victims of human trafficking and have lost parental care; The category of "Outside the economic criteria", students who have special status must submit additional documents (to prove statuses) to complete the files. At the beginning of each academic year, but not later than December 15, for the following categories of pupils / students, the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Defense and the State Intelligence Service, as well as social welfare

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institutions public should send in the Ministry of Education and Sports and Ministry of Social Welfare and Youth the list pupils / students beneficiary in accordance with point 3.

4. According to the primary branches, of the economic development of the country: a) Students attending vocational schools teaching directions: Agriculture, Veterinary, Forestry, Construction, Fisheries, Geology and Mining and Drilling and exploitation of deposits of oil and gas; b) Students of vocational schools, attending professional occupations, with permanent residence in the northeastern and southeastern country Diber, Bulqizë, Mat, Kukes, Has and Tropoje, Puka, Mirdita, Malësi e Madhe, Librazhd, Gramsh, Kolonjë, Përmet, Pogradec, Skrapar and Tepelena. Pupils and students of all the above categories do not receive scholarship or lose its right to benefit when: a) Students of 2nd year that have received less than 8 passing exams in the first year, and students of 3rd years, which have received less than 16 exams in the first year and second; b) Students who continue their studies at UAMD, within 10 km distance from their permanent residence; c) There are separated from his family: d) Their families will conduct private; c) Continue their studies into a second study program; Ministry of Education and Sports, based into quotas approved into this decision, for students who register and attend academic year 2015-2016, compiles the distribution of scholarships, according to local educational units (DAR) and the Education Offices (ZA). Local educational units, based on the number of students attending the first academic year 2015-2016, as well as official requirements of the basic units of local government, draft distribution plan of scholarships for the categories under paragraphs 1 and 3, and send it to units basic local government, not later than 11. 15. 2015. The basic units of local government, based on the plan set for them, decide / approve, by decision of the Page | 20

municipal council, scholarships, according to the criteria set out into paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4, giving priority to pupils / students from social categories into need for treatment with full scholarship and equal terms in dealing with scholarship. Priority is given to girl students. The basic units of local government, unable to complete treatment scholarship, within the approved plan can treat / adopt pupils / students and 1/2 (half) scholarship. Student scholarships, for the 2nd year and above, are reviewed and approved annually from public institutions of higher education. In the case of the University "Alekander Moisiu", Durres, they are reviewed by the sector of Law, which raises a special commission to verify and review them. Students of the 2nd year and above, who did not benefit scholarship and complete the economic criteria can benefit scholarship, within the number of scholarship plan. Up to now we showed the method of work that is followed to make a selection according to the rules and laws in force in the Albanian state. In the following table we give some data collected over the years, in conjunction with scholarships approved for the university, "Aleksander Moisiu", Durres.

STUDENTS WITH SCHOLARSHIPS OVER THE YEARS UNIVERSITETY "ALEKSANDER MOISIU" DURRES Burse 100%

Burse 50%

208 39 25

497 77 68

616 73 127

131 18 16

485 55 111

468 72 97

105 19 19

363 53 78

370 61 107

104 14 31

266 47 76

30

61

116

32

84

106

34

72

76

26

50

30

48

83

20

63

74

17

57

82

21

61

16

64

70

16

54

57

13

44

43

11

32

68

179

147 0

29

118

62 0

3

59

0 1

0 1

0 0

Total with burses

Total with burses

247 0

Burse 50%

Peshkopi FASTIP

Burse 100%

6 7

Burse 50%

5

Business faculty F. S. professional Faculty of 91 Education Faculty of Political Science 78 and Law Faculty Tekik 80 and Information

Burse 100%

4

705 116 93

Total with burses

3

UAMD

2015-20161

2014-2015

Burse 50%

1 2

Universiteti "A. Moisiu" Durres

2013-2014

Burse 100%

NO.

Total with burses

2012-2013

1 Note: The table is built based on the data, which We are in possession up to date 03/01/2016. For students of the first years, the information is built on the basis of data coming from the decisions of the respective communes and municipalities, coming up with date 03/01/2016.

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Table 2 Number of students with scholarships This table helps us to learn about the environment we studied, since these scholarships affect the construction of the draft budget each year, once student fees are a financial tool in public universities. If you look at these data, according to a chart, we will have a clearer view and the tendency for this phenomenon in higher education institutions.

UAMD 705

616

468

Me burse gjithsej

Me burse gjithsej

Me burse gjithsej

370 Me burse gjithsej

2012-2013

2013-2014

2014-2015

2015-2016

UAMD

Graph 1 Scholarships over the years at ‘Aleksander Moisiu’, University

Clearly seen from the chart, there is a tendency to decrease, the number of grants approved from MAS, according to academic years. From the figures we can say that the reduction is about 50%. In fact it represents a challenge for our university because it must find other opportunities, in order to provide as many scholarships for its students. If you want to do a study on scholarships by faculty, below we are mentioning divided in years:

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Figure 1 Scholarships over the years at ‘Aleksander Moisiu’, University From the charts we see an random division of the number of scholarships under specific faculties, as a result of the fact that each case should be treated according to the criteria mentioned above. The table below shows the number of female students who receive scholarships during an academic year. From the numbers we see that the femalemale ratio is in favor of females.

With burses 100%

With burses 50%

Total with burses

With burses 100%

With burses 50 %

Total with burses

Third year

Total with burses

Second year With burses 50%

TOTAL Business Faculty Business Administration Finance Bank Finance accounting marketing Economic Science Hotel Restaurant

First year With burses 100%

Faculty

T 35 4

F 24 3

T 171 33

F 117 30

T F 206 141 37 33

T F 35 26 5 4

T 40 6

F 28 3

T 75 11

F 54 7

T 34 5

F 26 5

T 55 8

F 48 7

T 89 13

F 74 12

1

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2

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Archaeological Tourism Cultural Tourism F. political and legal sciences legal Political Science Public administration economic policy Public relations story Faculty of Education Cycle low (M. A. Fill) English language Expert in Training Processes English Linguistics Psychology and Sociology For preschool teacher German-English Fak. professional studies Legal assistant Administrative assistant General Infirmary Assistant Dentist Computer Networking Specialist Transportation management Construction management Car Technology Information Practice midwife Physiotherapy Hydro sewer

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6 5 1

6 4 0

7 7 2

7 5 0

1 4

1 3

3 1

3 1

4 5

4 4

1

1 2 1

Page | 24

0

1 1 0

2

2

1

1

3

3

1

0

0

0

1

0

Maritime navigation Electrical specialist Manufacturing plant Livestock production Fak. Tekna. information Information technology Information systems Computer science Information English Mathematical Informatics Multimedia Digital TV FASTIP bank management

1

0

3

1

3

1

7

0

8

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0 1

5

2

25

11

30

13

1

0

6

2

7

2

4

2

4

2

5

0

5

0

3

2

2

1

3

0

6

2

0

1

0

2

0

1

0

1

0

3

1

4

4

7

5

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

0

3

1

1

0

2

2

3

2

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

2

1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1

1

4

3

5

4

3

1

6

4

9

5

1

1

1

0

2

1

1 1

1 1

0 0

0 0

1 1

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Table 3 Scholarships report taken by women

From the data, of the table above, can be presented more clearly all these reports, under a histogram, as shown in Graph 2: 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

VITI PARE Me burse 100% Gj VITI PARE Me burse 100% F VITI PARE Me burse 50% Gj VITI PARE Me burse 50% F VITI PARE Me burse gjithsej Gj VITI PARE Me burse gjithsej F VITI DYTE Me burse 100% Gj VITI DYTE Me burse 100% F VITI DYTE Me burse 50% Gj VITI DYTE Me burse 50% F

Graph 2 Scholarships report taken by women

Page | 25

These are the methods used currently, in the selection of the candidate student for scholarship, as winners. In fact, it would be positive to have a database containing all the winning student information, marking all eligibility criteria, through which it has earned individual scholarships. This database will help us in the study that we are going to do about this problem. Through the use of technological tools and data mining especially on these data, we are able to extract real results on the environment. We will create a historical behavior of these data, over the years, and would easily predicted needs for scholarships that the University has for the next year. Referring to classification and predictive models, the legal sector has more simple the selection of the winning lists. Appropriate use of technological tools depends on the criteria defined in law, developmental level, needs, interests, etc. Legal sector need time to explore and analyze all the data, so the functionality of technology will help to accelerate the process. It seems reasonable to provide access to technology tools for exploration classification and prediction. Now we have the ability to control different technological tools. Technology tools and interactive platforms are one more source of exploration and processing data.

Results This paper serves to study the phenomenon, the correct interpretation of the law, mining and analyzing the students, of the University of Durres, benefiting scholarships. We have treated the problems that we have encountered in our daily work; we will also propose the use of Data Mining techniques and technological tools. The data are based on realistic case studies, which are presented through tables and graphs, in order to extract concrete statistics, to analyze the problem as best as possible. Based on data analysis, the creation of lists of student-candidates for scholarships is a very important step in this process. We can also say that selective criteria are not very clear for the concrete treatment of cases. There are different interpretations related to these criteria. We can also say that the use of technological tools will facilitate the work and enhances the accuracy of the lists of winners. We will create a historical behavior of these data, over the years, and will be easily predicted the needs for scholarships that the University has for the next year. Referring to classification and predictive models, the legal sector has an easier selection of the winning lists. Page | 26

Acknowledgments We want to thank the University "Aleksander Moisiu", who helped us with students’ data, particularly the legal sector and the department of 'Computer Science', whose staff realized the graphics processing.

References [1] http://www. arsimi. gov. al/al/newsroom/v-k-m/v-k-m-per-bursat-e-nxenesvedhe-studenteve-per-vitin-akademik-2014-2015&page=2 [2] http://www. uamd. edu. al/new/multimedia/regullorja_UAMD. pdf [3] https://docs.

google.

com/a/fshn.

edu.

al/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZnNobi5lZHUuYWx8ZnNobnxneDoyMzk4OWEwMD cyZmFlYTcw [4] "Implementation of the academic staff evaluation system using the latest technologies";InternationalConferenceRecent Trends and Applications in Computer Science and Information Technology, FSHN, December 2014 [5] Jason Daniels, Sharon Friesen, Michelem, Jacobsen, Stanley Varnhagen (2012) Technology and high school success research; [6] Beck, J. E. , and J. Mostow. 2008. “How Who Should Practice: Using Learning Decomposition to Evaluate the Efficacy of Different Types of Practice for Different Types of Students. ” In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Page | 27

THE

PARALLEL

IMPLEMENTATION

OF

THE

EIGENVALUE PROBLEM Rinela KAPÇIU, Eglantina KALLUÇI, Fatjona BUSHI

The idea of solving the eigenvalue problem is encountered in different mathematical and engineering situations, that’s why authors are still trying to improve and find sufficient methods for obtaining the zeros of an eigenvalue problem. The general and nonlinear eigenvalue problem is of great interest to be implemented in parallel computations for finding the zeros at an isolated area, especially when we are encountered with large matrix dimensions. The algorithm is a generalization of two dimensional bisection method and is implemented in an asynchronous cluster. Numerical tests are performed to find the best efficiency and the optimal number of processors which must be used to performed it. Key words: eigenvalue problem, matrix, parallel programming, algorithm.

Introduction Finding the roots of the polynomial is one of the oldest and studied issues in mathematic. This is an important issue in applied mathematics. There is a large number of numeric methods that find real approximate roots and complex of polynomial. A large group of methods find an area which keeps roots and then apply an iterative process for

Page | 28

approximation of these roots. Another group of methods build companion matrix M of a given polynomial and use matrix method to find eigenvalue of M.

Definition 1: There is given a monic polynomial of n rate

p  x   xn  an1xn1  where x 

 a0 ak  ,

, matrix M 

det( M   I )   1 p    ,

nxn

k  0,1,

n  1, (1)

such that

n

(2)

is called companion matrix of By draw (2), roots of

p  x

p  x

p  x

.

are eigenvalue of M, so the problem of finding roots of

is recruited in problem of finding n- eigenvalue of matrix M.

In this paper we present a method to determine the zeros of a complex analytic function in a certain limited area S. The method, which is based on the basic results from complex analysis, it is very powerful and finds zero within each zone assigned to a very large class of functions. Such power is expensive and therefore we designed an algorithm to implement on a parallel computer. There are many possible reasons for finding zeros of a complex analytic function. However, most search algorithm zeros tend to be more specialized , for example finding the zeros of a polynomial, or more general, such as finding zeros of a system of arbitrary functions. The motivation for this work is the most general nonlinear problem of eigenvalues where the matrix is an arbitrary parameter value the eigenvalue. There are many algorithms to determine the zeros of particular analytic functions. Most notable are iterative methods for finding eigenvalues of a square matrix. The idea of using the theory of complex variable to find zeros of a polynomial is sometimes proposed [1, 7, e. g. ]. However, the current method used by programs such as MATLAB is based on rewriting the polynomial problem as a problem of eigenvalues matrix. Recent research on nonlinear problem of eigenvalues are focused on expanding the existing methods for problems of complexity only slightly larger, such as quadratic problem of eigenvalues [8]. Page | 29

However, there are some cases in which the nonlinear problem of eigenvalues is of the full complexity [9] and we are faced with finding the eigenvalues of a matrix which is an arbitrary function of eigenvalue. Taking the determinant of this matrix we can present this problem as one of those who find zeros of an analytic function. The methods we present to find zeros of a complex analytic function is based on the following result from the basic theory of complex variable. The variation of the analytical function argument about the limits of a zone is the 2 number of zeroes times within the area (since there is no singularity in the area). The algorithm is a simple bisection algorithm generalization of the functions of a real variable. In each iteration step the zone is divided and each subzone is subjected to the research. If the area contains a zero, it is further divided and the process repeats. Moreover, this algorithm is implemented to run on a parallel computer using a programming model master - slaves.

The nonlinear problem of eigenvalues. The work is motivated by the effort to try to resolve the overall problem of nonlinear eigenvalues. Linear problem of eigenvalues is finding the values of  for which the complex analytic functions:

f     det  M   I  is zero. (M is real or complex square matrix and I is the unit matrix with the same size M). In nonlinear problem of eigenvalues in a parameter  appears more complicated in matrix. In general nonlinear problem of eigenvalues we have to find the values for which f     det  M      0

where the matrix is an arbitrary analytic function of the  parameter. This kind of problem arises when modeling situations involve complex interactions, for example, between a fluid and structure. Meylan [9] showed that the modes of vibration of a thin plate in little water can be determined by solving such a generalized problem of eigenvalues. Page | 30

Solutions methods state-of-the-art for solving the linear problem of eigenvalues does not refer to the analytical function directly but transforms M in a diagonal or nearly diagonal matrix. These methods can not be applied in general nonlinear problem of eigenvalues; however, these are generalizations about quadratic problem of eigenvalues . So, in the general case of nonlinear problem we refer to the problem of finding the roots of f. Of course this approach can be used for linear and quadratic cases, but is expected to end up with a less efficient method.

The Search Algorithm. The greatest difficulty in determining the zeroes of a analytic complex function is that it is not possible to use a fast algorithm navigation such as the secant or Newton's method because these methods require an approximation of the original which is near the solution. The algorithm we propose is a generalization of known bisection method to find the roots of a function that takes the real value. This is extremely simple and powerful, but requires large computeric resources. The idea is: The Algorithm starts from an initial square S with line S in the complex plane. It is assumed that f is analytic in this square and in its neighbors. The search of Algorithm tries to find all zeros of

f  

which lie within this square S. In

practice generally e require zero with certain properties, such as those with small magnitude , so the restriction in a limited area does not give any particular problem. Assuming that the square does not contain zero on the line of it, we use the result that the number of zeroes, given by

S

f  

that are determined by N, which lie within the squeres

in the argument of f in the opposite direction of clockwise movement along

the closed curve , S which is N

1  S  arg f     . 2

(3)

If the square contains some zero, indicated by N> 0, then the square is divided into four others quadrants and research is conducted in each of these squares. At each step of the iterative process required a set of squares. Squares that contain a zero are further divided. If a square does not contain zero then the separation process Page | 31

form it is terminated. In the worst case in which all the required squares in one iteration containing at least one zero quadrupled the number of squares that are taken into account in the next step. Between these two extreme cases is set a practical situation. We begin in a corner of the square. In this point we evaluate the function

f  

and

define the argument. Later we consider a point in a distance d among a rib of square and the argument is evaluted in this point. If the changes in the argument (given from  in

 ) is less that  we accept this new point. If the change in the argument is bigger than  so we consider a new point distance d/2 along the square we test to understant if the change in argument is lower than 

The halve is repeated till the change of argument is lower than  . Then we repeat the same process by begining in the latest point where we have defined the argument. The process stops when it crossed all the border/line and reaches the starting point. The value for changes in argument is decided later with the differences in argument for two value in starting point. Our test shows that the size of the step d can be place quite larger (for example as half of the length of the edge of the square), however the change in this angel should be bigger than  /10 . For these value we can achieve a balance for making clear and minimize digital cost. The algorithm is likely to fail if there are two or more zero isolated together which are close to the border. In the case the algorithm Can step right past the zero with out picking up That there are in fact two zero or more. However, although the value of N's returned by the algorithm is lower than the actual number of roots in S, still returns a positive value which is sufficient to decide if S should be devided. A problem of algorithm is the case when zero lie in the line of the squeres of near it. In this case can happen that we can not find a zero even that the squere contain a zero. There is a way that with just a little extra cost can increase the size of the original square and its nëkatrori when each is divided. This will give some overlap nënkatrorëve so zeroes not lie near the border of the two squares. We suggest that in certain cases it may be privileged method, especially in situations where it is likely to happen grouping of zeroes

Page | 32

Of course it can build a function for which fails to find a special zero within the box , for example , by selecting the function to be worth 1 at any point where we appreciate

f  

about rectangle and still contain a zero in the square. These cases may occur in

practice. However , it can reduce the risk of a failure of the algorithm by choosing  or d sufficiently small or comparing values for two different elections  and d. However , this does not guarantee finding a square root.

Using the secant method. Sometimes a square contains only one zero and the square is quite small , it is more efficient to use secant method or Newton 's to improve the accuracy of a zero tolerance desired. The problem is determining Principle When we are close enough to the a zero in order to switch to the Securities and Exchange Newton or method. In practice , we always use the method of secant because in an enclosed area adjacent to zero performance is close to that of Newton method , but has the advantage of not requiring assessment of

f ' 

. It is reasonable to use the method immediately after the use of the method secant

should be determined that only a zero lies within.

It is reasonable to immediately after using the secant method determined that only a zero lies within the square as sekant method is less costly. If not secant method converges to a zero squared, transferred back to the subdivision process and proven secant method in sub-box that contains zero. As noted above, it may happen that the number of zeroes be underestimated. It may therefore happen that the secant method or Newton converges on a zero to a square, but there are more zero in the square. However, continuing the strategy of subdivision is likely to pick-up these zero. Here the user must choose between reliability and speed.

Implementation in parallel The main goal of our work is the implementation of the algorithm on a parallel computer. Our reason for this is that the calculation, especially for large dimensions is extremely computationally demanding. Moreover, the algorithm is suitable for tasks as Page | 33

search paralelizim squares in a particular iteration are independent and therefore can be easily executed in parallel. We have implemented more direct version of this algorithm which works as follows. We use a master programming model - sllaves: a special process, called master, organizes the work of the remaining processors called slave. The action of the slave processor is more direct. Each slave processor is given perimeter of a square in the complex plane in which he must determine the number of zeros using equation (3). Once finalized this task he turns this information and expects to be given a further task. Master processor holds board squares to be checked and distributes them to slave processors which are free. Once a slave processor has finished its calculation, this information is used to update the workshop as follows: Box processed is removed from the table and if it contained a zero, added four new square. After this step the update, the master processor distributes boxes waiting to release slave processors to processors when no slave or free or no square to elaborate. If there is more than square slave processors to process there will be slave processors that do not have a duty to perform. The algorithm ends when zeros are set in a certain precision.

Efficiency We will discuss the effectiveness of our algorithm in the context of generalized halving search. We will not consider issues that arise when the method includes prerëses algorithm. The biggest problem with an optimal parallel algorithm is to ensure that the workload is distributed evenly across available processors and processors held that all work (busy). For our algorithm this means that we must ensure that the slave processors are working all the time. The reason for staying out of work arises because the task was not assigned any slave processors. Typically this situation occurs at the beginning of iteration when dealing with a small number of squares. However, we will not be able to generate enough jobs if the number of zeroes in the original box is small. Once the iteration process has proceeded through the initial interactions it can be expected that the sub-squares to be processed are small enough to contain just one zero each. As each sub-square will produce four new sub-squares to be searched the number of jobs created for the next iteration step is 4 x number of zeros. Therefore keep busy slave processor number of tasks Page | 34

must be greater or equal to the number of processors that are using slave. This condition can be written as: 4  (the number of zeroes in S )  (number of slave processors)

(4) Note that the number of zeroes in the original box defined by equation (3). In order to keep the work an arbitrary number of slave processors can become a subdivision in a more appropriate number of squares (or more general nëmënyrë rectangles) better than four square. The optimal number of boxes may be determined by an equation similar to (4) after the first iteration step. Summary Motivated by the general nonlinear problems of eigenvalues we present a parallel algorithm for finding zeros of a complex analytic function. This algorithm is based on a simple separation process. The algorithm is implemented in parallel using a programming model master-slaves. As expected, the result of the test calculations have shown that this algorithm achieves the best efficiency if the number of processors does not exceed four times the number of zeros in the initial area.

References [1].H. S. Wilf, A global bisection algorithm for computing the zeros of polynomials in the complex plane, J. Assoc. Computing Machinery, 25(3), pp 414 – 420, 1978, E238 [2].F. L. Lucio On the convergence of a parallel algorithm for finding polynomial zeros, 1997. [3].M. Ben et al, A fast parallel algorithm for determining all roots of a polynomial with real roots, SIAM J. Comp. 11, 1988. [4].D. Bini, L. Germignani, On the complexity of polynomial zeros, SIAM, J. Comp. 21, 1992. [5].T. Auckenthaler, et al, Parallel solution of partial symmetric eigenvalue problems from electronic structure calculations, Parallel Comp. 2011.

Page | 35

[6].E. R. Alcalde, Parallel implementation of Davidson-type methods for large-scale eigenvalue problem, 2012. [7].C. Caretensen and M. S. Petkovic, On iterative methods without derivatives for the simultaneous determination of polynomial zeros, J. Comp. & Appl. Math. , 45, pp 251 – 266, 1993 E238 [8]. Z. Bai, Demmel, J. Dongarra, A. Ruhe, H. Van der Vorst, Templates for the solution of algebraic eigenvalue problems: a practical guide, SIAM, Philadelphia, 2000. E238 [9].M. H. Meylan, Spectral solution of time dependent shallow water hydroelasticity, J. Fluid Mechanics, 454, pp 387 – 402, 2002. E238, E239, E252

Page | 36

CHAME ISSUE IN DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY IN THE GOVERNMENT OF VLORA 1912-1914

Matilda Meta; Lecturer in Professional and Business Academy

The purpose of this paper is to shine as clearly all aspects of diplomatic handling of the cham issue in the government of Vlora in 1912-1914. It is worth highlighting the contribution of Chams in the Independence Declaration of Albania. In this short historical period it offered us a comprehensive picture for the period of passing difficult residents in Southern Albania and especially the Cham population. Cham problem is one of the most difficult problems that nowadays still has not found a solution, although there are a number of tools and approaches for resolving conflicts and agreements that exist between countries in the international arena. Methodology :. Collection of information ranging from the archive documents, historical facts, testimonies of survivors. Results: Since 1913 begins a "pressure" constant, a policy "aggressive" systematic Greek State and various ultranationalist forces denationalization of this area. For this purpose were used many different ways: as land robbery, the exclusion of people from participating in public administration, education violent prohibition native language, even in elementary schools, murder, imprisonment, deportation violently to massacres bloody. Conclusions: The paper aims to: -To shed light on the Cham contribution in the Independence Declaration of Albania -To show the importance that the issue chame had in the international arena in the Vlora government respectively in the period 1912-1939. Page | 37

Key-words: Diplomacy, Cham Issue, Justice, Independence, International Arena

1.1 Contribution of Chameria in Albania Independence Cham problem is one of the most difficult problems that nowadays still has not found a solution. An issue for the time is as old as the state itself grek. An issue for the time is as old as the state itself grek. Since the early days of its independence, Greece paid proper attention throughout the preparation of conditions for the invasion of Epirus and hellenization of the albanian population. 2Since then and following in order permanete, the Greek government has exercised violence, pressure, genocide on the indigenous population of this area. Albanian population did not appear on stage a single enemy. Albanians perceived intentions of the greeks, struggled to keep alive the prospect of national liberation from ottoman invaders and pressure greek ekspasionist who are doing their best to deny the existence of albanian nationality and for the assimilation of the albanians through church, school, etc. 3 For this reason began a series of measures taken by the Cham population. 1910 marks the first steps to antiosmane uprising. For this reason began a series of measures taken by the Cham population. 1910 marks the first steps to antiosmane uprising. On July 21, 1911, the chief of insurgents Chameria, along with other insurgents in the South, demanded that Albania had a single administrative north and south and that the Turkish government to implement the Memorandum of Gerces, who sought autonomy four Albanian vilayets. 4 Cham population continued fighting against the ottoman invaders in several countries such as Pleshavice, Kurvelesh, Smartt etc. The greek government can not stay without exploiting the situation created. It undertook a series of measures in which they further complicate the situation created in the country, thereby sending armed groups South of Albania. Albanian insurgents had to fight on two fronts: against the ottoman invaders and against the greed of greek

2

Arkivi i Institutit te Historise, Tirane, Memorandumi i Mehmet Ali VrionitdheAbdylFrasheridrejtuarKontit Andrassy, Vjene, me 29 maj 1879. (AIH), HHSTA, PA XVI/72 3

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Institut i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq17

4

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Instituti i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq17

Page | 38

chauvinism. 5 Environment created dictates Albanians neutral stand. After heavy fighting that took place in Chameria where greek influence was even greater, but also in the area marked by the same acts of heroism in this population. Albanian uprising of 1910-1912 years shaken the foundations of the Ottoman Empire, but at the same time encouraged the rapid reaction of neighboring countries, accelerated the establishment of the Balkan Alliance and the outbreak of war against Turkey, which had the objective underlying the annexation of the Albanian territories. 6

The annexation of the main centers of Albania Lower particularly Chameria in 1912-1913 from Greece was followed by a wave of crime, the teror executions to population, particularly on the Muslim.

7

Documents and historical facts show a more

aggressive policy, pursued by the Greek government. Violence, pressure, murder, forced expulsion from their lands, injustice, unexplained aggressive behavior have been used on the innocent population. A more wrong policy which can not be justified or tolerated in any way. Documents and facts also inform us about the plight of the Albanian population in the genocide under Ottoman rule, the burden of taxes and the Cham Albanians revolt as it Filat stated in 1902.

8

Patriotic Movement in Chameri confronted not only with the

Ottoman rulers but also a wild opponent, Greek reaction.

9

Athens in collaboration with

the Ottoman administration, to counter the Albanian National Movement, undertook several actions aimed to stem the Albanians on their way to gain freedom and rights, within the framework of the efforts that were launched national liberation from the yoke Ottoman.

10

Condition and difficult situations that Chams pass clearly evidenced from

documents of this period. Here we present one of these documents: “Punet e ketushme jane aq te liga……, sa qe nuk mund te rrefehen me pende. Kerkush nuk urdheron gjene e tij: aren, vreshten, ulline, etj. Ai qe eshte i zoti, rremben gjene e te pafuqishmit. Kujt i rrembejne aren, kujt i mbledhin ulline, kujt i prishin

5

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Instituti i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq18

6

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Instituti i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq 21

7

Hajredin Isufi, Cameria, Studime Historike-Sociologjike Shek XIII-XX, PEGI, Tirane, 2006, fq 111

8

Hajredin Isufi, Cameria, Studime Historike-Sociologjike Shek XIII-XX, PEGI, Tirane, 2006, fq 4

9

Hajredin Isufi, Cameria Nepermjet Kronikave te Kohes 1902-1940, PEGI, Tirane, 2007, fq 4

10

Hajredin Isufi, Cameria Nepermjet Kronikave te Kohes 1902-1940, PEGI, Tirane, 2007, fq 4

Page | 39

vreshten dhe kopshtin dhe kujt i vjedhin te gjallat. Keto ngjane dite per dite dhe s’guxon njeri te qahet, se pasi te guxoje nje te beje qarje, pervec qe do te humbase 7 grosh, domethene 5 per te shkruarit e azruallitdhe dy per higras, po do ta hedhin edhe ne burg per te denuarat virgji…. ” 11 From the mentioned above, the struggle for national liberation in the years 19101912 was active and in the cham space.

12

The highest expression of resistance for

national liberation, was the creation of Chameria cets in 1911. In these difficult conditions, so it declared the independence of Albania, the common cause of all Albanians regardless province, religion, idea, gender, etc. Finalization of so many efforts for the realization of this century dream should be understood as a process to all Albanians common, especially Cham which faced between two enemies. So in other words we should not forget the contribution of Chameria for declare independence. Proclamation of Albanion Independence in 28 November 1912, increased Athens fears from the Albanian state, based on the principle of nationality, shall be recognized by the Great Powers and Lower Albania.

13

For this reason she also undertakes stringent

measures against the Cham population. Difficulties and injustices that were passed by the cham population also expressed in this document: “Shume kohe kam qe dua te lajmeronj per keto padrejtesi, te cilat jane te ditura si gjithe jeten, edhe sot ca me shume, per gjithe kombin shqiptar keto kane qene. Kam nje vit qe rashe ne dore te tiranevet edhe me gjykuan ne gjykatoret te Reshadijes; gjykatesit e Reshadijes nuk njohin tjeter pervec se te rrjepin e te rrembejne dhe kush ka te holla, nuk rri as njezet e kater ore ne burg, ndoshta te kete vrare shtate jo nje…. ” 14 The campaign of cleansing ethnic taking place in parallel of the two Albanian provinces against, Chameria and Southern Albania.

15

The issue of the cham tragedy not

only remained in the memory of these two countries that conflicted day to day even more, but was treated and discussed internationally. 11

Hajredin Isufi, Cameria Nepermjet Kronikave te Kohes 1902-1940, PEGI, Tirane, 2007, fq 44

(Shenim: marre nga gazeta “Drita”, Sofje, nr. 36, 5/12 janar 1904) 12

Hajredin Isufi, Cameria Nepermjet Kronikave te Kohes 1902-1940, PEGI, Tirane, 2007, fq 30

13

P. Xhufi, B. Kucuku, H. Isufi, D. Koci, Cameria Veshtrim Historik dhe Etno-Kulturor, Instituti i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2015, fq 131 14

Hajredin Isufi, Cameria Nepermjet Kronikave te Kohes 1902-1940, PEGI, Tirane, 2007, fq 53

15

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Institut i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq 30

Page | 40

1.2 Chame Issue in the International Arena from 1912 to 1914. Came issue and generally the issue of the Albanian minority in Greece, was born with the decision of the London Ambassador’s Conference in 1913, which detach the Albanian territory and annexed it to Greece.

16

In 1912 the London Ambassador's

Conference allotted the Chameria region to Greece, so today only seven Cham villages, centred on the village of Konispol, are in Albania itself.

17

A good part of the Albanian

territories were unjustly left out of the Albania map. Persistence extraordinary greek government for the annexation of Southern Albania and alliances that built it in the context of this objective, would pose a risk of threat more serious, continuous and longterm for the state and the albanian nation, because he brought this on a pressure strong and prevented the consolidation.

18

The absurd claims for albanian territories were not

built on any real or factual reasoning. Documents prove a series of killings, robberies, murders, unjust punishment designed by the greek government to realize their aim not only for Chameria but also for South Albania. Greece annexed not only South Albania, but as members of the Balkan Alliance, she agreed and also helped spalling other major regions of the compact Albanian North and Northeast Albania from Montenegro and Serbia. 19 Aggressive behavior and greeks crime were discussed extensively at the Ambassadors Conference in London, although he gave a decision right by them for this injustice committed against this population innocent nor for rights denied to her. On 17 December, the so-called "Protocol of Fierences" finally sanctioned the southern border line, which left outside the Albanian territory, Chameria and other Albanian Lower regions. The annexation of Chameria in 1912-1913 marked the beginning of the ordeal albanians cham under greek occupation.

20

Since that period and

onoing the population of this area, although the issue was also addressed in the

16

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Institut i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq 28

17

Miranda Vickers, The Albanians, I. B TAURIS, London, 2006, pg 44

18

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Institut i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq 28

19

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Institut i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq 28

20

P. Xhufi, B. Kucuku, H. Isufi, D. Koci, Cameria Veshtrim Historik dhe Etno-Kulturor, Instituti i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2015, fq 135

Page | 41

international arena we not have any improvement or resolution of the situation. No one bears responsibility for the unfair decisions undertaken for this innocent population. Greek government had decided to wipe out or expel the albanian population of this region and her policies left such traces of death and human suffering that he has undermined since then the basics of an agreement between the two nations.

21

A deal like

this is not found in this period or in the following years. Agreements and treaties signed by the greek government after the Balkan Wars were marked by a clear will to dislodge from Epirus and Macedonia the albanian muslims.

22

Athens Convention and some of its acts properly prepare the legal groundwork to carry out "without noise" of the "fuss" cleansing of the muslim population through an exchange of its future greek in Turkey.

23

Greece's goal was to create an autonomous “Vorio Epir”

(Northern Epirus), as an attempt to sabotage international negotiations, which took place in Florence, regarding with the future status of the region. 24 For the realization the plan to its annexationist, Greece had secured the support of Serbia, with which since 1 June 1913, had concluded a secret agreement to separate Albania in two areas of impact, which would have a boundary between the river Shkumbin. 25 Since that time, mainly muslim chams have faced severe persecution and forced eviction from their homes and lands in Greece, especially under the Metaxas, when Chams were forbidden to use their language in other environments. 26 Although the cham issue was discussed in the international environments arena which absorbed the attention of the international, the difficult situation that was going through this population did not improve and still found no solution.

21

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Institut i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq 29

22

P. Xhufi, B. Kucuku, H. Isufi, D. Koci, Cameria Veshtrim Historik dhe Etno-Kulturor, Instituti i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2015, fq 137 23

P. Xhufi, B. Kucuku, H. Isufi, D. Koci, Cameria Veshtrim Historik dhe Etno-Kulturor, Instituti i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2015, fq 137 24

Miranda Vickers, “The Cham Issue -Albanian National & Property Claims in Greece”, England, 200, pg 33

25

Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, Institut i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007, fq 30

26

Robert Elsie, The Cham Albanians of Greece : A Documentary History, I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd, London, 2013, pg 30

Page | 42

Conclusions: Despite extensive analysis and debate of the historical background, political and legal numerous conflicts occurred in the Balkans, we conclude that no proper attention was paid to the tragedy of the cham people. In this short historical period which we treated with the above appear in the scene suffering tragedy ethnic cham community from unfair policies followed by the greek government. Such policies and behavior are the product not only of the greek government but also and other countries which saw the expansion of their territories at the expense of the albanian people. Today there is an undeniable historical chancery that demonstrates the powerful offenses on cham community, negative against any attempt of the greek state.

27

Often

these empirical evidence, this data does not take into account inalienable to give a final solution to this issue so left in limbo. Despite the suffering and difficulties that has passed this population we need to emphasize their contribution for heroism in the Independence Declaration of Albania, where albanian insurgents fighting against should ottoman invaders and against the greed of greek chauvinism. The issue chame was the delicate and acute issue that accompanied diplomatic activity in the Vlora government in 1912-1914. Diplomatic representatives of this government not neglected the chame issue though to blame the powers that govern the world was a matter of shelved in the international halls. Their efforts for the protection and resolution of this matter continued in any period and on any difficulty that this government passed. Such a position we have not seen even in the governments of today. Suffering and difficulties that passed this population should not be neglected, although it is a very long time from the time when they occurred. It can not be denied such a tragedy from anyone, even though the country was conceptualized and designed the silent if it had not at fault. Chameria voice is not heard by international diplomacy even exist a number of methods and means for settling disputes and conflicts between two or more countries in the international arena.

27

Rudina Jasini, Gentian Zyberi, Klentiana Mahmutaj, Legal Remedies for Resolving the Cham Issuse, Institute of Cham Studies, Tirane, 2010, pg 15

Page | 43

The first spokesman for the tumultuous events in Chameria and in Southern Albania in the years 1913-1914 became Mid’hat Frasheri.

28

He tried to reflect the reality in the

eyes of the international Albanian although they seemed everything to normal and nothing extraordinary.

Reference: Arkivi

i

Institutit

te

Historise,

Tirane,

Memorandumi

i

Mehmet

Ali

VrionitdheAbdylFrasheridrejtuarKontit Andrassy, Vjene, me 29 maj 1879. (AIH), HHSTA, PA XVI/72 Beqir Meta, Tragjedia Came, InstitutiStudimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2007 Hajredin Isufi, Cameria, Studime Historike-Sociologjike Shek XIII-XX, PEGI, Tirane, 2006 Hajredin Isufi, Cameria Nepermjet Kronikave te Kohes 1902-1940, PEGI, Tirane, 2007 Hajredin Isufi, Buletini i Institutit te Studimeve per Camerine, NO. 8, Tirane, 2014 Kaliopi Naska, “Dokumenta për Çamërinë 1912-1939”, DITURIA, Tiranë, 1999 Miranda Vickers, “The Cham Issue -Albanian National & Property Claims in Greece”, England, 2000 Miranda Vickers, The Albanians, I. B TAURIS, London, 2006 P. Xhufi, B. Kucuku, H. Isufi, D. Koci, Cameria Veshtrim Historik dhe EtnoKulturor, Instituti i Studimeve per Camerine, Tirane, 2015 Robert Elsie, The Cham Albanians of Greece : A Documentary History, I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd, London, 2013 Rudina Jasini, Gentian Zyberi, Klentiana Mahmutaj, Legal Remedies for Resolving the Cham Issuse, Institute of Cham Studies

28

Hajredin Isufi, Buletini i Institutit te Studimeve per Camerine, Nr. 8, Tirane, 2014, fq 6

Page | 44

MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER IN TIRANA Milidin Bakalli, Margarita Hysko, Violeta Zanaj Julis Selamaj

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the microbiological quality for tap water samples in Tirana city to determine if the water is according the standard for water consumption. The presence of microbial contaminants in drinking water can cause diseases. These diseases are considered waterborne if the pathogens are transmitted by water, to infect the people that ingest the contaminated water. The microbiological analyses were performed to trace the presence of indicator organisms and pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis and some samples are analyzed for presence of Actinomycetes. All samples are taken from the tap water in Tirana city. The tap water are in jurisdiction of Tirana networking supply. Period of this study is January – May 2015. The analyses for Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis are made by multiple-tube fermentation method and the results are evaluated as most probable number (MPN). For presence of Actinomycetes the samples are analyzed with covered planting. All of the samples did not comply with the regulation of drinking water. More present in water is Escherichia coli but and Streptococcus faecalis were detected in 20% of samples. While the presence of Actinomycetes were in 60% of the samples. Keywords: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Actinomycetes, tap water

Page | 45

Introduction Water is the most important element for our body. Water is everywhere as part of the biological processes that take place in our body at the cellular level and as such is necessary for consumption and hygiene. Water should satisfy human needs not only on the quantity but also the quality of healthcare. Water is essential in the process of digestion, circulation, elimination, and the regulation of body temperature. In fact, the activity of every cell in the body takes place in a watery environment. Water is important as a solvent. Many substances dissolve in water amongst which salt, sugar and alcohol Sackheim and Lehman (1977), WHO (2004). An adequate supply of safe drinking water is one of the major prerequisites for a healthy life, but waterborne disease is still a major cause of death in many parts of the world, particularly in children, and it is also a significant economic constraint in many subsistence economies. Drinking water is derived from two basic sources: surface waters, such as rivers and reservoirs, and groundwater.

All

water

contains

natural

contaminants,

particularly

inorganic

contaminants that arise from the geological strata through which the water flows and, to a varying extent, anthropogenic pollution by both microorganisms and chemicals. In general, groundwater is less vulnerable to pollution than surface waters. The purpose of the study was analyzing the microbiological indicators of drinking water in water supply distribution network of Tirana, which is a region characterized by a wide variety of natural geological conditions that affect water quality NWS (1996), WHO (1995. Tirana city receives water from three different types of water resources, surface water (Bovilla reservoir), flowing underground springs and artesian wells pumped Tyler (1992), Encyclopedies (1980), WHO (2007), SCA (2007).

Material and Methods The quality of drinking water supply network in Tirana was monitored during three months, from January to May 2015. Water samples were taken for examination at 51 tap water The number and location of sampling was determine in all Tirana City. Water samples were taken in sterile bottles of 500 ml, where we had thrown tiosulfat sodium, which is usually used for water dechlorination. Sample bottles are sterilized in the autoclave

Page | 46

for 20 minutes at a temperature of 120 0C Borrel Fontelles and Winkler (2006). Transport and storage of samples before the testing was done with boxing freezer temperature 4-7 0C. The samples were analyzed during the same working day Figueras and Borrego (2000). Water samples were examined for the indicators Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis and actinomycetes. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis are determined by the multiple fermentation tubes MPN EPA (1986). For the presence and identification of actinomycetes was used Aktinomycete Isolation Agar Media, which used for isolation and propagation of Actinomycetes from soil and water. Method used is covered planting. Dishes petri are incubating at temperature 35-37 °C for 40-72 hours. The existence of luxuriant colonies indicates the presence of actinomycetes. In this media grow these species, Nocardia asteroides, Streptomyces slbus subsp albus and Streptomyces lavendulae, and inhibited Escherichia coli M490 (2015).

Results and Discussion The table 1 shows the number of the water samples examined for their contamination with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis. In table 2 shows the presence of actinomycetes. Table 1 Bacterial index for all samples Total samples

No contaminated Contaminated

1 index

2 index

51

19

32

32

10

100 %

37%

62. 7%

62. 7%

19%

Table 2 Presence of Actinomycetes Total samples

No contaminated

Contaminated

32

12

19

100%

61%

38. 7%

Page | 47

No contaminated

Series1; Contaminat ed; 32; 63%

Contaminated

Series1; No contaminate d; 19; 37%

Figure 1 Percentage of contaminated or no contaminated samples

Number of samples

contaminat e samples; E. Coli; 32 contaminat e samples; Actinomyce E.tes; Coli19 contaminat e samples; S. Faecalis; 10

S. Faecalis Actinomycetes

Figure 2 Samples contaminated acordind the microorganism

From the 51 samples which are analyzed by us in this study, 63 % of them are up to reference value for E. coli and 19% for S. faecalis. Presence of Actinomycetes are tested for tap water from Bovilla resevior. Number of samples were 31 from which 61% are present, and the number of colony varied from 5 to 100 CFU/ml. We stress that the tap water has risk in population if consumption for the long period. It’s necessary tu put the fillters and to improve the the sanitary condition as recommendations of Word Health Organization and the standards of European Unit. The feacal indicators are very important in the origin of contaminated. Their presence in drinking water indicates that Page | 48

diease-causing organisms could be in the water system. Most pathogens can contaminate water source and water supplies com from feces of human and animals. It’s vey important the presence of Actinomycets in water sample. They originate from the soil and infections the water sourse, actually are present in samples from Bovilla reservior. Based in this study we confirm that the indexes of sewage are up to the reference value for the drinking water. The bacteria can enter to the water via either point or nonpoint source of contamination Bisson and Cabelli ( 1978), Cabelli et al (1976, McFeters et al (1993).

Conclusion The autoruty for administration of drinking water report that the quality of drinking water in Tirana supply network is generally good, although there is a risk of contamination by various factors such as the: amortized pipeline corrosion, improper interventions in the water supply, the negative pressure formed over the network outages and water intersections with the network of water used. Based in the data of this study, results the bacteriological quality of water in better part of checkpoints is not always within the standards allowed for human consumption and of risk for the spread of diseases originating from water is much more. This situation nay caused by some factors such as: The intervention in the distribution network by itself (amortization line), because the network is not separate adecuatly in sectors. Factors associated with unplanned urbanization. Who many people intervention in network that lead to the reduction the water pressure. It’s enough factors bearing the riskk of contamination.

References [1]. George I. Sackheim, Dennis D. Lehman. , 1977. Chemistry for Health Sciences (Fourth Edition), Macmillan Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 122-138 [2]. WHO. , 2004. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality,Third Edition, Vol. 1, Recommendations [3]. PHARE. , 1996. Kommision of European Comunity PHARE, National Strategy of Water for Albania,

Page | 49

[4]. World Health Organisation. ,1995. European Centre for Environment and Health, concern for Tomorrow Europe, Stuttgart, Germany, p. 176-196 [5]. Miller, G. Tyler. ,1992. Living in the Environment, Wadsworth Publishing Co. , California, p 208-218 [6]. Encyclopédie Universalis. , 1980. Water Vol. 5, pg. 862-891 [7]. World Health Organization. , 2007. The World Health Report 2007, A safer Future, Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century [8]. Technical Report on the water supply system of Tirana, Sewerage Company, Tirana, Albania 2007 [9] Borrell Fontelles & Winkler. , 2006. DIRECTIVE 2006/7EC of European Parliament andd the Council of 15 February 2006, Concerning the Management of Bathing Water Quality and Repealing Directive 76/160/EEC. - Official Journal of European Union,64:35-51. [10] Figueras, M. J. , Borrego, J. J. , 2000. “Sanitary Inspection and Microbiological Water Quality” Selected from the Book “Monitoring Bathing Water”. A Practical Guide to the Desing and Implementation of Assessment and Monitoring programmers, pp 22-84. [11] EPA. , 1986. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, Method 9131: Total Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique [12] M490. , 20015. Actinomycete Isolation Agar. Himedia Laboratories technical data, Actinomycete Isolation Agar is used for isolation and propagation of Actinomycetes from soil and water, himedialabs. com/TD/M490. pdf [13] Bisson, J. W. And Cabelli, V. J. , 1978. Membrane Filtration enumeration Method for Clostridium perfringens, Applied and Enviuronmental Microbiology, 37: 5566 [14] Cabelli VJ, Kennedy H, Levin MA. , 1976. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-fecal coliform relationship in estuarian and fresh recreational waters. J Water Pollut Control Fed 1976; 48:367-376. [15] McFeter GA. , Barry JP, and Howington JP. , 1993. Distribution of Enteric Bacteria in Antractic seawater Surrounding a sewage outfall, Water Res. , 27(4): 645-650

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THE DYNAMIC OF EMIGRATION OF ALBANIANS AFTER 90 YEARS. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS IN THE MIGRATION OF ALBANIANS Dr. Mirela Tase Department of Tourism University "Aleksander Moisiu" of Durres, Albania

This paper addresses the dynamic of Albanian migration after 90 years. This paper focusing mainly on the dichotomy of push-pull factors, the migratory project and braindrain trendy. Though one of the most influent factors of social and economic development of the country, migration has only scarcely and partly been a topic of research and academic debate. Migration has impacted on the decrease of unemployment through indirectly creating jobs for people who do not emigrate. It has helped to the improve of the physical and emotional status of people. This paper will address a number of interrelated questions. To have a full picture of push-pull factors of migration as well as the perceptions regardings these factors, we will refer to surveys carried out during first decade of Albanian emigration. Keywords: migration, unemployment, development.

Introduction International labour migration can be explained by several factors like, economic development, labour markets need, family strategies ect. The migration is one of the most important factors in the life of the Albanians The first decade of emigration of Albanians after the 1990s has proved that the main contribution of the migration is to assure Page | 51

economic the survivalving relic, meanwhile the other resources are limited and not able to meet the increasing need of the population. Now the migration after 2013 is caused by strict reforms that are taken by the Albanian government. In the first decade the migration has positive impact and negative result. The positive impact was that the migration improved the lives of the individuals as well as the standarts of living of life and also families life standart as it has not only positively influenced the daily individual and family country`s life of migrants, but has provided pepole with new civilized life perspective, a disipline and a new working attitude{Barjaba 2002} The most relevant negative result i thought include the demotion of the emigrants personality, the loss of the individual and national dignity, an the imposed isolated life far away from the falilies which is accompanied by social isolation from the home country, aggravation of their health status, sense of fear and the insecurity so present in all their life stories in the host countries. 29 During the more than two decade of the migratiory experience and still now after 2013s, international migration has demostrated to be very complex and contradictory phenomen with a balance between its positive and negative impact30. Most of the people are facing dilema` To leave or not to leave the county? This dilema the two years last is too stronger. Unfortunately at the very time when our country needs more than ever the countribution of its own citizens we are obliged to invest all our energies to the development of other countries.

1. Push and pull factors in the migration of Albanians There have been quite a lot of significant ideas and hypothesis mad known by different researchers, mass media and the public opinion as well and the albanian community itself, to explain the main motivations causing albanian migration. To have a full picture of push - pull factors of migration as well as the perceptions regarding these factors, i will refer to surveys carried out during two decade of the Albanians emigration and now after 2013s

29

Albanian Centre of Migration Studies, 2003

30

Exploding the migration myths, King. R 2003

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Age

Gender

Education

Residence

20-30

Males 65%

Secondary 35%

Urban areas 40%

30-39

Females 35%

Middle 50%

Rural areas 60%

40-50

Higher/University 15

Over 50 Table 1. this sample include 500 respodents selected in 10 districts of the country

The economic situation of the country emerges as the main push factor. Efforts have been done to give evidence how country economic situation is reflected to the family situation. These individual and family status synthetic indicators, which show a dynamic of the interviewed people perceptions, allow us to conclude that Albanian emigration is still a phenomen mainly caused by economic push factors. The affect of push factors in migration is combined with that of pull ones. Referring to the differences between lifestyle in Albania and the one in the West, the most distinguished differences relate to: high wages, the human and the social behaviour, lifestyle, human relations, environmental protection etc. The most relevant indicator or economic push factors is the poor economic situation of the individuals and families in Albania. Some respondents have also underlined that they do not feel optimistic about the perspective for economic and social development of the country. Family incomes may have increased in absolute terms have raised but people feel tha economic and social needs are much higher than these incomes. In general, the economic and social needs of Albanians are increased much faster than incomes. To survive such a difficult situation encourages people to look for better opportunities, mainly emigrating outside the country of towards big cities. Poverty in Albanian is multidimensional. Some of its most obvious indicators are  The low level of incomes. Based on the studies about the level of living in 2014 around 14%of Albanian resulted that lives in extreme poverty and 15% resulted poor.

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 The dimensions of poverty include the high level of the uneployment. Based on the studies about the percent of the uneployment in 2014 around 32,4% from 15-29 years old  The high level of sickness an impossibility to get rich medical attention especially in the rural parts of the country. Infant mortality up to the age of 5 is still high (romes grups)31

The analyses of the above indicators of the economic assistance show that one out of the 8 Albanian families lives under the absolute poverty level of life(their incomes are less than 1 USD a day). Poverty is higher in rural areas, which a headcount 66%higher than in Tirana and 50% higher than in other urban areas. About 40%of the poor people live in larger and younger households.

3. Social pessimism as a mingration push factor The economic situation is considered to be the most delicate issue for the Albanians. It is the main source of poverty and directly feeds into migratory flows: It`s poverty that makes us leave the country. The reasons should not be considered aside from the difficult situation that we have to cope with. Besides unemployement and difficult economic situation, another factor has emerged which has aided migration, corruption. Unemployment and corruption seem to be the most concerning issues for Albanian societys. The corruption is more visible during public officials contacts with foreigner investors. The low standart of living in rural aeras is another concern of population. It has caused a rapid increase of migratory potential of the rural population, who try to find a solution by emigrating abroad or move to cities or other rural areas in the country. Cultural motives can be considered as another push factor, which are combined with pull factors. Reasearchers have pointed out that European and word-wide culture influences the level of the cultural migratory flow. Cultural motives for emigration are demostrated by the increasing number of Albanian students enrolled in Italian or in the

31

Instat ,2015

Page | 54

universities of EU member countries. Cultural push factors can be found where there are scarce opportunities for individuals to satisfy their career interests, to further develop professionals kills and intellectual activity.

3. 1 Pull factors of Albanian migration From the first to the last flows, emigration experiences are increasingly convincing Albanian on the limited possibilities offered to Eastern Europes`s emigrants in the West and North. However, the impact of pull emigration factors is still visible, although not at the same extent as in the 1990s. The migratory policies of the European countries as well as the EU`s policy have demostrated the intend to stop. control, and to reduce irregular migrattory flows instead of favouring and liberalizing channels for legal migration. The policies of the EU have tended to deviate from what research on migration and migration theories have pointed out, the positive role of migration for both sending and receiving countries. The idea of working in Western Europe is still considered as an influential pull factor. Hence we notice a combined impact of push and pull factors in migration, unemployment(the push factor) and the significance granted to work (the pull factor). This show that the difference between push and pull factors is becoming conventional. The western lifestyle with its beauty is still found attractive especially by the young people in Albania. This was also one of the reasons that the small businessmen of Tirana`s capital`s bar and restaurants expressed their willingness to live and work in the West, even when not pushed by immediate economic reasons. In taking the decision to migrate there is also the influence of people who have had successful experiences in their life as emigrants in Italy, Germany and in Greece and who have expressed their desire to invest their own migration incomes in somere creating services in Albania.

4. The motivation and barriers to emigration from Albania The main motivation of Albania migration is to ensure a better perspective on life. The high migratory flows prove that people are not usually too worried about the restrictions on migrating and the difficult living and working conditions in the host country. Making as much money as they can, and accepting any kind of job they are Page | 55

offered, is known as the main motive for emigrating. This motivation is the same for all, except for the students, which have demostrated more growing professional and culturally professional or cultural motive. The migration experience shows that Albanian immigrants accept to work even in difficult conditions. They accept jobs, which have been refused not only by the native population,but even by immigrants of other countries. In some cases, they are even willing to live and works in worse conditions than the ones they used to live and work in their home country, hopping this situation will be just for a short period of time. The closeness of the family is a factor that is considered while making the decision whether to emigrate or not, especially in cases when individuals prepared to live are family heads. The influence of the family connections in making the decision to emigrate is sometimes is supported by other complementary factors, such as: the negative emigration experience of family members the fear of not being able to cope with difficulties of the living abroad, mixed feelings about dynamic and social risk in destination country etc.

Conclusions a. The hypotheses to extend the duration of emigration depend on the level of satisfying the migratory project and goals, which pushed people to emigrate. It comes out that emigration last until the time people realize their immediate emigration objective to make enough money to resolve their family`s problems. b. The duration of migration depends on the emigration typology. In cases of family migration, this period is accepted to be longer and even permanent. In the case of cultural migration because of studies the duration of emigration depends on the time emigrants need to finalize their studies. c. In the some cases the duration of migration depends on developments in Albania. No matter that individuals emigration project could be, a good part of emigrants would return home as soon as they had see some kind of economic improvement in the country, or some kinds of hope in developing towards civilization and integration.

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Bibliography a. Albanian Centre for Migration studies, 2003 b. Barjaba, K, 2002 Ondate senza ritorno, IOM: Rome c. Castles,S, 2000. Ethnicity and Globalization from Migrant worker to transnational citizien; London Sage d. Instat Population Census of the year 2011 e. King. R, 2003, Exploding the migration myths

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CHILD’S RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM ALL FORMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.

Anilda Shestan Phd candidate, Albania, email: agurakuqi@yahoo. com

The family is one of the most sophisticated units, more emotional, more secure, more protective and more inclusive for its members. Every child, for the full and harmonious development of personality has the right to grow in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding. Although the family is supposed and legally required to be the environment which should ensure the protection of the child as one of the basic elements of upbringing and welfare and child development, in certain cases it does not play this protective role. On the contrary, own parents or other members of the family become subjects that threaten the protection of the child through the use of the violence towards him. Every society and state pays a special attention to the family and to the family standard of living. This is the reason that in the legal acts of a state or in the international laws increasingly required that the state and society provide to the family the necessary support in order to prevent child abuse and of course to maintain the stability of the family.

Keywords: family, child’s right, protection, violence, prevent child abuse.

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Introduction Based in the United Nations Convention (1989) on the Rights of the Child, "a child means every human being below the age of 18, except in cases where the age of majority is attained earlier"32. The entire Albanian legislation is in accordance with this definition of the Convention. Parents also exercise parental responsibility until the age of 18. While there are certain obligations that will be carried over by the parents even after reaching 18 years old and in this case we can mention the obligation for food, that if the child continues studies would extended until the age of 25. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 16-1 provides that: "The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society”. (Article 16/3). So the family is the basic unit of society. Every child, for a full and harmonious development of personality, has the right to grow in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding. Every society and country pays special attention to family life and family life standard. For this reason, legal acts of a state or international acts required to state or society to offer families the necessary support to maintain at close family environment their children, to prevent the mistreatment and abandonment, as well as to maintain the stability of the family (Article 3/2 of the Family Code in Albania). But although the fact that family legally is presumed to be the environment, which should ensure the protection of the child as one of the basic elements of the upbringing and development of the child welfare, in certain cases it does not play this role. Children can be victims of domestic violence exercised by their parents or other family members.

But what is considered "violence"? "Violence" is considered every action or omission of a person to another person, which leads to the violation of physical integrity; moral, psychological, sexual, social and economic (article 3 first paragraph of Law NO. 9669 date 18. 12. 2006 "On measures against violence in family Relations"). Violence knows no cultural, ethnic, educational and economic environment. While the second paragraph of the same article defines "domestic violence" the process of involving any act of violence between persons who are 32

article 1 of the Convention.

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or have been in family relationships. Children in the family may experience some kind of maltreatment such as: - Emotional or verbal abuse (with words and phrases. - Physical abuse (injury of active actions or omissions) - Sexual abuse - Mistreatment of law (parents are the legal representatives of children) - Bad education etc.

Article 19 of the Convention of the rights of children underlines that violence against children includes: - Physical violence (bodily injury) - Mental violence -Insult -Maltreatment -Abandonment -Neglect -Outrage -Exploitation - Sexual Abuse.

Forms of domestic violence against children There are several forms how the domestic violence against children can be showed and the form that is even more evident is physical violence. Physical violence is one of the most prevalent forms of domestic violence against children. Often, unfortunately, parents admit by themselves that exercising physical violence to children is as one of the main tools for correction of behavior of their children. Corporal punishment violates the fundamental right to respect the human dignity and physical integrity.

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Psychological violence is less evident compared to physical violence and appears through verbal threats, shouts with the purpose of intimidating the child, the threat against children through objects, the threat of isolation, abandonment, through curses, insults, etc. The effects of violence on children are that adults, especially parents, are aware of the physical consequences, rather than the psychological consequences of violence on them. The consequences of physical violence are more visible and parents may regret for exercising physical violence. The parents may not be aware of the consequences of psychological violence. This means that it is psychological violence is more tolerated and its effects are not properly assessed. Sexual violence is another form of violence that can be performed within the family against children. Despite the fact that this form of violence is less encountered than other forms of violence, judicial practices have identified cases of rape and incest within the family against children as well as other homosexual acts. Neglect and abandonment occurs as a form of violence against children when parents or child caretaker of the child denies fundamental rights such as the right to food, health care, education, etc. While the forms of exploitation of children occurs when children may be obliged by force to be used for the work within the family or within the premises of the house. This form of violence occurs when the work for which the child is forced to do is heavy and unsuitable according the age of the child and may violate his physique and health.

The consequences of violence on children Violence among children brings very large consequences. Abused children often have problems with behavior attitude and tend to show aggression towards others. Violence damages the physical side but also leaves permanent consequences on the child's psychological side. Violence often causes stress, anxiety and depression to which can have serious consequences for the child. A violated child may have these negative consequences: - Loss of confidence among adults / structures. - Low results in the school, reduced self-esteem. - Learn to become violent. Page | 61

- Learn to lie to avoid violence. - Difficulties during her teen. - The execution of various contraventions. - The abuse with alcohol and drugs. - The transformation in parents who abuse with children.

Child protection legislation. If we refer to the Constitution in Albania but even to international legislation, children enjoy special protection by the state. This protection is guaranteed to children without any discrimination, despite the fact of being born in or out of wedlock, being adopted or not, their origin, etc. Article 54, first and third paragraph of the Constitution of Albania provides that: "All children, pregnant mothers and new mothers have the right to special protection by the state. All children have the right to be protected from violence, abuse, exploitation and work, especially under the minimum age of work, which can cause health problems and moral or puts at risk the life and normal development of the child ". In this way the child is entitled to special protection that is provided in the Constitution of Albania. Also Article 19 of the Convention on child rights underlines the protection of the child from the violence of both parents and one of them; from the violence of legal representative or legal guardians or any other person entrusted with the child. In the article 19 of the Convention of the rights of children is stated that: “State Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect children from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent (s), legal guardian (s) or any other person who has the care of the child. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for the other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-

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up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.

Article 19 goes beyond children’s rights to protection from what is arbitrarily defined as “abuse” in different societies, and beyond the protection, guaranteed under the article 37, from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; article 19 requires children’s protection from “all forms of physical or mental violence” while in the care of parents or others. Thus, article 19 assets children’s equal human right to respect for their dignity and physical and personal dignity. As a principle, it is linked to the right to life and to maximum survival and development under article 6 (the right to life). Also the European Convention of Human Rights is another instrument which protects children from violence. Article 3 of this document states that: "No one shall be subjected to torture or inhuman punishments and mistreatment and degrading". Also article 8 states that "Everyone has the right to be respected for his private life and family" and "There should be no interference by a public authority in the exercise of this right except when it is in accordance with the law and it is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety and economic wellbeing of the country, for the prevention of crime, protection of health or morals or for the protection of human rights ". Albanian national legislation on child protection is provided in the Family Code, in Penal Code, Code of Penal Procedure (article 108, 360, 361), the Code of Civil Procedure (Article 235) but with the entry into force of Law No. 9669 dated 18. 12. 2006 "On measures against violence in family relations” the protection of child from violence in the family context is especially provided. This law provides the protection of the child from domestic violence as a direct victim as well as indirectly subject of violence. Two main instruments as protection measures for the victim are provided based on this law. These instruments are the Order of Protection and the Instant Order of Protection. Both these instruments can be issued by a competent court. The aim of these protective orders have mainly protective character for the victim by providing protection for him against violence that may undergo further injuries, ensuring the physical, psychological and emotional statues of the claimant. Also Page | 63

for a much better protection of children against domestic violence this law has had also prevention aim. For this purpose is created and coordinated a network of institutions at central and local levels responsible for the protection of victims of domestic violence. All these institutions and mechanisms aims to protect, to support and to reintegrate the victims of domestic violence but also to reduce the consequences of violence and to prevent domestic violence as well.

Conclusions Children are fragile human beings. They are the future of every country. They have the right to protection against violence. The family is considered as the environment in which children have to find protection, welfare and love. Parents and other family members should care for their emotional, material, moral and physical well-being. Violence among children brings very large consequences. A child violated today will become violent in the future. Violence generates violence. Parents should properly exercise the rights and obligations coming from the parental responsibility. Parents, authorities and courts in their decisions and actions should have as main consideration the highest interest of the child. Interest and welfare of the child shall be a primary consideration. We must find the solution and the best option for the child. Violence does not educate children. Violence let unrecoverable consequences for the child. Love children and let them enjoying their childhood in peace, harmony and joy.

References - International Convention of the Rights of Children, 1989. - European Convention “For the prevention of torture, inhuman and degrading treatments”, 1998. - Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Law NO. 9669 dated 18. 12. 2006 "On measures against violence in family Relations". Page | 64

- Family Code in Albania - Penal Code in Albania, - Code of Penal Procedure in Albania; - Code of Civil Procedure in Albania - Constitution in Albania - Albanian Alternative Report on children’s rights. - Domestic violence towards children, Centre “Children Today” 2009. - Manual on the implementation of Family Code and Civil legislation in issues related to children, Save the Children Programme, School of Magistrates, Center of Services and Legal Integrated Practices, 2011. - Report Of People Advocate Institution in Albania:”The rights of orphan children, including children living in residential institutions of social care and children who used to work”.

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PRIVATE PROPERTY DURING CONSITUTIONS OF DICTATORSHIP

Dr. Assoc. Xhensila Pine

University of LAW at Tirana University (1995-1999). Executive Master Studies at Tirana University (2006-2009). PhD Studies at The Albanologic Studies Center of Tirana. Lecturer of Constitutional Right at the Business Professional Academy.

This article aims to a comparative scientific approach of the private property right during the communist Albania, referring to two of its Constitutions: Constitution of 1946, evaluated as “Socialist System Constitution” and Constitution of 1976, evaluated as “Socialist Society built-in-full Constitution”. What was the position of private property in the Constitution of 1946 and after in the Constitution of 1976? Can we get to the conclusion that Communist State eradicated its social basis during the Constitution of 1976? Constitution of 1946 sanctioned that country’s economical basis was composed by the social property but, it was permitted anyway small private property and private initiatives physical and judicial entities in both countryside and urban. Furthermore it must be emphasized this constitution prepared the grounds for further transformations connected to economical basis of the country as these changes occurred through the laws for constitutional changes during years 1946-1976. The measures taken according to these changes for the bigger private property as annexation of mines, forests, transportation of all kind, export trades, big property of the agricultural land as well as sanctioning of a state economical centralized plan, make a very important step towards Page | 66

the centralized socialist economy. Moreover the constitution of 1976 prohibited completely the right of private property in countryside as well as in the urban areas resulting as such in a total prohibition of any private initiative of judicial and physical entities. Personal property, which was allowed to serve as only to fulfill the individual needs, could not be used for any private initiative. It must be emphasized the fact that property over land was completely passed to the state resulting as such in the consequence that agricultural cooperation, known from Constitution of 1946 as owners of their land, were now just using that land, loosing this way their ownership. Constitution of 1976 changed finally the social basis because it eradicated all the possible differentiation between citizens who were all deprived from their property belongings and left them only as simple workers, operating in favor of the government. Finally the private property was left as the foundation stone which was placed in the head of the socialist regime just showing that through its elimination, a final clean socialist regime could be ruling. All the consequent measures taken would only serve the government of those times to realize the purpose.

Private Property during consitutions of dictatorship Private property was a concept recognized and enshrined in the Constitution of 1946. Article 9 of that Constitution was trumpeted as the article that put an end to the rule of foreign capital and plundering of the riches of our country. Under this Constitution, capitalists and landowners were expropriated and the main means of production passed into the hands of the people. This paved the way to the socialist industrialization in Albania. The agrarian reform gave the land to those who worked it and rural collectivization put villages on the tracks of socialism. Alongside all the main principles serving to install the dictatorship of the proletariat and to build socialism, the first Constitution sanctioned also some transitory moments conditioned by the historical peculiarities of the transition from a feudal-bourgeois society to a socialist society, in terms of the level of production forces and production relations, as well as the degree of cultural development of working masses in our country. Such transitory moments found place in the 1946 Constitution and included the recognition of property Page | 67

and private entrepreneurship in economy, and exploitation of parcels of land by private persons. Over the years, private property and diversified economy left the stage to social ownership over the means of production and social economy ruled over cities and villages. There were three forms of ownership: State, cooperativist and private property. Legal relations between the State and cooperativist property were regulated with a single line (Articles 9 and 10 - the former enjoyed special protection, while the latter enjoyed special support). The existence of private property on the one hand was guaranteed by law (including the free initiative and inheritance rights), but, on the other, the expropriation and nationalization circumstances "if so required by the general interest" were laid down; monopolies, trusts, cartels were prohibited. The State declared itself the unconditional owner of mineral resources, forests, waters, etc. In an effort to make the socialist changes over the years look in line with the 1946 Constitution, major changes were introduced in the 1976 Constitution, in the following articles: Article 15 was the introductory provision to property rights in the 1976 Constitution. Article 16 onwards sanctioned State property as the inviolable basis of socialist rule, the source of people’s prosperity and the strength of motherland, and outlined what State property was. In fact, Article 22 contained a definition that was never applied in practice, reducing it to a fictitious constitutional definition. The question is: was this article a constitutional guarantee for private property, or it simply provided the restrictions that this Constitution made to private property? Article 24 imposed the first restriction on this right. Furthermore, Article 26 prohibited the granting of concessions, establishment of companies and other economic or financial organisations, be them foreign or joint ventures with monopolies or capitalist States. In order to restrict private property, Article 27 of the 1976 Constitution provided for the establishment of economic enterprises which had to conduct their activity guided by the general interests of society as stated in the government plan. Article 31 looked like it exempted citizens from any taxes or charges, but in fact it reaffirmed the restrictions over private property. At first glance, all these articles seemed to have regulated private property thoroughly from 1946 to the 1976 – and this thesis was upheld by jurists of the time, but the truth was that ownership rights had suffered a major Page | 68

alienation. All the articles of the 1976 Constitution33 had only one purpose: to eliminate private property and create State property. This was seen as the key approach to strengthen the socialist Sate and eliminate any chance of influence from democratic countries, where establishment and consolidation of private property was paramount in their economic order. The economy of the People’s Socialist Republic of Albania would now be a socialist one, supported on socialist ownership over means of production. People’s Socialist Republic of Albania would no longer have exploiting classes; private property and exploitation of man by man would be prohibited. Socialist property would be the inviolable basis of the socialist order, and it would enjoy special protection by the State. Socialist property would consist of the State property and cooperativist property in agriculture. State property would belong to the people and would be the supreme form of socialist property. The State was the sole owner of lands, underground riches, mines, forests, pastures, waters, natural resources of energy, factories, vehicle/station stations, banks, communication lines, and railway, waterway and air transport, post offices, telegraphs, telephones, radio and TV stations and cinematography. State property would also become any other property created in the State sector or that the State acquired by law. User rights on land were granted to State-owned enterprises and institutions, agricultural cooperatives and social organisations, as well as to individual citizens. Land was given for use free of charge34. Agricultural land could be used for other purposes only upon the consent of competent State bodies. Protection of land, natural resources, water and air from contamination and pollution rested on the State, the economic and social organisations, and all the citizens. Cooperativist property belonged to the villager workers, voluntary united in these agricultural cooperatives to increase production and welfare, and to build socialism in the countryside and throughout the country. Agriculture cooperatives owned the buildings, machinery, equipment, transport vehicles, tools, working and production animals, orchards, agricultural and livestock 33

Law No. 5506, dated 28. 12. 1976 “Constitution of the People’s Republic of Albania”.

34

E drejta e pronesise mbi token, Valid Lama, Drejtesia socialiste, 1976, fq 83

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outputs, as well as any other means necessary for its activity. The State supported the development and strengthening of the agricultural cooperatives, and their transformation into this large-scale modern socialist economy. Under certain circumstances, the State supported the establishment and development of high-profile cooperatives where it contributed directly with investment, particularly with the main means of production. Switchover of cooperativist land to the ownership of the people followed some objective requirements, the free will of the cooperativists and the consent of the State. The State strived to bridge the gap between the cities and the countryside. Personal property of citizens is recognized and protected by the State. Personal property would be considered only income from work and other lawful sources, dwelling houses and other items that served to meet the material and cultural needs of the family/individual. On the eve of the adoption of the 1976 Constitution, the newspapers wrote35: how can there be a democratic order in countries ruled by the bourgeoisie and revisionist cliques, where the power is in the hands of a few exploiters? Or for what democracy can be discussed within the bourgeois ruled by private property or places revisionist where the property of the former socialist over the means of production is transformed into state-owned capitalist-type specific, with the help of state revisionist new bourgeoisie uses masses. What democracy are we speaking about in bourgeois countries where private property rules, or in revisionist countries where the former socialist ownership over means of production turned into capitalist State property and – with the assistance of the revisionist State – the new bourgeoisie is exploiting the working masses. Personal property included objects that belonged to the cooperativist household on the basis of the Statute of agricultural cooperatives. Personal property could not be used to the detriment of the social interest. Certain immovable cooperativist and personal property36 could be transferred over to State ownership if the general interest demanded so. Transfer and compensation were prescribed by law. For the management of means under the ownership of the people, the State set up enterprises which conducted their activity guided by the general interest of society, as set forth in the government plan.

35

Edmond Sanxhaktari , Karakteri demokratik i zgjedhjeve ne vendin tone, Drejtesia Socialiste, VOL 1 1976, Fq 98) 36

Prona kooperativiste dhe zhvillimi i saj, Munir Çomo,Drejtesia Socialiste,viti 1976, fq 85

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Modalities for the establishment of enterprises and principles of their operation were sanctioned by law. Eventually, private property - as described above – was at the top of the socialist agenda as the first thing to be eliminated in order to create a pure socialist State. All measures taken in this respect would serve the State only to achieve this goal.

Conclusions Can it be said that the 1946 Constitution sanctioned State property as the economic basis of the country, but, it also allowed and guaranteed small private property and the private entrepreneurship of natural and legal persons, both in villages and cities (no. 5 paragraph 1 and n. 9)? However, it should be noted that this Constitution set the stage for further transformation in terms of the economic base, pushed by laws on constitutional amendments between 1946-’76. The rights to nationalisation of major private properties, mines, forests, all transport modes, foreign trade, big agricultural properties (no. 5 paragraph 2 and no. 8), as well as the adoption of a centralised State economic plan constitute an important shift towards the centralised socialist economy. Then, the 1976 Constitution, banned private ownership both in cities and villages, and so cracked down on any entrepreneurship by natural or legal persons. Personal property was allowed only to the extent that it met the needs of the individual and could not be used for any private initiative. It should be noted that land ownership was transferred 100% to the State and consequently, the agricultural cooperatives – which under the 1946 Constitution were the owners of their land – could only enjoy user rights, thus losing ownership rights over the land. The 1976 Constitution changed the social basis, as it swept away any differences among the citizens who – stripped of their property – became hirelings / wage earners working for the State. The only difference consisted in their educational attainment and, consequently, between the mental and physical labour.

Bibliography - Aurela Anastasi, Luan Omari “Leksione të së Drejtës Kushtetuese në Shqipëri”. Page | 71

- Statuti i republikes popullore e vitit 1946 - Kushtetuta e republikes Popullore Socialiste te Shqiperise , 1976 - Konferenca shkencore mbi projekt- kushtetuten e 1976, - Mbi sovranitetin dhe permbajtjen e tij politike klasore ne projektin e kushtetutes sone te re, Arben Puto, 1976 - Mbi disa probleme kryesore te organizimit shteteror , I. Elezi, 1976 - Prona kooperativisate e zhvillimi i saj, Munir Como, 1976 Funksionet e shtetit socialist, Aleks Luarasi 1976 - E drejta e pronesise mbi token, Valid Lama, Drejtesia socialiste, 1976, -

Prona kooperativiste dhe zhvillimi i saj, Munir Çomo,Drejtesia Socialiste,viti

1976, -

Inisiativa legjislative sipas projektkushtëtutës së Republikës Popullore Socialiste

të Shqipërisë, Xhoxhi Konomi, Drejtesia Socialiste, 1976, -

Ligjshëria socialiste- parim i rëndësishëm i shtetit dhe i shoqërisë sonë, Rapi

Mino, Drejtësia Socialiste, viti 1976, - Mbi sovranitetitn dhe permbajtjen e tij politike klasore në projektin e kushtetutës së re, Arben Puto, Drejtesia Socialiste 1976, - Funksionet e shtetit socialist, Aleks Luarasi, Drejtesia socialiste, 1976, vol 1

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INSULT

AND

DEFAMATION

AS

CRIMINAL

OFFENCES DIRECTED AGAINST THE PERSON, THEIR RELATION WITH FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AS A HUMAN FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM AND THE LEGAL DEBATE ABOUT THEIR DECRIMINALIZATION Etlon Peppo “Loloci & Associates” Law Firm and assistant professor (part-time), Faculty of Law, University of Tirana

The freedom of expression is undoubtedly one of the fundamental and most important civil and political freedoms, sanctioned and guaranteed by the most important international instruments. Almost all the other rights and freedoms depend on the respect of the freedom of expression. Nevertheless, the freedom of expression in spite of its own importance, is not and could not be an absolute freedom. In genereal, the freedom of expression is restricted from the others rights. Namely, the freedom of expression is restricted in the interests of honour, reputation, dignity and privacy of others through the legal provisions provided for insult and defamation. The restriction of the freedom of expression in relation to acts of insult and defamation should meet three cumulative conditions in order to be considered as lawful: it should be provided only by law, it should aim to realize a lawful intention and it should be necessary in a democratic society. Given the importance and specification that the freedom of expression bears as a fundamental freedom of human, as well as considering the existing conflict between the freedom of expression and right to protection of human dignity and reputation, in many European countries it has been raised the debate about the decriminalization of insult and defamation as criminal offences.

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Key words: Defamation, insult, freedom of expression, decriminalization, Criminal Code

Introduction The freedom of expression is without a doubt one of the most fundamental and important freedoms that every person is entitled. The freedom of expression includes the freedom of opinion and freedom to receive, give and distribute informations, opinions, thoughts or other ideas of any kind regardless of frontiers. Even though such freedom is directly related to many other rights and freedoms of human person, in no case we could consider that the freedom of expression is an absolute freedom which cannot be subject to restrictions such as the prohibition of torture. In the context of guaranteeing some basic principles such as: the public order and security, health or moral, and in particular the honour, reputation, dignity or privacy of others, the freedom of expression can be subject to restrictions. Namely, the restriction of freedom of expression and consideration of defamation and insult as criminal offences by incorporating them in the Criminal Code has caused the development of a huge debate about the possibility and necessity for decriminalization of insult and defamation in many Balkans and Europe countries. The freedom of expression does not constitute only a freedom sanctioned in the most important international instruments, which have been ratified by the vast majority of European countries, but it is also incorporated as a constitutional value in the respective Constitutions of all the member states of the Council of Europe. In the context of such a freedom, it is worth mentioning even the importance of guaranteeing the freedom of expression in the frame of exercising the profession of journalist, freedom of media and right to information. In many cases, starting from such circumstances where an issue or matter cannot be proved “beyond any doubt”, the journalists are faced with criminal charges for insult and in particular with criminal charges for defamation. In such context, various reports of the Council of Europe or OSCE have considered the qualifying of defamation as a criminal offence as a manner to hit the freedom of expression and to silence the journalists. However, regardless of numerous reports and recommandations, the majority of European countries continue to treat and consider the insult and defamation as criminal offences including such offenses in their respective Criminal Codes. Generally, the offenses of insult and defamation are included in the category of criminal offenses directed against the person and more specifically in the section of Page | 74

criminal offenses directed against honour, reputation and dignity of person. The relevant sanctions for such category of criminal offenses are different in different countries and legislations. The criminal legislations of many countries have preferred the provision of fine penalty as the most suitable sanction for the criminal offenses of insult and defamation, while criminal legislations of some other countries have gone even further providing the prison sentence as a sanction for the commission of these criminal offenses. An exception case to these rules constitutes the Republic of Kosovo, where the insult and defamation are not qualifed more as criminal offenses and are treated only in a civil way since the year 2006. Their removal from the criminal legislation has been considered a very important step towards the realization of the freedom of media (Ejupi & Abazi, 2015, 9). The insult and defamation as well as the qualification of the same as criminal offences being included in the Criminal Code, continue to remain still today very controversial issues throughout in Europe between the supporters of opinion that insult and defamation should be decriminalized in order to not violate/infringe the freedom of expression (comprising the freedom of media) in relation to the right to protection of human dignity and reputation and supporters of the inverse opinion that the abovementioned offenses should be included in the criminal legislation and should be considered as criminal offenses in order to provide a strict, complete and wide protection of the right to protection of human reputation, honour and dignity.

Freedom of expression and the cases of restriction thereof The freedom of expression comprises various aspects; it does not exclusively comprise the freedom of confession or expression of information and ideas, but even the freedom to search information and ideas, to receive information or idea and to impart information or idea. Further to such definition given by Jon Milton, the majority of the modern definitions in the international instruments for protection of human rights and freedoms have been based on the same (Medarski, 2015, 3). Definitely, the freedom of expression is first sanctioned in the most international instrument for human rights and fundamental freedoms: the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Convention which has been ratifed by all the member states of the Council of Europe (including the Western Balkans countries). Specifically, article 10 (freedom of expression) of Convention provides:

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1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The sanctioning of freedom of expression in such a fundamental document such as the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is undoubtedly one of the democracy victories in relation to human rights and fundamental freedoms. Nonetheless, the Convention does not recognize to the freedom of expression an absolute and unlimited character, and even it itself states that such freedom can be restricted only by law and when it is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of: national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. Therefore, as it results from the said provision, it is needed to meet three cumulative conditions in order to have a lawful restriction: 1- the restriction should be made only by law; 2 - the restriction should be necessary in a democratic society; and 3 - the restriction should aim towards the realization of a lawful intention. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of United Nations on 10 December 1948 is another international instrument of an important

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matter, which in its article 19 provides that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. 37 Furthermore, in a similar manner to the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly Resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 december 1966 and entered in force on 23 March 1976) explicitly provides that: 1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. 2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. 3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. 38 So, as well as in the ECHR, even according to such international act, the freedom of expression can be subject to certain restrictions in that cases when such restrictions are explicitly provided by law and are necessary to respect the rights or reputation of others or to protect the national security, public order, health or public moral. In addition to the above-mentioned instruments, which have been ratified by all the member states of the Council of Europe, the freedom of expression is sanctioned even in the Constitutions of various countries gaining a broader protection and being considering as a constitutional value. Furthermore, the Constitutions of various countries of the Balkans Region such as the Republic of Kosovo, Republic of Serbia or Republic of Montenegro do not only provide and guarantee the freedom of expression, but they also 37

Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. 38

Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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provide the cases of its restriction. Unlike the above, the Constitutions of Republic of Albania and Macedonia are simply limited to the guarantee of the freedom of expression. Thereby and pursuant to the above legal instruments, we can conclude that the legal provisions referring to insult and defamation bring as consequence that freedom of expression can be subject to restrictions in respects of reputation and dignity of the others rights.

Insult and defamation as criminal offenses and their relation with the freedom of expression; Legal-comparative analysys between the legislations of the Western Balkans countries In addition to the freedom of expression, in the Constitutions of the European countries it is also provided that one of the main duties of the state is to respect and protect the human dignity. Starting from this premise, most of the European states have sanctioned in their criminal legislation the insult and defamation as criminal offenses, while other states have preferred to consider the insult and defamation just as civil violations. Before analyzing the respective legal frameworks for some of the Western Balkans countries in the context of freedom of expression and their qualification as criminal offenses, first we have to explain the meaning of these essential terms, respectively: freedom of expression, insult and defamation. - With the term “freedom of expression” it is understood not just the freedom of opinion, but even the freedom to receive, give and distribute informations or any kind of opinions regardless the barriers. - With the term “insult” it is understood the violation/infringment of the feeling of personal dignity by humiliating words or gestures. If the words and gestures are humiliating for the feeling of human dignity, this case is resolved in each concrete case for each individual in particular. The object of the criminal offense of insult are the legal relationships established to ensure the feeling of human person dignity, particularly protected by the criminal legislation from the dangerous actions or inactions (Elezi, 2008, 163). The insult could be commited against someone in his presence or absence as for example through offensive publications. By the objective side, the criminal offense of insult is commited orally or in written form, with using of insulting, humiliating or immoral words, ridiculed epithets, humiliating actions or gestures etc… The subject of Page | 78

commitment of such criminal offense can be every responsible person who has reached the age of criminal responsibility and is responsible. By the subjective side, the insult is always commited with direct will and intention to violate, humiliate and insult the feeling of human person dignity (Elezi, 2008, 164). - With the term “defamation” it is understood the intentional diffusion of phrases and any other information that are kown to be false and violate/infringe not just the honour and dignity of natural persons, but even the honour and dignity of the persons who do not live anymore. The object of the criminal offense of defamation are the legal relationships established to ensure the human honour and dignity, particularly protected by the criminal legislation from the criminal actions or inactions, namely the assessment that social opinion has for a certain person (Elezi, 2008, 165). By the objective side, the defamation is commited with the diffusion of phrases orally saying untrue/false things for a person. The subject of defamation can be every responsible person who has reached the age of criminal responsibility and is responsible. By the subjective side, the defamation is commited with direct will and intention to humiliate and discredit the honour and dignity of another person (Elezi, 2008, 167).

The Republic of Albania The Constitution of Republic of Albania explicitly provides that freedom of expression is guaranteed. 39 On the other hand, the insult and defamation are qualifyed as criminal offenses according to Albanian criminal legislation being included in section VII (Criminal acts against morality and dignity) of Chapter II (Crimes against the person) of the Criminal Code of Republic of Albania.

- Insult (Article 119): Deliberate insult of the person constitutes a penal misdemeanour and is sentenced by fines from fifty thousand ALL up to one million ALL.

39

Article 22 (1) of the Constitution of Republic of Albania

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The same offense, when is committed publicly, injuring several persons and more than once, constitutes a penal misdemeanour and is sentenced by fines from fifty thousand ALL up to three millions ALL.

- Defamation (Article 120) Intentional dissemination of talks, and any other information knowing that they are false that injure the honour and dignity of the person, constitutes penal misdemeanour and is sentenced by fines from fifty thousand ALL up to one million and five hundred thousand ALL. The same offense, when is committed publicly, injuring several persons and more than once, constitutes a penal misdemeanour and is sentenced by fines from fifty thousand ALL up to three millions ALL.

The Criminal Code of Republic of Albania does not give an exact definition of what it is understood by insult of the person. It is not the same in case of the defamation, where the Criminal Code requires the fulfillment of three conditions in order to be faced with this criminal offense: the intentional diffusion of talks and any other information; knowing that such talks and information are false; these talks and information should infringe/violate the human honour and personality. The criminal legislation provides as qualifying circumstances of the commission of criminal offenses of insult and defamation the cases when such offenses are committed publicly, injuring several persons or more than once. The legal reforms that followed the Criminal Code brought as a result the changing of the provided sanctions for such criminal offenses from prison sentence to fine penalty.

The Republic of Kosovo The Constitution of Republic of Kosovo in addition to the guarantee of freedom of expression, explicitly provides even the cases when such freedom can be restricted. 40

40

Article 40 of the Constitution of Republic of Kosovo: (Freedom of expression)

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As regards to the criminal offenses of insult and defamation, The Republic of Kosovo in contrast of the other Region countries handles the insult and defamation only in a civil way by regulating them through a specific law. The defamation and insult have been fully decriminalized without being part of the criminal legislation since the year 2006. The aforesaid has been considered in a large scale as a victory of democracy and freedom of expression. Thereby, according to civil law No. 02/L-65 Civil Law Against Defamation and Insult, by insult and defamation we shall mean respectively: Insult – insult shall mean the statement, behavior, or publication of a statement directed at another person that is humiliating41 Defamation – defamation shall mean the publication of a untrue fact or statement and the publisher knows or should know that the fact or the statement is untrue, the meaning of which injures the reputation of another person42

The Republic of Montengro Article 47 of the Constitution of Republic of Montenegro, as well as the Constitution of Republic of Kosovo, provides not only the guarantee of freedom of expression, but even the restriction cases of this freedom. In this sense, one of the restriction cases of freedom of expression under the Constitution of Republic of Montenegro is exactly the right of others to dignity, reputation and honour. 43 Following the constitutional provision for protection of the human dignity, honour and reputation, the Criminal Code of Republic of Montengero provides in its 17-th

1. Freedom of expression is guaranteed. Freedom of expression includes the right to express oneself, to disseminate and receive information, opinions and other messages without impediment. 2. The freedom of expression can be limited by law in cases when it is necessary to prevent encouragement or provocation of violence and hostility on grounds of race, nationality, ethnicity or religion. 41

Article 3(b) of Law No. 02/L-65 Civil law against defamation and insult

42

Article 3(a) of Law No. 02/L-65 Civil law against defamation and insult

43

Article 47 of the Constitution of Republic of Montenegro: Freedom of expression: Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression by speech, writing, picture or in some other manner. The right to freedom of expression may be limited only by the right of others to dignity, reputation and honor and if it threatens public morality or the security of Montenegro.

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chapter the insult and defamation offenses as criminal offenses against honour and reputation:

Article 195: Insult (1) Anyone who insults other person shall be punished by a fine in the amount of € 1. 200 to 4. 000. (2) If an act referred to in Paragraph 1 of this Article is performed through media or other similar means or at some public gathering, the perpetrator shall be punished by a fine in the amount of € 3. 000 to 10. 000. (3) If the insulted person returned the insult, the court may punish or free both sides or one side from punishment. (4) Any person who commits an act referred to in Paragraphs 1 to 3 of this Article shall not be liable to any punishment whatsoever if the statement is given within serious critique in a scientific, literary or artistic work, performance of a public service, or journalistic writing, political activity, or to defend a right or protect justifiable interests, if the manner in which the statement is expressed or other circumstances indicate it is not done on the grounds of discrediting a person. Article 196: Defamation (1) Anyone who speaks or transmits untrue information about someone that may harm his/her honour and reputation shall be punished by a fine in the amount of € 3. 000 to 10. 000. (2) If an act referred to in Paragraph 1 of this Article is performed through media or other similar means or at a public gathering, s/he shall be punished by a fine in the amount of € 5. 000 to 14. 000. (3) If an untrue information said or transmitted has caused or could have caused significant harm to the injured party, the perpetrator shall be punished by a fine in the minimum amount of € 8. 000. (4) If the accussed proves to have had founded reasons to believe in truthfulness of what s/he spoke or transmitted, s/he shall not be punished for charged with defamation,

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but s/he can be punished for insult (Article 195), if the conditions for the existence of such an act have been met. Article 201

Perpetrator of an act referred to in Articles 198 to 200 of the present Code shall not be punished if a statement has been given within serious critique in a scientific, literary or artistic work, or within performance of an official duty, journalistic writing, political activity, defence of a right or protection of justifiable interests, provided that the way of expression or other circumstances prove that s/he has not done it with intention of belittling or if s/he proves the truthfulness of his/her claims or that he had founded reason to believe in veracity of what s/he was saying or transmitting. As clearly results from the above legal provisions, the provided sanction for insult and defamation is the fine penalty. The Criminal Code provides as qualifying circumstances the commission of these criminal offenses through media, other similar means or in public. In such cases, the sanction of penalty fine is higher. However, the criminal legislation of Republic of Montenegro provides that no one should have criminal responsibility for the offenses of insult and defamation in cases that their statements or phrases are given within serious critique in a scientific, literary or artistic work, within performance of an official duty, journalistic writing, political activity or in other circumstances where it is proved that the author has not committed such offenses with intention of belittling or if he/she proves the truthfulness of his/her statements/phrases or founded reasons to believe in veracity of his/her statemets/phrases.

The Republic of Macedonia In a similar way to the Constitution of Republic of Albania, the Constitution of Republic of Macedonia simply guarantees the freedom of expression, without explicitly listing the restrictions cases thereof. 44

44

Article 16 of the Constitution of Republic of Macedonia:

Freedom of personal conviction, conscience, thought and public expression of thought is guaranteed. Freedom of speech, public address, public information and the establishment of institutions for public information is guaranteed.

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The insult and defamation are also included in Chapter 18 of the Criminal Code of Republic of Macedonia as criminal offenses against honour and reputation.

Article 172: Defamation (1) A person who expresses or spreads some untruth about another, which is harmful

for

his

honor

and

reputation,

shall

be

punished

with

a

fine.

(2) If the untruth that is expressed or spread is of such significance that it caused severe consequences for the life and health of the damaged or a person close to him/her, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of three months to three years. (3) A defendant shall not be sanctioned for slander if hi/she proves the truth of his statement, or if he/she proves that he/she had a founded reason to believe in the truthfulness of what he/she had stated or spread. (4) A person who falsely expresses or spreads about another that he has committed a crime which is prosecuted in the line of duty, shall be punished for defamation, even though he had had founded reason to believe in the truthfulness of what he expressed or spread, if the expression or spreading is not done under the conditions from article 176, item 2. The truthfulness of the fact that another has committed a crime for which he is prosecuted in line of duty may be proved only with a sentence that has come into effect, and with other evidence only if the prosecution of the trial is not possible or is not allowed. Article 173: Insult (1) A

person

who

insults

another

shall

be

punished

with

a

fine.

(2) The person who exposes another person to mockery through an information system, because of his or hers membership in a group of a different race, skin color, nationality or ethnic origin, or will expose to mockery the entire group of people who have such characteristics, shall be punished with a fine or imprisonment of up to one year.

Free access to information and the freedom of reception and transmission of information are guaranteed. The right of reply through the mass media is guaranteed. The right to a correction in the mass media is guaranteed. The right to protect a source of information in the mass media isguaranteed. Censorship is prohibited.

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Article 176 (1) No sanction shall be applied against a person who behave insultingly towards another person in a scientific, literary or artistic work, in a serious piece of critics, in performing an official duty, journalist, political or some other social activity, as defense of the freedom of public expression of thought or other justified interests, if it can be concluded that from the manner of expression or from other circumstances, this does not have the meaning of an insult or that its had not caused a significant damage to the honor and the reputation of the person. (2) In cases referred to in paragraph (1), the person will not be punished for slander if he or she reports on something that was publicly announced by another person, as well as the person who has been prevented from practicing the right of access to public information, to which the person refers in his or hers defense, contrary to the regulations for free access to information. (3) In the cases from item 1, a person shall not be punished who expresses or spreads about another that he has committed a crime which is prosecuted in line of duty even though there is no sentence that has come into effect (article 172, item 4), if he proves that he had grounds to believe in the truthfulness of what he expressed or spread. (4) For the expression or spreading of personal or family circumstances, committed in the cases stipulated in paragraph (1), the perpetrator shall not be punished if he/she proves the truthfulness of his/her statement, or if he/she can prove that he/she had a founded reason

to

believe

in

the

truthfulness

of

what

he

expressed

or

spread.

(5) No sanction shall be applied against a person who blames another person saying that the other person has committed a crime or that the other person has been prosecuted for a crime in the defence of a certain right or protection of a public interest. Unlike the other countries of region, the Republic of Macedonia provides as sanction for commission of the criminal offensses of insult and defamation not only the penalty fine, but even the prison sentence. The punishment by imprisonment varies in accordance to the circumstances of commission of such criminal offences where in the cases we are in front of the qualifying circumstances (for example: the commission of criminal offenses of insult and defamation through the means of media), the prison sentence is even more severe. Under this reason, the Republic of Macedonia has been subject of several criticism and international reports whereby the provision of prison

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sentence in the Criminal Code as a possible sanction for commission of the criminal offenses of insult and defamation has been reflected as a way to undermine the freedom of expression of critical journalists.

The Republic of Serbia As well as the Constitution of Republic of Kosovo and Republic of Montengro, even the Constitution of Republic of Serbia provides in its article 46 the guarantee of freedom of expression and its restriction cases (where it is included even the necessity for protection of others rights and reputation).

45

The Serbian legislator has included the

criminal offenses of insult and defamation in the 17-th chapter of Criminal Code as criminal offenses against honour and reputation. Article 170: Insult (1) Whoever insults another person, shall be punished with a fine ranging from twenty to one hundred daily amounts or a fine ranging from forty thousand to two hundred thousand dinars. (2) If the offence specified in paragraph 1 of this Article is committed through the press, radio, television or other media or at a public gathering, the offender shall be punished with a fine ranging from eighty to two hundred and forty daily amounts or a fine ranging from one hundred and fifty to four hundred and fifty thousand dinars. (3) If the insulted person returns the insult, the court may punish or remit punishment of both parties or one party.

45

Article 46 of the Costitution of Republic of Serbia: The freedom of press and other public information media shall be guaranteed. Citizens shall have the right to express and make public their opinions in the public information media. Publication of newspapers and dissemination of information by other means shall be accessible to everyone without seeking permission, subject to registration with the competent agency. Radio and television broadcasting organisations shall be established in accordance with law. The right to correction of published incorrect information which violates someone's right or interest, as well as the right to compensation for any moral and property damage arising therefrom, shall be guaranteed. The censorship of press and other public information media shall be prohibited. No one may obstruct the distribution of the press and dissemination of other information, except when the competent court of law finds by its decision that they call for the forcible overthrow of the order established by the Constitution, violation of the territorial integrity and independence of the Republic of Serbia, violation of guaranteed freedoms and rights of man and citizen, or incite and foment national, racial or religious intolerance and hatred. The public information media which are financed from public funds shall be bound to provide the general public with timely and impartial information.

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(4) There shall be no punishment of the perpetrator for offences specified in paragraphs 1 through 3 of this Article if the statement is given within the framework of serious critique in a scientific, literary or art work, in discharge of official duty, journalist tasks, political activity, in defence of a right or defence of justifiable interests, if it is evident from the manner of expressionor other circumstances that it was not done with intent to disparage.

Article 171: Defamation (1) Whoever expresses or disseminates untruths regarding another person that may harm his honour or reputation, shall be punished with a fine ranging from fifty to two hundred daily amounts or a fine ranging from one hundred to four hundred thousand dinars. (2) If the offence specified in paragraph 1 of this Article is committed through the press, radio, television or other media or at a public gathering, the offender shall be punished with a fine. (3) If the expressed or disseminated untruths have resulted in serious consequences for the injured party, the offender shall be punished with a fine ranging from one hundred and twenty to three hundred and sixty daily amounts or a fine from five hundred thousand to one million dinars. In similitude with the criminal legislations of the other countries of Region (except of the Republic of Macedonia), the Criminal Code of Republic of Serbia provides the fine penalty as a sanction for the authors of commission of these offenses. Moreover, even in such criminal legislation, the commission of such criminal offenses by means of media is considered as a qualifying circumstance, as well as in the case of commission of the criminal offense of insult it is excluded from the criminal responsibility anyone whose statements or phrases are given in the context of serious critique in a scientific, literary or art work, in discharge of official duty, journalist tasks, political activity or in other circumstances when it is proved that the author has not committed such offense by intention to disparage (such a legal provision regarding the non-criminal responsibility is founded even in the Criminal Code of Republic of Montenegro and Criminal Code of Republic of Macedonia).

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Conclusions The freedom of expression is a human fundamental freedom that is guaranteed and sanctioned not only in the most important international instruments which have been ratifed by the majority of democratic countries (including therein the Western Balkans countries), but even in the Constitutions of these countries. Of course that such freedom cannot be absolute, it cannot be an unrestricted freedom. The freedom of expression can be restricted by law where it is absolutely necessary in interest of realization of a lawful intention such as among others the respect of others rights and more specifically: the human honour, reputation and dignity. In this context, the commission of such offenses such as the infringment/violation of human honour, reputation and dignity are sanctioned not only in the civil legislation of the states, but even in their criminal legislation. Thus, the insult and defamation are considered as criminal offenses in many countries. On the whole, the Criminal Codes of European countries provide fine penalty in the cases of commission of criminal offensses regarding insult and defamation, but in some countries such as Republic of Macedonia these criminal offenses are also sanctioned by prison sentence. Nowadays, such fact has caused the rasing of a debate around the decriminalization of criminal offenses of insult and defamation in the most of European countries. Often, the provision of these criminal offenses has been considered as a tool to undermine the critical thinking and freedom of expression (including herein the exercise of journalists profession). In such a context, it has been developed the legal debate on the possibility of decriminalization of these criminal offenses pointing out two basic opinions: one that supports the idea of decriminalization of such criminal offenses and treatment thereof only in a civil way, and the other that supports the idea of criminal sanctioning of the referenced criminal offenses in order to provide a wide and complete protection of others rights such as human honour, reputation and dignity. A concrete example that could give a solution to such problem is the particular treatment reserved to insult and defamation by the legislation of Republic of Kosovo whereby these offences are not considered anymore as criminal offenses, but they are treated only in a civil way by a specific law. Such solution has been widely considered as a victory of democracy in the framework of freedom of expression because on the one hand the insult and defamation have been removed from the Criminal Code without being considered anymore as criminal offenses, and on the other hand they are pursued/treated in a civil way and their respective legal framework is regulated by a specific law. The road towars Page | 88

the decriminalization of insult and defamation as criminal offenses is a very long road, but the first results have begun to be shown through the respective amendments occurred in the criminal legislations of the majority part of European countries (including the Republic of Albania) where the sanction provided for insult and defamation has been converted from prison sentence to fine penalty.

References Constitution of the Republic of Albania, 1998. Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, 1995. Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, 2008. Criminal Code of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013. Law No. 02/L-65 Civil law against defamation and insult, 2006 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, 1991. Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia, 1996. Constitution of the Republic of Montenegro, 2007. Criminal Code of the Republic of Montenegro, 2004. Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, 2006. Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia, 2006 European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 1976 Elezi I. (2008). Criminal law (The special part). Tirana Medarski F (2015). Manual for the defamation and insult. Skopje Ejupi B. & Abazi D. (2015) The freedom of expression and practicing the journalism in Kosovo, Comparative analysis of the legal frame. Pristina

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“PROBLEMS IN “ALBANIAN HEALTH MARKET AND ITS MANAGEMENT”.

Enis URUҀI Lecturer in Faculty of Professional Studies Medicine Department/University of Durres, A. Moisiu

Dr. Med Emirjeta KUNIQI² Lecturer in Faculty of Professional Studies Medicine Department/University of Durres, A. Moisiu

Dr. Med Brela XHAFERRAJ³ Lecturer in Faculty of Professional Studies Medicine Department/University of Durres, A. Moisiu

In respect of actual healthcare situation in Albania, mostly referring to the low level of healthcare services as well as to broad issues pertaining to the public health sector, we have obtained a specific topic not yet delivered from the Albanian researchers of the field, aiming that we can modestly help in the clarification of the situation as it has been often camouflaged in the needs of political powers. According to the researches made on this topic it seems to be the actual healthcare trend of developments in Europe and not only… Due to the latest context we believe that in order to bring a fair approach in the albanian situation the integration of medical and economic sciences is a must. Thus, the paper considers evidences regarding the legal framework from the healthcare sector in Page | 90

Albania and compares them with the respective demand and legal framework in European Community aiming as a final goal the exploration of opportunities which can bring a better perspective in the country. For the previously mentioned reasons we have interviewed specialists of the field such as: well known doctors, experienced administrators in public hospitals and ordinary staff as they face every day different issues. On behalf of the research made the paper concludes: - on policies and strategies needed to improve the services in the healthcare public sector; - on the expansion of the financial resource base and increase funding for public health; - on strengthening the managerial capacity of healthcare institutions through the implementation of contemporary models in health management in order to establish the patient in the bottom of the Albanian healthcare system. Considerations and conclusions.

1. Introduction The real state of the healthcare market in Albania Today in Albania, the healthcare system is diverse and complex. The main two pillars that support these services are public healthcare and private healthcare. Besides traditional public hospitals which are located around the country in the form of a network, private hospitals or private health centres have also spread rapidly. Also, an important factor in meeting the needs of patients is the private services offered by specialized doctors. Subject or not to taxes, they are rendering a big services to the people. Today, what comes to the attention is the poor quality of services in public hospitals and the high cost of services offered by private hospitals. What dominates the healthcare market is the poor civil culture and the lack of knowledge by patients. In general, when people face an illness and an urgent need to receive treatment, they are not capable of choosing as to where they should go to seek this treatment. They are not even capable of knowing the difference between the quality of healthcare services that they are obliged to

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buy. Many things, starting with the diagnosis, treatment in a given hospital, the purchase of medication relate to the spiritual, cultural and professional formation of the doctor. Patients or consumers, as we may call them, are mainly after good quality. In front of this situation, namely cost of medication and services, doctors are completely indifferent. In such market, it’s necessary to introduce health institutions which must protect consumer and in our case, the patient. The role of UMSH must be strengthened. The Doctor’s Order has often pointed out problems which have not always been heard. Liberalization of health services has increased the number of services from the private sector. At the same time, the monitoring and control of services in this sector by state institutions has been made more difficult and complicated. According to specialists that analyze cases when the health of patients is damaged or deaths reported by the media, these hospitals often offer poor quality services and at a very high cost. The inspections made by institutions are poor and easily corrupted. We believe that alongside the unstoppable growth of the private health sector, a consolidated public hospital service must also see a growth. In spite of the efforts, funding for the public health sector continues to be low as opposed to consumer needs. Constant specialization of professional doctors and the introduction in these hospitals of new medical technologies is important. In the recent years, with the rapid growth of electronics and telecommunications, telemedicine has also grown, giving way to direct and specialized consults in many European countries. “. .. Such service enables patients to receive health care, diagnosis, treatment and healthcare education. .. . ”. 46 According to the national registration centre, the following are registered on a national level: -43 public hospitals in the main cities of Albania -5 hospital centres -66 medical centres

46

Ministry of Health, (2004) Long term Strategy of the Development of the Albanian Health Sector. Chapter “Health Services”,Tirana,p. 32.

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Meanwhile, private hospitals are mainly located in the city and suburbs of Tirana. In the second group, we encounter investments made by Albanian private businesses, foreign businesses and a mixture of both. Again, according to the national registration centre at the Ministry of Health, the following are registered: -10 private hospitals -111 medical cabinets -229 diagnostic laboratories -563 dental clinics -1650 drug stores We must stress that the abovementioned information belong to the latest statistics of August 2014.

2. Several problems of the management and funding of healthcare sector in Albania a. Strengthening of managerial capacities of healthcare institutions by creating contemporary models of the healthcare management. First of all, we must define management and define what managerial capacities of institutions are and if we can create in the Albanian health environment, contemporary models of health management. “. .. The term, management, refers to the process of delivering tasks in an efficient and effective way, through and with other persons. .. . ”. 47 As we can seen in this definition, there are three comprising elements. They are the process, efficiency and effectiveness. From this definition, we understand that the term “process” represents the whole of the main activities, while efficiency and effectiveness “. .. relate to what we do and how we do it. .. ”. 48

47

Hysa B. (2004)“Basic principles of the economy of health”,SHBLU, Tirana, p. 271.

48

Stephen P. R. &De Cenco D. (2010) “Management Foundations, Concepts and Basic applications”,UET PRESS publication, Tirana, p. 34.

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It’s easily understandable that the more effective and efficient we perform tasks, the more we increase productivity and minimize costs. Efficiency is an indispensable element, but not an adequate one. Besides this, we must also deliver the tasks or objectives that we have set to ourselves. At the moment when an individual or organization has met its goals and objectives, then we can say that they have been effective in their work. So, we can briefly rephrase: Management-Is the process of delivering tasks in an effective and efficient way, through and with other people. 49 Efficiency-relates to delivering tasks in an accurate way. It refers to the relation between inputs and outputs. Effectiveness-relates to delivering the right task to meet the goals. We made these short descriptions in order to define and better understand the term “management” and “manager”, convinced that good management of tasks by a professional manager has its significant impact in the family, society, economy, business and culture. Equally important is also the management of tasks in the healthcare sector, that the citizens of this country have a daily need for it. By making an observation, it has been noticed that professionals have seldom appointed as heads of hospitals and health institutions. In general, militants of the party in power have been appointed in these posts. Under these circumstances, the need to specialize managers of health service and their appointment as heads of these sectors, still remains today an unsolved mission. Management must not be left in the hands of specialists, who for professional obligations or tasks stemming from politics, cannot handle the process of the management of the health service in general. Management must not even be done by militants, which often receive political orders. To have a better grasp of the relation of efficiency and effectiveness in the management of the work, let us go back to the authors Robbins and De Cenzo, who have drafted the scheme of efficiency and effectiveness. 50 49

Stephen P. R. &De Cenco D. (2010) “Management Foundations, Concepts and Basic applications”,UET PRESS publication, Tirana, p. 37.

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Efficiency and effectiveness Ways

Conclusions

Efficiency

Effectiveness

To be successful in management, we must have a good knowledge of the management processes. By knowing them, managers better serve their objectives and goals that must be achieved. So far, in the literature that we have consulted, there are only four comprising elements of management processes: - Planning Includes the definition of the goals of an organization, the establishment of a general strategy or achieving these goals and the development of a hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities. - Organisation Includes the definition of tasks that must be delivered, who will perform them, how will the tasks be groups, what will be the reporting lines and where will decisions be made. - Leadership Includes the motivation of employees, leading activities of others, the selection of the most effective channels of communication and settlements of conflicts. - Control The process of the monitoring of performance, cross checking it to the objectives and by correcting every significant deviation. 51 We divided and presented the most basic management processes in detail in order to better understand the importance of the management of the works of a given organization. Also, in order to identify the need of the introduction of the science of management in a very delicate sector such as health services to the citizens. Based on an observation that we have done to health institutions in Albania, we have noticed that political nominations 50

Stephen P. R. &De Cenco D. (2010) “Management Foundations, Concepts and Basic applications”,UET PRESS publication, Tirana,p. 37. 6

Stephen P. R. &De Cenco D. (2010) “Management Foundations, Concepts and Basic applications”,UET PRESS publication, Tirana, p. 37.

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have often decided about the management of works throughout all of these years of democracy. Then, this expands in the form of a pyramid through new nominations or replacements in the entire administration of the healthcare services. Of course, these changes have had their deterrent effect in a better management of works. The arrival of a new element cannot be stopped, but meritocracy and professionalism must be the core element in all cases. So far, all activities were focused in the hands of the party militant who has been appointed a director, starting from materials for repairs in hospitals, to continue with medication, employee salaries, new appointments and dismissals. Under these circumstances, a single person and when it’s the case of a specialist doctor, he is unable to deal with all his tasks. It’s time for a drastic reform in the domain of health service, which must focus on the creation of a separate sector of health service and the creation of managers of the public sector which have now turned into a necessity. Perhaps it’s time to create a special course at the University of Tirana, which will train specialists of health management. These specialists will have an impact in the improvement of the work of the health sector in Albania. These managers must have a special status, the same as the status of civil servant. They must not be affected by politics, except for cases of criminal offenses set forth by the Albanian legislation. b. The expansion of financial sources and increase of public funds for the health system As in all sectors, in the health sector and health services sector in particular, financial sources are a priority. An entire administration that works in the public health institutions must be paid, all the needs of the hospital service must be funded, studies for the perspective must be funded and in the end, there must be investments in the training of young specialists, who in contact with developed countries, must enable the application of new technologies in medication. Under these circumstances, diagnoses and treatment of patients will be easier. It has been proved that the health sector has its own impact in the economic development of the country. This sector not only consumes, but it also offers the Albanian economy a chance for development. The health sector has an impact in many aspects from which we can mention: Page | 96

1. The development of the industry of the production of medications. 2. The growth of the active life of individuals, by increasing and improving the productivity of work. 3. In increasing the number of jobs in the public and private health sector. 52 4. In increasing the production of agrifood quality products. 5. In increasing and strengthening the market of social and health securities by increasing the number of jobs. 6. In increasing foreign direct investments in the domain of pharmacy, hospital private service and all aiding economies that relate to these services. Without going in too much detail, we will stop on a part of the relation, namely the state funding of public health and expenses per capita. By comparing the expenses allocated by the state in the annual budgets of these years of democracy in Albania to other states of the Balkan Peninsula and EU countries, we will see that there’s a significant difference in the spreading of health services and in their quality. We must stress that the data provided in this chapter have been taken directly from the internet and they belong to the World Health Organization. Of course, we could not yet secure other data belonging to the period from 2009 to 2013. We have introduced them to the study to understand the trend of developments for two of these important indicators for the health system of a country and namely: “. .. the percentage of total expenses for health to the GDP and total expenses for health per capita. .. ”. Unfortunately, the charts and figures place Albania in very low levels, which means that we have a lot to do in this aspect. As we can see from this graph, our country is last among the countries of the region. The difference with the first places, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is evident. These data indicate the low level of health services in Albania compared to other countries of the region. This means that we’re far from the required standards, compared to the countries of the region and beyond Chart 1 and Chart 2. 52

Stephen P. R. & De Cenco D. (2010) “Management Foundations, Concepts and Basic applications”, UET PRESS publication, Tirana, p. 38.

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Chart 1. A comparison of Albania with the countries of the region in terms of percentage of Total Expenses for Health against GDP and Total Expenses for Health per capita

Source: World Health Organization-Translation of the note inside the chart: Average of the percentage of the total expenses on health against GDP for 2007-2009

Chart No. 2 A comparative ratio of Albania with the countries of the region in terms of the weight of Expenses on Health in the State Budget.

Source: World Health. Translation of the note inside the chart-Public expenses as percentage to Total Expenses on Health. Page | 98

What could be some of the ways that could have an impact in the increase of state finances for the public healthcare sector. First of all, I believe that it’s the task of politics to find possibilities for an immediate growth, at least by two times of state budget sources in the health sector. This is possible by cutting expenses in other directions and by aggressively fighting corruption. Millions of Lek have been wasted by the unprofessional treatment of medication in the warehouses of our hospitals. Expiry dates have forced medication worth significant amounts of money to end up in the black market or be destroyed. It’s time for responsible people to be held legally accountable for the damages that they cause to state assets and public health. For as long as these things are not regulated by law and in a determined way, situation cannot change. We also think that abuses with medication and health services must be made public and fully transparent for the opinion. Warehouse managers, nurses or doctors, senior directors or managers of the health care service which have abused with medications and healthcare services, must be made known for the public opinion. Through press releases, the administration informs the public opinion on the people who have caused material damages or damaged the public healthcare sector through their actions. In these cases, there’s no point in waiting for the verdict of the Albanian courts which may take years, thus making the offense obsolete. Such people must immediately be dismissed without giving them a chance to be saved by a judge or corrupted prosecutor. Secondly, another source of revenues for the public health sector may consist on making the state health insurance a priority. For this reason, we believe that in the current circumstances of Albania, this would be an important measure. Unfortunately, private companies easily manipulate the insurance market, while state inspection and monitoring is poor. After a poor experience in the private insurance market, many Albanians were disappointed and addressed to courts and deposited hundreds or thousands of lawsuits against insurance companies in Albania. Besides personal enrichment which reaches Page | 99

enormous figures, they have also caused a thousand and one problems for the health insurance market. Based on confidential talks with specialists of the domain, one of the most corruptive domains is the sale of insurance policies. In this case, more policies are sold then reported to state authorities. In these circumstances, the only state owned insurance company cannot be a competitor in the market. Let us stop on several advantages of the state health insurance. - After 20 years of democracy, where the private sector has done whatever it pleased, citizens have again addressed to the state. We have contacted many customers of private insurance companies and many of them are unsatisfied by the services of these companies. In the worst case, they say: “. .. It’s better if the state takes our insurance money than to unfairly enrich national or foreign bosses. They use all means not to pay us or to pay as little as possible and very late. .. . ”. In other words, the public health market offers more security for the citizens. At the same time, based on economist opinions and specialists of the domain, if this sector is reformed, strengthened and supported by the state, then it will be a lucrative sector. - Strengthening and modernization of the current system of public health insurance system would be positive for citizens. It would be an added value and a competitive factor in the insurance market in Albania. In perspective, it would be the market and Albanians themselves who would decide for its future. - Public health insurance system would be an important factor in fighting corruption. Both doctors and patients would communicate through documents which would be based on the recommendation issued by the family doctor or in the future and in the future, the introduction of a health card. Patients would feel better if they paid for their visits at the doctor, while the doctor in this case, when his contacts with money is zero, it’s very hard for him to ask or accept money.

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- The introduction of this system requires full control by other state structures, but we’re convinced that the conscience of the citizens will grow and in a few years, the system will enter normality and will yield results.

Conclusions and recommendations 1. In this article, we laid out several problems of the “Healthcare sector in Albania, problems and challenges”, in the dimensions permitted by the conference. 2. The research of scientific materials, statistics, other publications, contacts with specialists of the economy, management and medicine, have convinced us that the problems that relate to the Total Health Expenses are priority problems and which interest the public opinion a great deal. 3. Problems concerning to the treatment of patients with professionalism and responsibility, are not problems that concern only the government or state institutions. They must also be considered as problems of the entire society and which affect its interests. 4. Very important problems of THE (Total Health Expenses) such as: -The legal framework for the well functioning of the health market in Albania and confrontation with EU laws. -The enlargement of the basis of financial sources and the growth of public funds for health. -The strengthening of managerial capacities of healthcare institutions by creating contemporary models of healthcare management. -Problems of optimism in terms of relations between the public sector and private sector in the health care service, must be a subject of study for economics sciences and Albanian medication. 1. We recommend the opening of a public healthcare management branch at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tirana or the Faculty of Economics at this same university. 2. Orientation and distribution of funds for the public health sector must be planned and realized following intensive consults with civil society. The latter is directly Page | 101

interested, because it bears on its shoulders many problems and the consequences of the healthcare servicer in Albania. 3. We would like to invite our colleagues and professors to become part of this major problem which has a direct impact in the future of Albania and Albanians. We invite them to take into consideration our first attempt in this domain. We would also like them to be part of a wide public and scientific debate, because we are convinced that their precious and professional insights would guide Albanian government decision making.

References Ministry of Health (2004), Long term Strategy of the Development of the Albanian Health Sector. Chapter “Health Services”, Tirana, p. 32. Hysa B. (2004)“Basic principles of the economy of health”, SHBLU Tirana, pp. 119 and 271. Stephen P. R. &De Cenco D. “Management Foundations, Concepts and Basic applications”, UET PRESS publication, Tirana, pp. 37 −38. Uruci E. - Scalera F. (2014), “Health market in Albania, problems and challenges”, scientific article in the international scientific Conference “Economic Policy and EU integration”, UAMD, Durres, pp. 2. Uruci E. -Kuniqi E. (2014), “Health market and policies of the public sector in Albania”, scientific article in the international Conference “Toward EU single market: Experiences, models and proposals in the integration process”, “Aleksander Xhuvani” University, Elbasan. Uruci E, Mema M, Sokoli J. (2011) “Economics Managerial”, TOENA publications, Tirana. Uruci E. (2006)“Albanian migration and Labor Market”, 3rd Publication, International Conference, “Regional Economic Cooperation in South East Europe”, Bulgaria, pp. 264-283. Frank H. R. ,Bernanke S. B. ,(2004)Principles of Economics, Second Edition, New York,USA, by the McGraw-Hill Companies. Stephen P. R. & De Cenzo D. “Management foundations, Concepts and basic applications”,UET PRESS,Tirana, p. 35.

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LINK BETWEEN DRUG ABUSE AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE IN PRIZREN Blerina Vehbiu Kaltrina Skoro Murtezaj

In general, the abuse of drugs and psychoactive substances in Prizren is a matter of concern among the young people. Through this study, the link between drug use and antisocial behaviour was examined. In this study, the Questionnaire for sub-types of antisocial behaviour and searching of client files of the Medical and Psycho-therapeutic Centre "Labyrinth" for the types of drugs used was employed. The research was conducted in Prizren and was attended by 21 participants, who are drug users; all participants were male. The results of the statistical analysis indicate that higher dosages of drug use are not significant predictors of more pronounced anti-social behaviour. In other words, the correlation value was r = -. 038, p =. 880. For this model, regression analyses exhibit insignificant prediction values, F (1,16) =. 024, p =. 880. The findings from this study suggest that antisocial behaviour among drug users is not dependent on the drug dosage used or on the type of drug used. Keywords: drug abuse, antisocial behaviour, young males

1. Introduction According to Giancola (2003), the term "drug use" is a complex term that can refer to a number of variables such as the amount of use, the types of drugs used, different models of use and problems brought by drug use. In order to separate of these components, the drug use is divided into categories: a) the number of drug use or the Page | 103

types of drugs used, b) the frequency of drug use and c) the problems of drug use, that is, problems of behaviour, opinions and attitudes of the individuals resulting from drug use (Giancola 2003). The use of drugs, which is a serious problem for the public health and safety (Lamb, Greenlick, & McCarty, 1998) is closely related to antisocial behaviour, as well as associated with drug use (Wenzel, Longshore, Turner & Ridgely, 2001). Antisocial behaviour is defined as behaviour in which the basic norms, rights, and rules are violated (Matthys & Lochman, 2010). The relationship between the use or abuse of drugs and antisocial behaviour is deep, costly and undeniable (Eaton, Kramer, Anthony, Drymon, & Locke, 1989). These two go together. Miller and his colleagues estimated that 5. 4 million to 8 million of violent crimes and property crimes in the US in 1999 involved alcohol and drug use (Miller, Levy, Cohen, & Cox, 2006). The research data have shown that drug users are involved in crimes and have criminal records more than persons who do not use drugs. People with crime records are more likely to be drug users than others (Wittrock, 2006). There are several mechanisms that explain this link. Drug users may be involved in crimes in order to make money to buy drugs, may end up in crimes due to the effects of drugs, and also drug users may share certain characteristics predisposed to to criminal behavior such as antisocial personality disorder ( Fridell, Hesse, Jaeger & Kühlhorn, 2008). In addition, violent behavior and drug use can also be a result of the same factors as for example seeking to experience feelings in a higher level which could be a coincidence (Pihl & Hoaken, 1997). Regarding the effects of drugs, studies have shown that drugs had direct effects on biological function of the brain that have caused cognitive dysfunction among drug users or loss of emotional control, so drug users are more likely to exhibit antisocial behaviour (Friedman , 1988). However, studies have shown that various types of drugs have resulted in different effects on users (Friedman, 1988; UNICEF, 2009). Stimulants - According to a study done by Friedell and colleagues (2008), it resulted that simulants are associated with crime in general and with each subtype of crime. Being under the influence of stimulants can cause poor judgment, impulsive and aggressive reaction thus causing various crimes (Fridell, Hesse, Jaeger & Kühlhorn, 2008).

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Cannabis - Cannabis users have less propensity to crime (Fridell, Hesse, Jaeger & Kühlhorn, 2008). Numerous surveys have shown that cannabis users in fact are less likely to have aggressive behavior (Julien, 1992). A study on the acute effects of cannabis has suggested that while low doses of cannabis may have increased the aggression slightly, moderate and high doses can reduce or eliminate all aggressive behavior (Myerscough & Taylor, 1986; Taylor, 1976). Animal studies too have failed to support a connection between cannabis and violence (Miczek, 1978; Sieber, Frischknect, & easer, 1980). Whereas, those who had used cannabis for a long time at the time of acute abstinence, respectively in the first 7 to 10 days of abstinence had shown aggressive behavior (Kouri, Pope & Lucas, 1999). Even breaking of the rules, especially theft as subtype of antisocial behaviour, were predicted by abstinence from cannabis (Fridell, Hesse, Jaeger & Kühlhorn, 2008). Opiates - Regarding opiates, this study has shown that under their influence, especially of heroin, users may commit crimes such as theft and fraud, and it seems clear that the link between heroin dependency and crime is due to the need to find money for drugs (Fridell, Hesse, Jaeger & Kühlhorn, 2008). In addition, other studies on the effects of opiates and aggressiveness in animals have suggested that morphine and other derivatives of opiates temporarily decreased aggressive behavior (Espert, Navarro, Salvador, & Simon, 1993; Haney & Miczek, 1989; Miczek, Weerts, & Debold, 1993), but like many effects of opiates, that effect will be reduced by the reduction of tolerance which results in increased aggressive behavior (Rodriguez-Arias, Minarro, & Simon, 2001). In addition, laboratory studies to measure the aggressiveness found that people addicted to heroin, who were being treated with methadone, had higher levels of aggression than healthy persons (Gerra et al. , 2001). However, several authors have suggested that the level of aggression demonstrated by patients who use methadone appeared to be related more to personality traits than to the effects of drugs (Morentin, Callado, & Meana, 1998). The data have shown that abusers opiates had more feelings of anger (Miczek et al. , 1993), and also the self-reports of abusers (Lindquist, Lindsay, & White, 1979) as well as the reports of observers (Babor et al. , 1976) showed that opioid abusers had a high level of hostility. In the study conducted by Fridell and his colleagues as well, it resulted that antisocial behavior was predicted by the use of drugs (Fridell, Hesse, Jaeger & Kühlhorn, 2008).

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1. 1 Current Study Stacy and Newcomb (1995) have concluded that the use of drugs among adolescents has been an important factor that predicted criminal behaviour in the early youth. Studies have shown that various types of drugs resulted in different effects on users (Friedman, 1988; UNICEF, 2009). In Kosovo, the abuse of drugs and substances in general is concern too, but whether there is a link between drugs and anti-social behaviour among young people in Kosovo, again according to the research by RAR (UNICEF, 2009), it was found that among the prisoners there were numerous cases of drug use or drug addiction, which compared to the general population this number was higher. Hypothesis 1: For people who use drugs in higher doses, higher scores can be predicted for measurement of antisocial behaviour. Hypothesis 2: Using depressant drugs is associated with antisocial behaviour more than the use of hallucinogenic drugs.

2. Metodology 2. 1. Participants In this research, 21 male respondents aged 18-30 participated. Regarding the financial aspect, 57. 1% of them reported to be employed while 52. 4% of them consider themselves as the primary source of funding. All respondents were drug users who were contacted by the medical and psycho-therapeutic center “Labyrinth” in Pristina. Participants were informed in advance about the nature and purpose of the questionnaire.

3. Instrument Two techniques were used in this research: search for documents and questionnaires. In search of documents, the data from client files at the "Labyrinth” centre in Prishtina were collected. From these files were obtained the demographic data of clients and information on the use of drugs, such as: types of drugs used and what was the drug first used, on the basis of which the selection of participants for this research was done. The questionnaire used in this research was questionnaire for the sub-types of antisocial behaviour with a total of 32 questions that measure antisocial behaviour. Since it Page | 106

consisted of 3 parts, the first 10 questions measured physical aggression, the next 11 questions measured social aggression and the last 11 questions measured the breaking of rules.

4. Procedure Initially, permission was taken from “Labyrinth” to conduct the questionnaire in this center. In addition, permission was taken for the possibility of accessing client files regarding the demographic data in order to select the respondents aged 18-30. The request was approved on condition that these files do leave the centre and be reviewed there. Whereas, for the realization of questionnaires and interviews, initially the clients’ approval was obtained and they were made aware of this research goal.

5. Results Descriptive analyses show that participants in this research have the average M = 61. 78, SD = 15:37. The highest points were achieved in the dimension of aggressive physical behaviour M = 24. 84, SD = 6. 89. Of the total number of participants 76% (N = 16) were imprisoned, while the usual imprisonment time was 1 to 3 months (19%, N = 4) and 1 to 2 years (19%, N = 4). To the question which was the primary drug, 33. 3% (7 participants) said they use marijuana, 38. 1% , (8 participants) said they use heroin, and 28. 6% (6 participants) said they use methadone. Whereas when the primary drugs were compared with being in prison, the results showed that 57% (N = 4) of marijuana users were imprisoned. For the depressant drug users it rose to 85. 7% (N = 12) of those who were imprisoned, and a large part of them for at least up to three times (55%, N = 5). Linear regression The hypothesis of this study was that for people who use drugs in higher doses, higher scores can be predicted in the questionnaire for measurement of antisocial behaviour. Linear regression was used to test this hypothesis. Beforehand, the relationship between these two variables was measured by Pearson Correlation. Results show no significant correlation; negative correlation with low value. Respectively, the correlation was r = -. 038, p =. 880. For this model, regression analyses show no significant

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prediction value, F (1,16) =. 024, p =. 880. This model predicted 38% of the variance in antisocial behavior. T-test Independent Sample T-test T-test was used to examine differences in antisocial behaviour based on the type of drug used. Results showed that although people who use hallucinogenic drugs presented more antisocial behaviour (M = 63. 6, SD = 18:41) than people who use depressive drugs (M = 60. 75, SD = 14. 08), this difference was not statistically significant t (17) =. 711

6. Discussion This study examined the relationship between drug use and anti-social behavior, focusing on exploring how drugs affect the expression of these behaviours. Regarding the first hypothesis, statistical analysis reveals that higher doses of drug use are not significant behavior predictors of more pronounced anti-social behaviour. In the same way, no difference was observed since there appeared no difference in anti-social behavior among participants based on the type of drugs they consume. Results of the research are not consistent with previous studies; that is, it does not appear that increased drug dosage is related to the frequency of anti-social behavior. Other studies in this field have reported that there is a strong link between the use or abuse of drugs and human antisocial behavior (Eaton, Kramer, Anthony, Drymon, & Locke, 1989). These results can be interpreted in such way that regardless of the drug dose, the antisocial behavior occurs with the same frequency. On the other hand, it should be emphasised that exhibition of antisocial behavior is at a relatively high level among drug users, which is reflected by the high rate of imprisonment of participants. In fact, this is in line with other studies reporting that drug users are involved in more crimes than those who did not use drugs and they have more criminal records (Wittrock, 2006). Regarding the impact of different types of drugs, results show no difference in this respect. This is contrary to the literature in this field according to which the users of hallucinogenic drugs are less likely to have aggressive behaviour (Julien, 1992), whereas users of depressants, especially those of heroin, can commit crimes such as theft and fraud (Fridell , Hesse, Jaeger & Kühlhorn, 2008). In fact, the latter was also confirmed by the qualitative data where participants declared that the level of their antisocial behavior Page | 108

was significantly lower when they used hallucinogens. What may have influenced these results could be the fact that the participants may not have accurately reported the primary drug, and they were not asked what kind of drugs they used when they were involved in the criminal behaviour then when they were detained. This is supported by the fact that depressant users have reported more criminal records.

7. Limitations Some methodological limitations must be addressed. First, the number of sample was small and this research cannot provide generalized results. In addition, the lack of standardized questionnaires in Albanian for these variables is a further limitation. In other words, some questions are not adapted to our culture, such as the question "I created rubbish in public areas by breaking bottles, demolishing garbage bins, etc. " which is a common behaviour in the community in general.

References Babor, T. F. , Meyer, R. E. , Mirin, S. M. , Davies, M. , Valentine, N. , & Rawlins, M. (1976). Interpersonal behavior in a small group setting during the heroin addiction cycle. International Journal of the Addictions, 11, 513–523. Eaton, W. W. , Kramer, M. , Anthony, J. C. , Drymon, A. , & Locke, B. Z. (1989). The incidence of specific DIS/DSM-III mental disorders: Data from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 79, 163–178. Espert, R. , Navarro, J. F. , Salvador, A. , & Simon, V. M. (1993). Effects of morphine hydrochloride on social encounters between male mice. Aggressive Behavior, 19(5), 377–383. Fridell, M. , Hesse, M. , Jaeger, M. M. & Kühlhorn, E. (2008). Antisocial personality disorder as a predictor of criminal behavior in a longitudinal study of a cohort of abusers of several classes of drugs: Relation to type of substance and type of crime. Addictive Behaviors 33, 799-811.

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Friedman, A. (1998). Substance use/abuse as a predictor to illegal and violent behavior: a review of the relevant literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 339355. Friedman,S. A. (1996). The Relationships of Substance Abuse to Illegal and Violent Behavior, in a Community Sample of Young Adult African American Men and Women (Gender Differences). Journal of Substance Abuse, 4, 379-402 Gerra, G. , Zaimovic, A. , Ampollini, R. , Giusti, F. , Delsignore, R. , Raggi, M. A. , Laviola, G. , Macchia, T. , & Brambilla, F. (2001). Experimentally induced aggressive behavior in subjects with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘‘ecstasy’’) use history: Psychobiological correlates. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13,471–491. Giancola, R. P. (2003). Constructive thinking, antisocial behavior, and drug use in adolescent boys with and without a family history of a substance use disorder. Personality and Individual Differences 35, 1315–1330. Haney, M. , & Miczek, K. A. (1989). Morphine effects on maternal aggression, pup care, and analgesia in mice. Psychopharmacology, 98, 68–74. Julien, R. M. (1992). A primer of drug action. New York: Freeman. Kouri, E. M. , Pope, H. G. , & Lukas, S. E. (1999). Changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from longterm marijuana use. Psychopharmacology, 143, 302–308. Lamb, S. , Greenlick M. R. , & McCarty D. (1998). Bridging the gap between practice and research: forging partnerships with community-based drug and alcohol treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences (Institute of Medicine Report) Lindquist, C. U. , Lindsay, J. S. , & White, G. D. (1979). Assessment of assertiveness in drug abusers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 676–679. Matthys, W. & Lochman, E. J. (2010). Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder in Childhood. Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford U. K. Miczek, K. A. (1978). D-sup-tetrahydrocannibinol: Antiaggressive effects in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys. Science, 199(4336), 1459–1461. Miczek, K. A. , DeBold, J. F. , Haney, M. , Tidey, J. , Vivian, J. , & Weerts, E. M. (1993). Alcohol, other psychoactive drugs, and violence. In A. J. Reiss, & J. A. Roth Page | 110

(Eds. ), Understanding and preventing violence. Social influences, 3,182–220. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Miller, T. R. , Levy, D. T. , Cohen, M. A. , & Cox, K. L. (2006). Costs of alcohol and drug-involved crime. Prevention Science. 7 (4). 333-42. Morentin, B. , Callado, L. F. , & Meana, J. J. (1998). Differences in criminal activity between heroin abusers and subjects without psychiatric disorders: Analysis of 578 detainees in Bilbao, Spain. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43, 993–999. Myerscough, R. , & Taylor, S. P. (1986). The effects of marijuana on human physical aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(6), 1541–1546. Pihl, R. O. , & Hoaken, P. N. S. (1997). Clinical correlates and predictors of violence in patients with substance use disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 27(11), 735–740. Rodriguez-Arias, M. , Minarro, J. , & Simon, V. M. (2001). Development of tolerance to the anti-aggressive effects of morphine. Behavioral Pharmacology, 12, 221– 224. Stacy, A. W. , & Newcomb, M. D. (1995). Long-term social-psychological influences on deviant attitudes and criminal behavior. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed. ), Drugs, crime, and other deviant adaptations: Longitudinal studies (pp. 99–127). New York: Plenum Press. Taylor, S. P. (1976). The effects of alcohol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol on human physical aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 2(2), 153–161. UNICEF (2009). Psychoactive substance use in Kosovo – Rapid assessment and response with youth, injecting drug users and prisoners. Prishtina. Wenzel, L. S. , Longshore, D. , Turner, S. & Ridgely, S. M. (2001). Drug courts. A bridge between criminal justice and health services. Journal of Criminal Justice 29, 241253 Wittrock, U. (2006). Criminal statistics 2005 (4). Stockholm: Official Statistics of Sweden. : National council for crime prevention.

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ROLE OF

GOVERNMENT IN

ECONOMIC AND

TREATMENT OF FINANCIAL CRISIS

Dr. Avdi Jakupi Universum College Professor and Manager in the Tax Administration of Kosovo

Term economic crisis has recently become a current topic and has revived discussions in various forms through debates and seminars of an economic, financial and social. It is a topic that requires special treatment and that the reason for raising this matter is now with the economic crisis is also present in Kosovo and has affected every sector of the economy as the eurozone but also in many countries of the world. Based on global trends and economic developments now we appreciate that with the economic crisis that is present in many countries of the world, in particular in the countries of the European Union has started to invades the country with the new Republic of Kosovo in the Balkans. Any economic movement that occurs in the eurozone in terms of development or the elements of the crisis to shake the economy of these countries will affect the stability of Kosovo economy. When it comes to economic instability, many debates organized in the table different attitudes about providing the resolution and dealing with them the process of the financial crisis, is impossible not analyzed the economic situation global in eurozone countries, from which It will suffer the Kosovo economy. The economic crisis has become an everyday topic and controversial around the globe but also a very controversial topic in social and family environments. Based on the fact that the country is further not in the stage of economic development, where the product of this situation is the increase in unemployment in our country in general and in the Balkans. Therefore, based on the current Kosovo where every day more we rendje economic growth unemployment due to lack of production, lack of export pursuit of Page | 112

purchasing power in the absence of the cash, which even that amount that is out overseas when we are importing. These elements that warn economic crisis just go and become non bearable for the resident, this situation is further aggravated, as a result of the political crisis that currently reigns in the state of Kosovo has been that during this year to have the tendency to increase deficit revenues and increasing public debt. In these conditions not conducive to economic development, with the right of citizens earn an uncertainty for the living, there are no elements to increasing investments and lack an environment of sound business development due to the lack of legal infrastructure for implementation and interaction with operators. Maintaining economic and political stability in the country made only by attracting foreign investment through which there would be economic growth and financial stability, this can be achieved through the coordination of some essential elements of the economy. The crisis in the eurozone has been that Kosovo be felt largely economic crisis, due to the decrease of investment from diaspora means that it has risen to 30-40% reduction means of remittances, of which tools It depends on the existence of the cash in circulation. Some of the elements that produce the crisis rate is still higher import compared to export that has a very low rate, lack of production, the emergence of money overseas, the high level of informal economy in without the possibility of preventing this phenomenon and money laundering. Also the lack of development strategies to exploit the full potential of existing Kosovo all human and natural resources, which do not complete their commitment made to the economic and financial crisis reigns. In this paper it will be treated deteriorating economy by the financial crisis, the impact of the global crisis on the economy of Kosovo and the role that the state undertakes to emerge from the crisis.

Key words; Economic development, the eurozone countries, the global economy, economic strategy, economic policies, remittances, etc. transition.

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1. Kosovo's economy faces global crisis The economic crisis has become an everyday topic and controversial around the globe but also a very controversial topic in social and family environments. Global level of economic development has led even during the year 2014/2015 the continuing uncertainty of the economy stay, despite the fact that compared with 2013 a macroeconomic improvement, but the euro was followed by the decline of the inflation rate during 2014. This has meant that he has continued to have a bad situation economic therefore further not improved conditions in the labor market, that would have an impact greatly in preventing the economic crisis in the broader sense that the eurozone. Based on state what Eshe economic development globally, then the newest state in the Balkans found further in phase not economic development, and as a product of this condition further continues the growth of unemployment in our country and in general the countries Balkans. Global economic developments over recent years were characterized by an increase without waiting the economy, it also affected the financial institutions forecasts, global economic growth came thanks to oil price reduction was influenced in many countries. But according to the IMF assessment es many factors will affect the reduction of the global economy, mainly in the investment sector, despite the fact that for the euro area are forecasts that can be a slight economic growth. The IMF estimates that global economic growth are the most in 2013 was 3. 0 percent, compared with 3. 2 percent in 2012. Economic activity globally was driven by developed countries, while developing countries, although positive trends were characterized by, they had lower rates of growth53 However, based on developments in the region, a part of the Balkans in 2014 was characterized by growing weaker economy compared with the previous year, where the average rate of growth for some Balkan countries in 2014 was 1. 5%, compared with annual growth of 2. 6% in 2013. the low rate of inflation at the global level is also reflected in the economies of several countries in the Balkans (mainly western), reflecting that the average inflation rate to be lower compared with the previous year.

53

Annual Report 2013 CBK

54

Report macroeconomic developments August 2015, CBK

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54

A state of

economic developments reflected through the following table which reflects the macroeconomic indicators in the eurozone economy.

Table 1. Selected macroeconomic Indicators Description

GDP

inflation

2012

2013

2012

2013

Global economy

32

30

39

36

Eurozone

-0. 7

-0. 5

2. 5

Developing countries

5

4. 7

1. 4

2. 8

European Development Europe

Current account balance (% of GDP) 2012

2013

1. 3

2

2. 9

6

5. 8

1. 4

0. 7

5. 8

4. 1

-4. 5

-3. 9

Source: IMF (April 2014)

Based on economic developments that are occurring in the region, it is estimated that the eurozone economy is likely to slows down the development from year to year, but if we happen to drop the prices of industrial products can have on economic growth. Kosovo's economic development during 2014, seems to have an economic growth, but also the region as well as it was characterized by a lower rate of development than in the previous year, due to a lack of investment. Regarding the issue of investment by CBK, it is estimated that during 2014 investments characterized by a decline in investment of 7. 6%, which decline happens to be the lack of public investment, due to increased claims costs for supplies, orientation reduce costs, savings in certain areas and costs in other sectors of the economy. Based on the state of economic development results that Kosovo's economic growth is largely dependent on the economic development and finance income derived from the Diaspora to work in most countries of the eurozone, where do our immigrants. Therefore, any economic movement or even elements of the crisis shaking the economies of these countries will affect the stability of Kosovo economy.

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But the economic crisis of the eurozone countries will not only affect the decline in remittances from abroad, but it will also affect the arrival of foreign investments, which largely will also affect the economic development of Kosovo. When it comes to economic instability, many debates organized in the table different attitudes about providing the resolution and dealing with them the process of the financial crisis, it's impossible not analyzed the economic situation global in eurozone countries, from which will suffer the Kosovo economy. One of the most important lessons of the global crisis is to maintain price stability, means handling of monetary stability and financial stability. In a fragile economy as the economy of Kosovo, which it has begun development after a period of post-war and mainly small economy, there is no development of heavy industry, light may be affected by the global economic crisis. The fact of the impact of the global crisis on Kosovo's economy is highly dependent on the economy foreign investment and migration, and therefore the economic situation of the countries they come from investments directly will also reflect in the economy. It is important to note that the stability of any economy impacting three important elements, which of course it should be respected as should have one interest rate, a critical mass of financial intermediation and the balance of the financial sector, which guarantees development long-term sustainable and the country. To have a stable financial economy of this harmonization should these three objectives, which are considered to be a necessary condition for maintaining financial equilibrium of the economy. And when you can have an alignment of these three objectives, to appreciate the country's economy that have an optimal solution to guarantee the economic and financial stability of the country. Maintaining economic and political stability in the country made only by attracting foreign investment through which there would be economic growth and financial stability, this can be achieved through the coordination of some essential elements of the economy.

2. The economic crisis threatens Kosovo The result was affecting feels that the Kosovo crisis is the fact that as in previous years despite the developments in some aspects of social life even in 2014, has shown satisfactory results in economic growth as the gross domestic product growth. Instead of Page | 116

macroeconomic analysis done shows that Kosovo's economy was characterized by a symbolic increase of only 0. 9% rate that is significantly lower than in previous years.

55

This state of economic development that better reflected through the following figure which shows how the resulting movement of gross domestic product over the years, but what is disturbing that the indications are that there are elements accentuated the economic crisis which is transferred from the eurozone and the economy Kosovo.

Figure 1 Growth of gross domestic product Figure 2 Real GDP growth in percentage

Evaluation of KAS, KAS Source 2015 (e) Review of the CBK, (f) Projection of CBK Source: KAS (2013), (e) CBK (2014)

Economic developments in Kosovo based on the main macroeconomic indicators show positive performance of the economy of Kosovo in 2014, but the welfare of citizens is not met to the extent required for the fact that we have large number of unemployed. According to CBK estimates, real economic growth rate is expected to be 3. 0%. Economic growth in 2014 is estimated to be mainly the result of increased consumption, while investments and net exports are expected to contribute negatively. Therefore, we have the situation worse in terms of creation of new jobs, the lack of investment and in the absence of conditions of security to invest and maintain investments, corruption is high even further is a serious problem that hinders further development process.

55

Macroeconomic developments Report August 2015

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Table 2 Growth rate of real GDP in the countries of the Western Balkans Countries / Years

2008 2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Kosova

7. 2

3. 6

3. 3

4. 4

2. 8

3. 4

3

Macedonia

5

-0. 9

2. 9

2. 8

-0. 4

2. 9

3. 4

Serbia

3. 8

-3. 5

1

1. 6

-1. 5

2. 5

-0. 5

Albania

7. 5

3. 4

3. 5

2. 3

1. 1

0. 4

2. 1

Montenegro

6. 9

-5. 7

2. 5

3. 2

-2. 5

3. 5

2. 3

Bosnia and Herzegovina

5. 6

-2. 7

0. 8

1

-1. 2

2. 1

0. 7

Source: IMF (WEO 2014), Kosovo data KAS and CBK assessment for 2014

Table 3. Growth rate of loans and deposits in the Western Balkan countries Albania Description

Bosnia and Macedonia Herzegovina

Montenegro

Serbia

Kosova

Qer. Qer. Qer. 2013 2014 2013

June 014

Qer. Qer. Qer. June Qer. Qer. Qer. Qer. 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014

Credits

0. 7

-1. 8

3. 2

3. 7

3. 6

7. 8

4. 8

-3. 3

-2. 9

-5. 3

2. 8

3. 5

deposits

4. 8

1

4. 4

7. 7

3. 2

8. 7

9

6. 8

4. 4

3. 3

4. 4

10

Source: European Commission - Report third quarter 2014; Kosovo to CBK data.

Based on the current situation in Kosovo where every day more we slump, rising unemployment due to the lack of production, lack of export, decline in purchasing power in the absence of the cash, where it amounts to is out abroad We import case. Not only for imports but money issues to the Kosovo citizens overseas is also out for the purpose of preserving the health of the health in Kosovo is at a low level due to corruption outlined in this segment. Citizens are forced to make large payments to thousands of euros abroad to develop medical examinations and surgical interventions abroad due to nonestablishment of the health law and not the creation of the fund for health, greater corruption in the health sector. The economic crisis in Kosovo now is as a consequence of the decline of revenues within the country and the decline in remittances from diaspora to come from eurozone countries in which their economy but is now affected by the crisis, Page | 118

which at the same time this will be also affects the decrease of foreign investments coming from these countries. These elements that warn economic crisis just go and become non bearable for the resident, this situation is further aggravated, as a result of the political crisis that currently reigns in the state of Kosovo has been that during this year to have the tendency to increase deficit revenues and increasing public debt. Fiscal sector in 2014 was characterized by slight revenue increase and a similar level of expenditures incurred compared with the previous year. The total budget revenues increased by 1. 5% and reached a value of 1. 3 billion euro in 2014. On the other hand, the total budget expenditures amounted to about 1. 5 billion euros, almost the same level with the previous year which was prej1. 5 billion euro in 2013. During this period, the Kosovo budget has deficit amounted to around 131 million euros or 2. 4% of GDP compared with the deficit 150 million recorded in the prior year or 2. 9% of GDP. Following through a diagram will see the closing years of budget revenues are in decline, imports and exports also are in decline. These are indicators that reflect the economic situation of the country and it shows that the country is moving towards economic crisis. In late 2014, the stock of public debt of the government reached a value of 582. 9 million euros or 10. 6% of GDP compared with 476. 3 million euros or 9. 1% of GDP at the end of 2013. This level of public debt did Kosovo land with the lowest public debt compared with other regional countries. Following figures show follows a basic data on revenues and expenditures.

Figure 3 Revenues and Expenditures in the Figure 4 Public Debit mil. euro Budget in mil. euro

Source: MF and CBK calculations (2015) Source: MF (2015)

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In these conditions not conducive to economic development, with the right of citizens earn an uncertainty for the living, there is no element of increased investment, absent an environment of sound business development due to the lack of legal infrastructure suitable for the business, we have weak rule of law, not a legal enforcement of contracts and implementing legislation is incomplete and fails to apply. One of the challenges in the development and support of business activity as a serious obstacle are high rates of loans to commercial banks approve, of which loans are extremely unfavorable to business. Regarding the issue of the financial system of banks in granting loans to businesses in 2014 the degree of financial intermediation in the country, or the ratio of financial system assets to GDP widened even more by reaching report of the financial system by 79. 4% that was in 2013 at 81. 3%. So that the financial system's total assets amounted to 4. 5 billion euros in 2014, marking an annual increase of 7. 4%. This situation is a lien loan rates at the expense of business, but we lack the means to invest in developing and expanding its business is pushing to require funds from the bank to develop business. This means that businesses in the country to increase their profits that can be achieved with, they work for filmed capital, but also working to acquire commercial banks, which take their profit through higher lending rates. Following through a diagram showcasing the growth rate of loans by sector, expressed as a percentage.

Figure 5 The rate of growth of loans by Figure 6 Average annual interest rates sectors percentage share

Source: MF (2015) Source: CBK 2015

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Despite the difficult conditions for obtaining loans in banks due to the high rate of interest, the conditions on which operates a business in the absence of funds to date, forced to join on loan at the bank to create opportunities for the development and growth capital. However, even in these miserable conditions for loan applications from businesses it has proven to be increased especially by small and medium enterprises and households, while there was a decline in demand for loans by large enterprises. The report credits the banks to the private sector in Kosovo to GDP in 2014 was about 34%, while the average in the region was about 47%. Seeing the negative effect of high rates of interest is exerting relentless demands of commercial banks in reducing the rate of interest on loans, which in this case the role of the state in terms of the processes of economic development and in coordination with the financial system of commercial banks it is met that the average interest rate on the loan is reduced by 11. 1% in 2013 to 9. 2% in 2014, thus creating better opportunities for financing household consumption growth and investments. But the effect of reducing the interest rate on the loan at the same time will reflect the reduction of the interest rate on deposits of citizens during this period. The average interest rate on deposits in 2014 decreased to 1. 1% from 2. 4%, sufficient liquidity in the banking sector. Consequently, the difference between interest rates on loans and deposits declined by 8. 7% in the year 2013në 8. 1% in 2014. 56 The informal economy, corruption, emphasized in every segment of the economy, conditions unfavorable for investments through loans for business development of small enterprises and medium enterprises, the lack of a strategy to support business and employment strategy in accordance with the labor market , all these have made further to deepen the economic crisis and rising unemployment.

3. Fighting the crisis through foreign investments and remittances shipments The economic crisis fought by strengthening these elements mentioned above which are the criteria necessary to attract investment from abroad, as foreign direct investment and investment from abroad, which had with affected in boosting economic development and creating workplaces. One of the negative factors that favor the economic crisis is the departure of foreign investors to invest in Kosovo, that come from the eurozone countries where the economy 56

Macroeconomic developments Report August 2015

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is in crisis. Yet another element that had an impact on foreign investment drain is that the state has not created mechanisms to have a guarantee and legal certainty in investment. This has led many foreign investors by not having their safety potential have given up to invest in the economy of Kosovo, despite the fact that there is a high potential of the workforce, reserves energy, favorable conditions for tourism and mineral resources. This uncertainty of investors was reflected by the fact that the state of Kosovo appears not to have confidence, by the means which are deposited in the fund of privatization of state enterprises and funds collected in the Fund Trust for pensions are invested abroad, for security issues. The investment of these funds abroad is made on the basis of laws that are still in force, the value of these assets totaled close to 2 billion €, but what is important to note that the return of these investments in the country can not be made for until changing Pension Trust Law and the Law on privatization of those laws are an obstacle to the management of this process which is very important for the economy. So when we are dealing with the issue of legal security and the means of these two local funds (trust and privatization) remain invested abroad, then with the right foreign investors may have the dose of fear to invest in Kosovo due to legal certainty and lack of law enforcement. Therefore, the economic crisis may come to a lack of investment and the impossibility of the development of the state, so it is a matter for the experts from the state of the economy and requires special treatment, there should be greater state role. The reason for the establishment of the matter is that taking on the basis of these facts the economic crisis is threatening the Kosovo economy which has affected all sectors of the economy as the eurozone but also many countries of the world. As a scholar of economic issues based on global trends and economic developments appreciate that the economic crisis now that is present in many countries of the world, in particular in the countries of the European Union has started to invades the newest state in the Balkans Republic Kosovo. Based on the trends of economic development and political appreciate that this economic crisis in many countries around the world and in particular in the countries of the European Union or the eurozone participates Kosovo has been significant economic crisis, especially in the sphere of investment and income from abroad or remittances. It Page | 122

identified this situation of Kosovo is one of the eurozone countries where considerably is dependent on remittances financial come from abroad, therefore, based on global trends and economic developments in many countries of the world, did this to reflect the diaspora Kosovo which will have direct impact on the economy. The impact of remittances from diaspora for Kosovo's economy is assessed in many cases by the researchers of the economy and the financial institutions, from these expectations are shown by revenue with stable economy of Kosovo, which with years have kept alive the economy of this country, including the period before the war and after the war. Just last year we had deliveries from abroad amounting to about 600 million euros based on the fact that in European countries where the diaspora is our present and their economy continues to face economic recession, these are indications which can exacerbate Kosovo in the field of global economic crisis. Influence in this process of diaspora or income from abroad can be great because it is a number the greater the citizens of the state of Kosovo who have migrated to western countries for a better life and of those places today we have revenues from remittances from citizens working in the country. Following through some of the data shown wave of migration in different periods of time which are characterized by economic and political situation of the state of Kosovo. Kosovars have been several periods of mass migration since the early 60s of the last century, so this phenomenon has continued today as the migration of people estimated to be from 0. 4 to 1% of the active population for employment. 57 Based on official statistics considered that close to 25% of the population of Kosovo or Kosovo over 500 thousand migrants living and working in different countries of Europe. According to a research poll Gallup Institute which developed after surveys in 135 countries around the world shows that Kosovo is ranked high in the list of countries that receive remittances, which totaled 23%, or the percentage with most in the region. 58 With an unemployment rate of 37-44% and extreme poverty by 17%, but thanks to the migration of citizens in Western countries today remittances continue to be the main source of survival for many families.

57

The World Bank report "Economic Memorandum of state," Kosovo Unlocking Growth Potential: Strategies, Policies, Actions' "2010 58

Gallup poll on remittances

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Table: 4 Distribution of immigrants by years of migration Table: 5 Distribution of immigrants by countries migration59 Migration Wave

The percentage of immigrants

Period Before 1989

7:10%

Period 1989 - 1997

32. 90%

Period 1998 - 1999

7. 90%

The period after 1999

52. 10%

Source: Kosovo Remittance Study 2013 ASK 2013 Countries

The

migration

immigrants

Germany

32. 80%

Switzerland

24. 80%

Italy

7. 60%

Slovenia

6:10%

Austria

5. 90%

US

4:30%

Sweden

2. 90%

France

2. 90%

Great Britain

2:50%

Belgium

2:20%

Norway

fee 1. 50%

59

percentage

Kosovo Remittance Study 2013 ASK 2013

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of

A USAID study60 indicates that remittances have a positive impact in all regions, however, have the biggest impact less developed regions, thereby reducing inequality in income per capita. Remittances in Kosovo have increased over the years (except in 2009 when there was a reduction of deliveries as a result of the global financial crisis in the countries where they stood immigrants Kosovo), reaching almost twice the foreign direct investment in the country. In semester of 2014 remittances received in Kosovo were 291. 3 million which represents an annual increase of 6. 9%, while foreign direct investments were 38. 9 million euros, reflecting a decrease of 110. 10 million euros less in comparison with the period of the same prior year.

Graph 1 Remittances Graph 2 Remittances and Foreign Investment Directly in Kosovo 2007-2010

Source CBK 2014 Source CBK 2014

60

USAID and UNDP, "Kosovo Remittance Study 2010"

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Figure 3. Remittances Kosovo and Albania Figure 4. The growth of remittances K / SH

Source: CBK and AB Source: CBK and AB

Although until now the majority of remittances came from Switzerland and Germany, observed recently is a large influx of revenue from Asian countries like Afghanistan and Iraq. A significant number of Kosovars are employed in US companies dealing with construction and maintenance of military bases in the two countries, as well as in other sectors outside military bases. After reduction of military forces in Iraq, a large number of military bases have closed and therefore has decreased the number of employees in this country. But, still there is a large number of foreign workers engaged in Afghanistan. 61 The economic crisis will be significant in Kosovo for the fact that Kosovo is heavily dependent on investment coming from the diaspora, of which maintains the existence household tools. Therefore, if the crisis in the eurozone reflected the origins of these revenues (investments), then Kosovo will be a place in which the crisis will invades Kosovo economy. This happens due to the fact that Kosovo's economy for years has been

61

Analysis of GAP Institute in 2011.

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dependent on remittances and the economic crisis in the eurozone will have negative effects. 62 Based on what is now the state of Kosovo's economy, we can freely say that due to the serious political situation that currently reigns, it is burdening the economy and is moving towards an economic crisis, decreasing investments and revenues. This situation is reflected mostly the business, which again is the bearer of economic development of a country, it is likely that this situation will continue further in the coming years that had created serious problems of business in the growth of spending, trimming earnings and to the termination of their activity. Knowing the fact that through these businesses depend on the economic development of the country, then it would have an impact greatly on the flight of investment, we increased unemployment by cutting jobs and creating social cases that are already in the number of in Kosovo. This situation made that during this period of interrupted investments that have been planned to arrive in Kosovo, it did to have a decrease in exports, from the interruptions to business to business, interruption of production and disruption of creating countries new jobs, a lack of investment. But I think that to create favorable conditions for business and raise the economy of Kosovo, should that be required financing sources within the country, dissipated all capacities in respecting and adapting legislation to make business and fighting corruption. Now we are in the situation where Kosovo has derailed development in some sectors of the economy important, an element of stagnation of development in addition to the economic crisis as an important factor to crashes is estimated to be the consequences of political developments that currently reigns in Kosovo.

63

But this situation is estimated to have

affected all investments, such as those that come from foreign investors and domestic investments, due to the creation of a state of uncertainty that investment. According to the latest data of the Kosovo Central Bank says that the country has stagnated and capital investments, it has been that as a result of political developments and investment in the implementation of the major project Prishtina-Skopje highway to flounder ongoing. Based on the latest data of the Central Bank of Kosovo (CBK), on a sectoral basis, it had stagnated during this period that came from the external sector, as a result of deepening trade deficit. "Negative developments from the external sector was neutralized to some extent by the significant expansion of credit activity of the banking sector", reads the 62

www. telegrafi. com/ekonomi

63

http://04online. net/slide/kriza-politike-atakoi-ekonomine 31 August 2014.

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report of the CBK. While fiscal sector, despite that was characterized by increased spending, changed the structure by increasing current expenditure, while capital expenditures during this period declined considerably.

64

Therefore based on the fact that

Kosovo has an economy open market and since no monetary policy of its own that could be affected by other measures to protect the economy, so the only thing that can now be made Kosovo is to develop policies the reduction of the trade deficit. This measure will be implemented by applying quotas on imported products, which would have affected the growth of revenues for the state budget, which was supplemented with reduction of remittances that in recent years has been in decline.

4. The effects of the financial crisis and the way out The crisis in the eurozone has been that Kosovo be felt largely economic crisis, due to the decrease of investment from diaspora means that it has risen to 30-40% reduction means of remittances, of which tools It depends on the presence of the cash in circulation. Some of the elements that produce the economic crisis are; the still high level of imports compared to exports that has a very low degree, the lack of production, the emergence of money abroad, the highest rate in the informal economy without the possibility of preventing this phenomenon and money laundering. Although according to some data of the International Monetary Fund is expected during the current year to an increase of the Gross Domestic Production (GDP) to 4%, based on economic growth in some countries they come from remittances from the diaspora, but the crisis economy continues to be present. Only with increased foreign investment, creating favorable conditions for investment, although the representatives of the Ministry of Trade and Industry point out that the investment climate is improving gradually, based on the fact that they are being facilitated business registration procedures. Although it is evident that the judicial system should be improved, so that foreign investors feel safe to invest their capital in Kosovo. Therefore appreciate that Kosovo should take urgent measures to improve policies that promote economic development, creating favorable conditions for investment, the establishment of appropriate legal infrastructure and the creation of security for foreign capital to invest in Kosovo. If not taken these measures will certainly cross country in a situation with 64

http://04online. net/slide/kriza-politike-atakoi-ekonomine 31 August 2014.

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serious economic and as a result of this crisis will deepen to the extent of free patient to move forward. This can be achieved if Kosovo is to have a comprehensive approach to all sectors, not only the economy but also to other areas of legislation, applicable hood and security investments, to coordinate all these factors and have the opportunity to start emerge from the economic crisis, which day is more precarious us.

5. Construction of strategies for development and improvement of the environment through fiscal policies In order to maintain economic stability of Kosovo is an urgent need to establish a comprehensive strategy to all those new sectors of the economy, the legal infrastructure that reviewed the legislation which created favorable conditions for investors. Construction of this strategy has to do with raising the level of implementation of laws, establishment of infrastructure in terms of legal certainty in the implementation of contracted relations and financial related le between businesses. Despite the achievements so far made towards the establishment of the legal basis that paves the way for foreign investors, it is still insufficient and uncertain in terms of legislation and implementation of security investments. Viewed from the perspective of development and creation of new jobs that would have an impact on the strategy for the reduction of unemployment is required to return the country funds of funds to the trust and privatization of these tools to create fund to boost the economy than small employment and development aims. Of these tools it is a great opportunity to invest in the development of small business and middle through these means can we increase production and could create new job places. But the lack of a strategy to move forward in the development of the environment and the lack of political will to push for the adoption of legislation processes factual situation facing the country's economy has pushed to have the economic and financial crisis. Therefore even those businesses that now operate in Kosovo, and that number is over 60 thousand, which operate more problems of different nature, the lack of conditions unsuitable for doing business, due to loans high interest rates by commercial banks, lack cash in circulation and the occasional obstacles created by the lack of electricity, which creates huge losses. Also the lack of development strategies to exploit the full potential of existing Kosovo all human and natural resources, which do not complete their commitment made to the

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economic and financial crisis reigns. Therefore it is the duty and responsibility of institutional order to combat the economic crisis, political and financial, to create a strategy of action of all factors, to create a suitable climate to attract foreign investment and domestic. It is known to have a satisfactory economic development of uncompromising commitment required institutional and business, creating conditions for infrastructure operation and harmonization of legal and fiscal incentives to attract investments. Kosovo's economy must be directed towards the road of integration into the European Union, in the establishment and development of quality and standardization of services and products suited for the European market. The process of economic integration has as final result of welfare than economic growth, implying the full integration in the commercial chains, industrial and financial. But the economic integration of our country into the European Union can not be done unless it applies a single practical economic and institutional management and harmonizing the rules of engagement in the entire European space. From our perspective we think that to have economic prosperity and economic integration, it must meet a set of criteria which are necessary for the wider economy. One of those criteria is structural reform, which has to do with changes in the legal and regular, institutional, and political infrastructure. Also another important criterion to separate the business community is that Kosovo should be developed and encouraged more to promote and push forward the process of economic integration. This can be achieved with a greater commitment to increased business activity and the promotion and application of new technology, this can be achieved through the organization and standardization of manufacturing processes, the establishment of a high level of management. One of the other processes important is the financial sector, which have created new policies distribution of financial resources and the impact in terms of creating optimal conditions to attract foreign investment through various forms of cooperation and co-financing between the local business and international.

6. Prevention of economic crisis To avoid economic and financial crisis the state of Kosovo must change the economic policy, by undertaking the preparation of strategic plans for the development of the sectors of industry, energy, mining, tourism, etc. , in the direction of economic

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progress against objectives desired by build a competitive economy in the labor market. Always set up developing strategies to profitable sectors, such as energy and especially the development of the tourism sector for which there is potential, but so far overlooked by strategic economic planning. Kosovo as a country in transition followed by economic development historically unsatisfactory, is sensitive to the financial and economic crisis and requires the construction of appropriate strategies and building a stable economic policy. But until Kosovo continues to keep a lot of money abroad, in the amount of over 2 billion € and invested with an interest rate more symbolic, which can also be lost given the movements in the financial markets where inflation here after here the validity of the interest derived from investment of these funds. Therefore the investment of these funds in foreign market has led the Kosovo development needs of arranging loans owed to certain programs by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Given that Kosovo is a small and mostly poor economically and when an amount of funds significantly its circulating abroad, has made commercial banks which operate in Kosovo to realize major benefits from loans for which the citizens They are forced to take to the needs of economic development. Economic and financial crisis made to have a deceleration of economic growth in many countries of Europe, where among those affected are countries with fragile economically, which affects the reduction of exports, reducing investment, increasing public debt and growth without employment. But in terms of economic crisis it is difficult to give an adequate recipe for a bailout, however, say that the exit from the crisis is not easy issues to be managed by it is a connection between sectors and is more complex. Output from the economic crisis requires the preparation of an action strategy, through which the company is required of all activities with their implementation could create a stable economic growth. The role of the state here is essential to prepare appropriate strategies for attracting investment, with a provision of maximum security for the invested capital, making investments stimulate the economy in those sectors that generate employment and produce for local consumption. Extraction of the country from the economic crisis and the possibility of having a sustainable economic development is easy to say but difficult to realize. Therefore an intensification and a stimulation of the priority sectors of the economy, those sectors that

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influence the manufacturer to increase productivity at work, increase production and increase employment. Busy primary role in the economic system where investments are guaranteed results in economic growth, the creation of the conditions necessary for changing the economic structure, achieving a strategic version of the sectors of production and application of new technology in production.

CONCLUSION We handle paper is the role of government institutions in case of presence of the economic crisis in the country and the region. Given the economic developments that are happening in the eurozone, it is likely that the economy every year of its development slows down. Based on the trends of economic and political development, especially in developing countries such as Kosovo, the crisis has begun, especially in the area of significant revenues from abroad and foreign investment. We work we handle elements of the crisis and the consequences that could bring it fragile economy of our state, where as a result of this development now have declining in the collection of domestic revenue, which was and more of made to have a situation with serious economic. If this situation continues, by failing to expectations in local revenues and the continued decline of investments, decline of remittances and the flight of investors in the region, the country will certainly face political and economic crisis. Therefore the role of the state in this direction is necessary, carefully analyzing the economic and political situation in the country and to increase capacity in the collection of funds for investment, offering tax incentives and creation of favorable conditions of doing business. Following topics addresses the problem of investment in public institutions based on the fact that the projects will help to achieve defined goals and strategic development programs of the country. Given the importance of public investment for life and functioning of the state, which are also the main objective for strategic development, required for this instrument to have legal basis to regulate the legal and appropriate for investors. Through this paper we will treat the investment process, the problem of economic crisis and political, and therefore appreciate that Kosovo should take urgent measures to improve policies that promote economic development, creating favorable conditions for investment, building infrastructure and appropriate legal the creation of security for foreign capital to invest in Kosovo. Page | 132

To maintain the country's economic stability is the urgent need to establish a comprehensive strategy to all sectors of the economy, the legal infrastructure, security, etc. , to create favorable conditions for investment. The paper addresses the issue of how to get and how to intervene to prevent the economic crisis, which to avoid financial and economic crisis Kosovo state must change the economic policy, by taking measures in the direction of economic progress against objectives desired by building a competitive economy, raising developing strategies to profitable sectors, such as the development of the tourism sector for which there is potential, but so far overlooked by strategic economic planning. The paper will be based on the records of spending public money for certain periods which will evaluate the performance of the observance of legislation and the investment performance of public money in order to increase the country's economic development

Literature: 1. http://www. dw. de/kriza-ekonomike-globale2. Work Annual Report 2013 CBK 3. http://www. evropaelire. org/ 4. http://arkivamediatike. com/ 5. Migration Kosovo, the Kosovo Statistics Agency, April 2014 Pristina 6. Migration and Economic Development in Kosovo Unit Poverty Reduction and Economic Management region of Europe and Central Asia, May 25, 2011. 7. Global economic crisis, analysis and implications. 8. Introduction to economic history, 2013 9. Diaspora and Migration Policies 2007 10. Strategy for cooperation and development of the country, 2014-2014 Kosovo, USAID, 11. www. telegrafi. com/ekonomi 12. http://04online. net/slide/kriza-politike-atakoi-ekonomine 31 August 2014. Page | 133

13. Gallup poll on remittances 14. Remittances international-http://www. gallup. com/poll/. 15. The World Bank report "Economic Memorandum of state," Kosovo Unlocking Growth Potential: Strategies, Policies, Actions' "2010 16. USAID and UNDP, "Kosovo Remittance Study 2010" 17. Analysis of GAP Institute in 2011.

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DEPRESSION AND ITS CAUSES AT THE AGE OF 15-18

Mr. sci. Nevzat Shemsedini Lecturer at the University College "Fama"

The research paper aims to explore the current situation of the extent or presence of depression in adolescents, in this case in Mitrovica; evidence the dimension that, in what level or degree is extended depression. These data will be used for the purpose of this paper study, to fulfill the purpose and objectives of this research, as well as to address the research questions of the study, was selected a methodological approach mixed (blended) search for this paper was carried out intertwining of research literature with operational research. Concretely for this paper was conducted initial research, and consulting literature collection.

1. Introduction Every day we hear to speak of depressive disorders or diseases, every day more and more recognize the presence of depression at all ages, especially at the age of adolescence, the fact that teens tend to have emotional disorders, also becomes depressed. The level and scale of their touch from depression depends on the qualities of character. Those who feel incapable to realize the needs, requirements and tasks, not interested to friends, family, and ruled by negative thoughts and poor, have the typical depressive show. The causes and sources of depression are varied, but mostly to teens were failures in life, as well as lessons, which are analyzed and evaluated with characteristic accountability in relation to their age. If a teenager for failure in an examination blames Page | 135

himself, he begins to think and can conclude that it is mental deficiency. Failure to support a thesis so unfair, it starts and angry with himself. The deepening of such a pessimistic opinion of self-guilty is not nothing but whistling a feeling of depression and hopelessness. Color moods give thought when present is the feeling of happiness, remember and think of beautiful things. If the mood darkens, their thoughts begin and take direction such start and accumulate idea of dark thoughts and negative events, their relationships faded, changes, feel lonely, separated by others and without prospects for the future , which can promote negative experiences, depressive. To end such situations, hard work is required. In such cases adolescents should be given an alternative explanation, at an appropriate time, concerns and possible failures, to understand their true cause. Therefore it is necessary that young people have information about opportunities and skills that they have, which will help you to create a positive emotional background, to motivate future activities. Because of the frequency of depressive illness, knowledge of treatment options and assistance is of paramount importance. About 15% of the population is affected, with women twice a report to higher infection from the disease compared to men (men 10%, women: 20%). This means that each person can make in the circle of relatives, acquaintances or friends, people affected by depression. Unfortunately, more and more the disease is becoming more secretive or not identified. One reason for the underestimation of depression lies in the fact that in everyday conversations often talk about "depression" only when described simply poor spiritual condition. The disease can appear at any age - from infancy to age great. In about 15-20% of cases the disease can also develop chronic development, primarily from the failure of treatment or inadequate treatment. In 50-75% of cases following a second episode with the increasing number of episodes, also increases the risk of yet another episode of illness. Most important is the careful treatment of each individual disorder.

2. Symptoms of depression Depression symptoms can display multiple and changing from one another can be eliminated with difficulty. Typical complaints show a considerable individual variation. According to the criteria of the World Health Organization (ICD-10) and DSMIV a depressive episode by a persistent low mood for at least a period of two weeks. This is Page | 136

accompanied by a loss of the ability to be happy, to move, interests, and the loss of the ability of concentration, and general skills. In addition to these physical symptoms appear also feature, for example; sleep disturbance, loss of appetite and weight, as well as a mental limitation that is always a situation with no way out. This could lead to the emergence of suicidal thoughts or death, and to the specific goals of suicide. Thinking process slow and mainly revolves around a single topic, usually on the subject of how sick he felt, how grim the situation is and how hopeless the future looks.

3. Methodology Operational research methodology as the main source of the measuring instrument as standardized questionnaire for measuring deprecation. The sampling process is carried out with students of the three schools in Mitrovica, where are surveyed 100 subjects of sexes, 50 women; and 50 men. The questionnaire was anonymous. Respondents were asked only demographic data such as age, gender. . All data are arranged in tables. 3. 1. The purpose and objectives of this study were to identify depressive symptoms in adolescents in the Municipality of Mitrovica. 3. 2. Assumptions: 1. Depression in adolescents 16, 17, and 18 years old, Mitrovica is displayed, or has no indication of the extent depressive symptoms 2. Women are more likely to be affected by the disease of depression than men. " 3. 3. Study Objectives A depression is present teens the Municipality of Mitrovica, the extent to which depression is on them, to see the level of depression (light or major depression); they have these young suicidal thoughts; 3. 4. Participation Samples or study participants were selected to be 100 students, the school: Lice SHML- "Frang Bardhi" in Mitrovica, with two classes’ 11th and a 12th class. Of them 50 were women and 50 were men. Students are informed of the purpose of the study and after they agreed to be subject of study, they began and completed the test in an orderly and voluntary. Page | 137

Their selection (students) is done intentionally, because the age of the student’s teenager is more appropriate for the application of this questionnaire. Their age was 16 to 18 years. 3. 5. The procedures and ethics During the procedure, regardless of the study is that the questionnaire be implemented with young people in Mitrovica, respectively the student’s grade 11's, and 12's. (As noted above). Initially sought permission from the Department of Education to implement the questionnaire. Since the request came across my understanding, they informed teachers and students of classes and studying for my purpose. The questionnaire was anonymous, did not require names, also the students were informed that their data would be used only for research purposes. Overall implementation of the questionnaire has gone well, and that students have encountered difficulties in your reply to questions. The research was done with the help of my student who is Adam Hajriz care in filling out the questionnaires. 3. 6. The significance of Study This study could inform more self-respondents, students, parents, teachers, and educational institution in general and our society new presence, factors and risks of depression in adolescents, in order to parents, teachers, educational institutions, but also society in general, be careful in creating relationships, access through educational programs, identification, evaluation and recognition of situations of depression, prevention, and treatment, in relation to behaver, needs, and age adolescents. Also in our schools should have a better cooperation in the ratio between the steering institutionalschool teachers - teachers - Professor - parents - students as well as professional services such as psychologist, professor, centers of social services, education, etc. . . . ? This study will provide you different readers different information about what is depression, what are the symptoms, what are the causes, what to keep in mind, as treated, etc. .. 3. 7. The results of the study They are presented below, by way of the following tables, where we extracted, average age, sex, results of each question and the number of participants in this study.

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Table: No 01. Sex Valid Cumulative Participants Percent Percent Percent 50

50 %

50 %

50 %

Female

50

50 %

50 %

50 %

Male

100

100 %

100 %

100 %

Total Table No. 01. The number of participants by gender. In this study participated in total 50 women and 50 men in total falls 100 respondents. Of the 100 respondent of them 50 were women that percentage falls to 50%, and 50 men to fall 50%

Table: No. 02. Age Participants

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

16 – years

34

34 %

34 %

34 %

17 – years

59

59 %

59 %

59 %

18 – years

7

7%

7%

7%

Total

100

100 %

100 %

100 %

Table No. 02 shows that the age of the study participants was 16 years of age, up to 18 years old.

Of those 34 respondent was aged 16 years old, that percentage falls also be 34%, while 59 respondent was aged 17 years old, that percentage gets to be 59%, and respondents aged 18 years old were 7, in percentage it turns out to be also 7%.

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Table: NO. 03 Question: How often have you had problems in the last two weeks with depression situation. .. ? Sex

Absolutely nothing

Some days

Half of the day

Every day

14 %

22 %

12 %

2%

F

Total

50 %

M

28

20 %

1%

1%

50 %

Total

42 %

42 %

13 %

3%

100 %

Table No. 03. Shows the result of the question: How often have you had problems in the last two weeks of depressed situation. . ? The answers: Gender female - 14% - absolutely nothing; 22% - some day; 12% half day; and 2% - For each day. While for males the following data: 28% - absolutely nothing; 20% - some day; 1% - half of the day; 1% - for each day. From these data we learn that in a reply to a question in the above-board "in case problems with depression, the highest percentage turns out to be: F = 22% - Some ernments. M = 28% - Absolutely nothing

Table: No. 04. Question: Very little interest to do something. . ? Sex

Absolutely nothing

Some days

F

11 %

25 %

9%

5%

50 %

M

5%

24 %

16 %

5%

50 %

total

16 %

49 %

25 %

10 %

100 %

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Half of the day

Every day Total

According to the data in Table No. 04, referring to the question: Very little interest to do something. . ? It turns out that in the interests of both sexes are similar, in your reply a few days, and the highest percentage, as: F = 25%; and M = 24%.

Table: No. 05. Question: Are you tired and not available. . ?

Sex F M Total

Absolutely nothing

Some days

Half of the day

Every day

3%

31 %

12 %

4%

21 %

20%

5%

4%

24 %

51 %

17 %

8%

Total 50 % 50 % 100 %

This table (No. 05) we learn that feminine feel tired / upset some day, F = 31%; while noun based on the percentage in the table, absolutely nothing I do not feel tired or unwell, M = 21%.

Table: No. 06.

Question: have trouble sleeping. . ? Absolutely

Sex

Some days

nothing F M Total

Half of the Every day

Total

day

25 %

14 %

1%

10 %

32 %

11 %

/

7%

57 %

25 %

1%

17 %

50 % 50 % 100%

This table (no. 06) shows that both sexes like women with F = 25%, as well as men with M = 32%, do not have trouble sleeping "Absolutely nothing. "

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Table: No. 07. Question: Appetite the Lesser (the feeling of being full and tasteless). . ?

Sex F M

Absolutely nothing

Some days

Half of the Every day day

27 %

16 %

4%

3%

40 %

4%

3%

3%

67 %

20 %

7%

6%

Total

Total

50 % 50 % 100 %

The data in the table we see that women do not appear to have problems with the condition of "the Lesser Appetite" with F = 27%; and men with M = 40%.

Table: No. 08 Question: Do you feel increasingly exhausted and without power. . ? Sex F M Total

Absolutely nothing

Some days

Half of the Every day day

13 %

21 %

12 %

4%

23 %

17 %

5%

5%

36 %

38 %

17 %

9%

Total 50 % 50 % 100 %

The table no. 08, we learn that women feel emotionally exhausted in a few days and without power with F = 21%; while men with M = 23%, absolutely nothing.

Table: No. 09 Question: You have judgments against themselves or thoughts - and a burden. . ?

Sex F M

Absolutely nothing

Some days

Half of the Every day day

11 %

19 %

6%

14 %

18 %

24 %

4%

4%

29 %

43 %

10 %

18 %

Total

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Total 50 % 50 % 100 %

This table is based on the percentage F = 19%; and M = 24%. It shows that women and men, in a few days have judgments against it, or thoughts that continually rotate, and they are a burden.

Table: No. 10 Question: You have a slowdown in the way when talking. . ?

Sex F M Total

Absolutely nothing

Some days

Half of the Every day day

37 %

11 %

2%

/

47 %

2%

/

1%

84 %

13 %

2%

1%

Total 50 % 50 % 100 %

The data in the table, F = 37%; and M = 47%, we understand that men and women have absolutely no slowdown in the way when they speak.

Table: No. 11

Question: Have you no sense of inner-peace and tightening of body Absolutely

Sex

Some days

nothing

Half of the Every day

Total

day

F

50 % 18 %

23 %

5%

4%

33 %

12 %

3%

2%

M

50 %

Total

100 % 51 %

35 %

8%

6%

Table No. 11. Based on the percentages F = 23%; It shows that someday women have the inner sense of not peace, trial and tribulation. While men with M = 33%, results that have absolutely no sense of not peace not the internal, and constriction of the body.

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Table: No. 12. Question: Do you have thoughts that life is not worth it, and suicide is an option Sex

F M

Absolutely nothing

Some days

Half of the Every day day

47 %

3%

/

/

49 %

1%

/

/

96 %

4%

/

/

Total

Total

50 % 50 % 100 %

From this table, we learn that men and women: F = 47%; and M = 49%; total by 96%. Think that life is valuable, and that absolutely nothing not thinks suicide as an option. ..

TABLE OF DATA GENERAL Sex

A

B

C

D

F

16,97%

13,69%

1,58%

0,84%

M

35,04%

7,29%

0. 54%

0,40%

Total

52. 01%

20,98%

2,12%

1,24%

The data in the table show the total score or the overall study, illnesses of depression among adolescents aged 16, 17 and 18 years old. Based on the data which results from the study were obtained through questionnaires, which are presented in the tables above, and which provided the score for each question and sub questions. In fact, these figures represent the answers in the total percentage of women and men, as well as the total percentage of the answers common to both sexes

4. Conclusion The main purpose of this study is whether, and how much is displayed depression in adolescents aged 16, 17 and 18 years old, and who signs leads consequently depressed adolescents. A result of the study or research that has been done shows that depression

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among adolescents, there are no signs or predisposition to the emergence of a mass percentage as 24. 34%. Regarding the preparation of the hypothesis that depression in adolescents 16, 17, and 18, in Mitrovica is displayed as a percentage of the abovementioned or no predisposition to depressive symptoms, it can be said that the hypothesis is tested because of queries in total, women were sub-questions are answered as follows: F - A = 16. 97%; B = 13. 69%; C = 1. 58%; D = 0. 84%. While men M - A = 35. 04%; B = 7. 29%; C = 0. 54%; D = 0. 40%. From these data it is clear that percentage had highlighted to the apparent predisposition to depression is female sex, more than the noun. While terms of results or general data, the total in both sexes based on the response of the respondents, or samples that it consists of 50 women and 50 men in total shows that are 100 respondents, together have given these results: A - Absolutely remove all = 52. 01% B - Some days = 20. 98% C - half day = 2. 12% D - For each day = 1. 24% So taking into account the data of the respondents see that depression appears to be on the move concern, with 1. 24% and the result of these data we can say that is "favorable" if we consider data demographic: work, family coexistence, economic addiction by parents or other family members. But this does not mean that we have sufficient comfort to shift attention from the systematic surveillance for the emergence of depression.

5. Recommendations Depression, finds this phenomenon is greater extent where life is more dynamic and people from this dynamic get stressed every day more and more. Among the most vulnerable to be attacked by this phenomenon are the new age, the age of adolescence respectively.

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1. If this study is repeated then as a recommendation would have been that the sample is large, done in several different places so the sample will be representative. 2. As we focus on adolescence, recommend: Teenagers should develop skills to assess their environment, as circumstances dynamics, basic knowledge of physical and psychological changes that changes them / they pass, adaptation to social environment, cooperation, etc. 2. Parents should systematically monitor adolescents because they are likely to be exposed to different stressors and depressive consequently situations. 3 / public, or society in general should have the knowledge, education and training about the potential risk of depression may include adolescents. 4. recommended that special emphasis on educational institutions at all levels, in their curricula, and their school premises or other centers dealing with the education of children, in the case of adolescents, have enough space for an important and necessary presence and continued the psychologist and the role of permanent trailer and much needed. In this way a psychologist will be able to prepare children and teenagers for the life that awaits them and in a professional advises and helps to face real life.

7. Literature 1. Charles G. Morris, Albert. A. Maisto. ” PSIKOLOGJIA “/shkenca e proceseve mendore dhe e sjelljes njerëzore / – botimi i tretë. Tiranë: Qendra për arsim demokratik, 2008. ISBN: 978-99956-726-0-7 ,CIP ,BK Tiranë 2. TERRY F. PETTIJON – “PSIKOLOGJIA” ,Një hyrje koncize” ,( botimi i dytë ) Fondacioni SOROS “Programi për mbështetjen e arsimit të lartë në Shqipëri” Shtëpia botuese: “LILO” Tiranë 1996 3. ARTEMISE SHEHU. ” Psikologji Anormale” (Cikël leksionesh. ) Viti i parë i botimit, 2003; Vitet e ribotimit 2006, 2009 ,Shtypi: “Tirana Grafik” ISBIN: 99943-8880-0 4. NDUE KAZA – Adoleshenca Stina e Shpërthimeve “Mirgeeralb” Tiranë 2006, ISBN: 99943-789-2-9 Page | 146

5. DANIEL GOLEMAN: “Emotional Intelligence” – Bantam Books, Copyright @ 1995 6. S R. j. Waldinger,M. D. "Psikiatria" ,Botimi i dyte , 2003,Geer,Tiraneadik Lala (2013)”Psikopatologjia “Tirane 7. Adem, Tamo. (1998). Psikoterapia 1. Tiranë: Libri Universitar 8. Instituti Kombëtar i Shëndetit Mendor (NIMH) 9. Ministria e Shendetesise - INSTITUTI I SHENDETIT PUBLIK 1. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/17202555 2. . http://psycnet. apa. org/psycinfo/1985-03584-001 3. rating_Depression_Scale_in_first-year_university_students_in_Japan 4. . http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1787267/ 5. . http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/17603810 6. . http://www. people. ku. edu/~reingram/PDFs/Ingram-Trenary-Odom-BerryNelson. pdf 7/.http://www.uwyo.edu/psychology/_files/docs/walt%20scott%20docs/scottsteidtm anncr2006. pdf 8.http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/depression/exploring-gender-differencedepression/page/0/3

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SOCIO

-

EMOTIONAL

WELL-BEING

OF

ADOLESCENTS DISPLACED BY FORCE FROM THEIR HOMES IN THE REGION OF MITROVICA Mr. Sci. Imri ZABELI Mr. Sci. Latif HOXHA Dr. Sci. Besnik SPAHIU

After the end of the 1998-99 war in Kosovo, over 12 thousand Albanians or 31 % of the Albanian population of Mitrovica municipality forcibly displaced from their homes, live now in the region of Mitrovica (UNDP, 2011). Any social , economic, political or cultural change in a society, affects the lifestyle and physical health of adolescents of that society (Nikapota, 1991). Our research intended to compare the soci0-emotional welfare of the adolescents forcibly displaced from their homes and those not displaced in the region of Mitrovica, so we raised the hypothesis that adolescents displaced by violence from their habitats and those of low socioeconomic conditions, manifest more socio-emotional difficulties than other adolescents who were not displaced and have better socio-economic conditions. There were 210 teenager participants in the research, 105 of displaced population and 105 from non- displaced population, aged 13-17vjeq, average age 15. 28 years, gender composition: 102 males / 2 , 108 females / 2. There were four elementary schools and two high schools of Mitrovica included randomly in our research. The selection of respondents was random as well, every third displaced and nondisplaced student in the alphabetical order list. Page | 148

The instrument used in this research was: Albanian versions of The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ( Goodman , 1997 ) - Self report version. The descriptive statistics were used to analyze personal data to find the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation (SD) where statistical package SPSS 19 was used. The results of our research proved that adolescents living forcibly displaced from their homes and of lower socio-economic conditions manifest more socio-emotional difficulties than adolescents who live in their homes. Keywords: IDPs, socioeconomic conditions, social-emotional well-being.

Introduction Persons displaced by force from their homes today are considered as the vast number of people that exist in the world today, surpassing the number of refugees. At the end of 2013, UNHCR reported about 33. 3 million people in the world forcibly displaced from their homes, were reported by UNHCR. United Nations Protocol of 1967, defines the status of displaced persons as follows: ”Internally displaced people are people or groups of people who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border” Persons displaced by force from their homes face a multitude of losses: loss of home, family environment, social and educational system, and former model family living (Adjukovoc & Adjukovic, 1998). In some research conducted so far with the displaced population and refugees in different parts of the world is found the presence of psychological disorders accompanied by problems of social behavior (Meles, 2010; Ajdukovic & Ajdukovic, 1998; Hode, 1998; Rousseau, 1995, Ahearn & Athey, 1991).

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While according to McLoyd (1990), children living in family environments with low-status life, express more emotional and behavioral disorders, and poorer social development in comparison with children of better living status.

Literature review Children grow up and develop into a system of social and emotional relations in family, with peers and other people in their surroundings, these relationships represent an important aspect for the development of social, emotional and cognitive development of children (Hartup, 1992). The socialization process of children is a process of active influence of different factors of social environment in the development of confidence, behavior and functioning of children, while children and teenager in addition to receiving the impact of social environment they themselves gradually influence actively in the social environment through thoughts, behaviors and emotions they manifest (Grusec & Hastings, 2006). On the other hand the best way to understand the emotional development of children during the adjustment process is to examine the level of emotional competence development, which is define as the awareness of the feelings of their children and the emotions of others, and the child's ability to self-regulate emotions (Ciarochi, Caputi, and Mayer, 2003 Halberstadt, Denham and Dunsmore, 2001). Different experiences of children to express emotions influence the development of emotional competence and in addition to increasing their welfare and social competence (Denham and others, 2003; Denham & Burton, 2003). Social competence broadly describes the effectiveness of social skills of children's, their abilities to set and maintain high quality of mutual relationships with others, and to avoid harassment or victimization by others (Rose & Krasor, 1997). Children who spent more time in interactions with their parents, and who have received more love from their parents, proved to become children who demonstrate more prosocial behavioral and helpful to others (Eberly & Montemayor 1998). Parents with low economic status facing the stress that brings unfavorable economic situation in the family, the difficulties of assuring the existence, are constantly exposed to the risk of getting depressed. Depressed parents develop more conflictuous marital relationship, relationships that directly hurt children socio-emotional development (Hanson et al 1997).

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Dominant theories emphasize that development of appropriate relationships with friends - peer serve the important functions of social and cognitive development of children (Hartup,1992). Rejection, exclusion and victimization that children are experiencing have a negative effect on their social and cognitive development, whereas popularity, inclusion and cooperative relations have strong positive effects in social development of children (Rubin, Bukowski, & Parker, 2006). Children who are generally not pleased, aggressive, destructive, unable to establish relationships with other children, and not having a social position as their peers have, their social-emotional health was seriously jeopardized (Hartup, 1992). Early childhood experiences of rejection can have a lasting impact in shaping of their emotion and behavior, creating a spiral of increasing difficulties that become more and more difficult. (Tremblay et. al, 1994). Most children spend many hours every week away from their parents and therefore guardians or teachers play an important role in promoting social and emotional development of children (Thompson, 2002). Preschool children who were happy (less irritated) manifest prosocial behavior towards their peers and become more accepted by their peers, being assessed by teachers as more friendly and cooperative children (Denham and others, 1990) on the other hand, preschool children who are less happy and characterized by negative emotions appear to be less liked by peers and less valued by teachers (Denham and others, 1990; Hart and others 2000). Researchers believe that children with behavioral problems (with poor social and emotional development) are critically endangered to have later poor welfare social-emotional for at least three reasons: (1) teachers show difficulties to teach them, seeing them as children with less social and academic competence, teachers also demonstrate less positive reactions towards them, (2) are rejected by their peers who otherwise would serve them as an important resource for academic and emotional support, and (3) children facing this rejection from peers and teachers tend not to like school and learning, and this results on low school attendance and consequently perform poorly academically (Raver, 2002; Tremblay, Pihl, vi taro & Dobkin, 1994). Aggression, delinquency, and other forms of antisocial behavior of children and teenagers have attracted the attention of many researchers for years more than prosocial behaviors such as cooperation, assistance, protection, support, sharing things, etc. Prosocial behavior in the literature otherwise are known as altruism, the most common definition of prosocial behavior (altruism) is "a voluntary behavior driven by internal Page | 151

motivations in order to make others benefit" (Eisenberg & Mussen, 1989). Children who help others, appear to be more successful in comrades - peer relationships (Eisenberg, Fabes, & Spinrad, 2006), as well as adults who were more prosocial in childhood, are less likely to be antisocial in adulthood (Hamalaimen & Pulkiinen, 1995). Implementation of social approval as a form of reinforcement of pro-social behavior has proved to be efficient to be transformed into internal motivation for prosocial behavior of children. Studies show that children’s prosocial behavior often is not properly rewarded by parents and teachers (Caplan & Hay, 1989; Grusec, 1991). Children from poor families face more risk for developing socio-emotional disorders, including depression, (Dornfeld & Kruttschnitt, 1992), low level of social skills, lack of initiative (Hanson, McLanahan, & Thomson, 1997), problems with friends peers and disturbed behavior at school (Patterson, Kupersmidt, & Vaden, 1990). The social stigma experienced by children of families with low socio-economic status, serve as a factor that make children refuse to get involved in activities with their friends and peers in this way they remain isolated. Children of forcibly displaced families from their homes as a result of the lack of permanent residence setting, insufficient residence space, frequent change of their residence, friendship and teachers, and also economic difficulties faced by the their families, undoubtedly are a source of stress for children and therefore have a negative effect on their social and emotional health.

Methodology Participants in the survey were teenagers of Albanian ethnicity, aged 13-17 years enrolled in primary and secondary education in the municipality of Mitrovica. The reason for inclusion of teenagers from Mitrovica region is that this region has the most number of teenagers living in Kosovo forcibly displaced since 1998-1999. Schools involved in the research were: Elementary schools: "Aziz Sulejmani" Mitrovica, "Abdullah Shabani" Mitrovica, "Muharrem Bekteshi" Mitrovica, "Eqrem Qabej" Mitrovica and two secondary schools: "Hasan Prishtina" Mitrovica and the gymnasium "Frank Bardhi" Mitrovica, from this population two samples on the 105 participants were chosen at random. N = 105 participants were teenagers forcibly displaced from their homes, and N = 105 participants, teenager not displaced from their homes. Page | 152

Teenager participants from displaced and not displaced population should have met the following criteria in order to take part in this research: - They had to be aged 13-17 years old , are living with both parents in the same house - Both two parents have been present during the 1998-1999 war in Kosovo

Disqualifying criteria: - Teenagers that were not at all present during the 1998- 1999 war in Kosovo - Teenagers younger than 13 or older than 17 at the time when research took place - Minorities in Kosovo (Serbs, Roma, Turks) - Teenagers who refuse to voluntarily participate in the research - Teenagers whose parents did not sign consent for their child to participate in the research

Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) - Self Report (Goodman, 1998) was used to answer the questions in our research. SDQ is compiled on the basis of factor analysis and consists of 25 questions, the questions are designed to assess five areas of behavior, from 5 questions posed to each field: emotional problems, behavioral problems, attention deficit hyperactivity (DSM-IV and ICD-10), problems in relationships with peers, pro-social behavior (altruism). A number of positive and negative behaviors were taken into account while formulating the questions. Teenager who score the highest in the sub-questionnaire of pro social behaviors indicate the developed social ability whereas children who score high in other four sub-tests (emotional problems, behavioral problems, attention deficit hyperactivity, problems in relationships with peers ) shows social, emotional and behavior difficulties. Results collected in the research were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. 0.

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To assess the correlation of the results presented on the SDQ sub-tests, between teenagers forcibly displaced and those not displaced, t - test and p - significance were used.

Results We found significant differences in general psychopathology between displaced and non-displaced teenagers; the significance was p = 0. 015, with an average X = 12:29 and DS = 4. 99 displaced teenagers and X = 10. 65 and SD = 4. 69 for non-displaced teenagers. In the prosocial behavior sub-test we also have significant differences p = 0. 017, with an average X = 7:41 and DS = 2:40 for displaced teenagers and X = 8:11 and DS = 1. 81 for non-displaced teenagers. Analysis of the relation between bad living socioeconomic conditions in the most displaced children and the manifestation of symptoms of general psychopathology was significant p = 0. 001, whereas in prosocial behaviuor the significance was p = 0. 007. From thirty –nine displaced teenagers living in poor socioeconomic conditions, in the general psychopathology, 28 participants have expressed "Normal" symptoms, 7 participants "borderline" symptoms and 4 participants "Clinical" symptoms, with an average X = 13. 68 and DS = 4. 69; whereas in prosocial behavior 20 expressed "Normal" symptoms, 4 symptoms "borderline" and 15 "Clinical" symptoms, with an average X = 6. 87 and DS = 2:59. Nine displaced teenagers living in difficult socioeconomic conditions, in psychopathology general, 2 expressed "Normal" symptoms, 4 "borderline" symptoms and 3 "Clinical" symptoms, with an average X = 16. 87 and SD = 6. 68, while in prosocial behavior 1 expressed "Normal" symptoms, 0 "borderline" symptoms and 8 "Clinical" symptoms, with an average X = 5 and DS = 2

Discussion From the survey results that children and adolescents experienced the 1998-1999 war in Kosovo and continue to live forcibly displaced from their homes, manifest more social-emotional difficulties than children and adolescents of the families who have Page | 154

experienced the war but were not living displaced from their homes, with significance p = 0. 017 for general psychopathology and p = 0. 015 for prosocial behavior, which proves that children who face stressful situations living as displaced people, suffer from more socio-emotional problems manifested in their social, emotional and behavioral competence, in peer relationships with friends and their prosocial behaviors. The research results proved that there is a significant correlation between difficult socioeconomic conditions the displaced children and adolescents live in and socioemotional problems they manifest, with significance 0. 001 for general psychopathology and p = 0. 007 for prosocial behavior, which indicates that the families facing many economic difficulties, the problem of employment and the concern that parents bear for their family's existence is more significant impact on the growth of social-emotional problems of children and adolescents living in those families. These social-emotional problems include: emotional problems, behavioral problems, difficulties in peer relationships, which is also confirmed with negative results in the sub-test of prosocial behavior.

Conclusions Children and adolescents living forcibly displaced from their settlements in Kosovo need more support from parents, peers, school and social environment. Parents of displaced children need to increase their commitment to their children to provide more support and security that affect the growth of children's and adolescents' abilities to cope successfully with stressful circumstances and events. The need to establish and strengthen networks of children and young people known as "peer groups" to support children in need by making an active social life without feeling discriminated and excluded and in this way the feeling of security and confidence grow in children in need. School system should include integration and encouraging access to displaced children and adolescents in order to make them feel safe, acceptable, thus affecting the growth of their psychosocial well being. Increased socioeconomic care of institutions for displaced persons is an immediate need, because the unsolved issue of housing, insufficient physical environment and Page | 155

difficulties to ensure abundant food, affects inevitable in planting uncertainty of children and teens for their own existence, the uncertainty that affects the cultivation of hostile attitudes in children and adolescents for the social environment.

References Ajdukovic, M. & Ajdukovic, D. (1998). Impact of displacement on psychological well-being of refugee children. Internation Review of Psychiatry, 10, 186-195 American Psychiatric Association(2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (text rev). Washing ton (DC): American Psychiatric Press. Caplan , M. Z. , & Hay , D. ( 1989 ). Preschoolers’ responses to peers’ distress and beliefs about by stander intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,30. Ciarrochi,J. ,Caputi,P. ,& Mayer,J. D. (2003). The distinctiveness and utility of a measure of trait emotional awareness. Personality and Individual Differences, 34,1477– 1490. Coie, D. J. , & Cillessen, A (1993) Peer Rejection: Origins and Effects on Children's Development. American Psychological Society. Volume 2, 1993 Denham, S. A. , McKinley, M. , Couchoud , E. A. , & Holt, R. ( 1990 ). Emotional and behavioral predictors of peer status in young preschoolers. Child Development, 61, 1145 – 1152 Dodge, K. A. ,Petttit,G. S. , &Bates,J. E. , (1994). Socialization mediators of the relation betWeen socieconomic status and children condact problems. Child Development,63,649-665 Eberly,M. B. ,&Montemayor, R. (1998). Doing good deeds: An examination of adolescent prosocial behavior in the context of parent-adolescent relationships. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13, 403–432. Eisenberg , N. , Fabes, R. A. , & Spinrad, T. L. ( 2006 ). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed. ), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 646 – 718 ). Hoboken, NJ : Wiley.

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Eisenberg, N. , Cameron,E. , Tryon, K. ,& Dodez, R. (1981 ). Socialization of prosocial behavior in the preschool classroom. Developmental Psychology,17, 773 – 782. Goodman, R. , Meltzer, H. & Bailey, V. (1998) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 125-130. Goodman, R. , Scott, S. (1999). Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: Is Small Beautiful? Journal of abnormal Child Psychology, 27(1), 17-24. Hamalaimen, M. , & Pulkiinen , L. ( 1995 ). Aggressive and non - prosocial behavior as precursors of criminality. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention , 4 , 6 – 21. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York, NY: Guilford. Hodes, M. (2000). Psychologically Distressed Refugee Children in the United Kingdom. Child Psychology & Psychiatry Review, 5(2), 57-68. Nikapota, A. (1991). Child psychiatry in developing countries. Br J Psychiatry ; 158: 743-51 Rose - Krasnor , L. ( 1997 ). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social Development, 6 , 111 – 135. Tremblay, R. E. , Pihl, R. O. Vitaro, F. , & Dobkin, P. L. (1994). Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(9), 732-739. ; United Nations Development Programme ([UNDP],2011). Hulumtimi i Opinionit Publik ne Mitrovic. http://www. kosovo. undp. org/repository/docs/Final-ALB-MitrovicaOpinion-Poll. pdf Ventzel , K. R. , Barry , C. M. ,& CaldWell , K. A. ( 2004 ). Friendships in middle school: Influences on motivation and school adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 , 195 – 203. Zahn - Waxler , C. , Radke - Yarrow , M. , Wagner , E. , & Chapman , M. ( 1992 ). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology , 28 , 126 – 136

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RESEARCH OF FRESH

MEAT

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN BROILERS

IN

POULTRY

SLAUGHTERHOUSE HESET VRANOVCI, PRANVERA ÇABELI, SONILA ÇOÇOLI, TANA SHTYLLA

This study was undertaken to determine the level of contamination with Listeria monocytogenes and the possible contaminating factors of fresh meat broilers in poultry slaughterhouse. The study was conducted during the period November 2013-January 2015, where a total of 135 fresh meat samples were analyzed. The samples were obtained from broiler carcasses, in slaughterhouses, during various stages of the slaughtering process. The analytical procedure is performed using the standard horizontal method, ISO 11290. From 135 samples analyzed, 32 of them resulted positive to Listeria spp. Biochemical and CAMP – test confirmed 17 positive samples with Listeria monocytogenes. Overall the samples analyzed, expressed in percentage, 23. 7% resulted positive for Listeria spp. , while 12. 6% positive to Listeria monocytogenes. The data showed that out of 32 positive samples, 27 of them were taken after the evisceration process or the "cold" part of the slaughterhouse. The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in the "cold" parts of the slaughterhouse is related to the ability of Listeria, to grow in the ranges of temperatures between 0-45 °C. Based on the data obtained, we conclude that the primary source of Listeria monocytogenes are the broilers themselves, which carry

Page | 158

the bacteria in their internal organs and after the evisceration, the bacteria contaminates the carcasses and the slaughterhouse areas. Key words: Listeria monocytogenes, poultry slaughterhouses, fresh meat, carcasses.

1. Introduction Listeria monocytogenes is a microorganism found throughout the environment, which has some characteristics that enables the survival in the food chain. The main reservoir is the land, where Listeria monocytogenes is often found in plants, water sewage and farm environments. This bacterium is also found in the premises of many kinds of food processing. [12. 3]. Listeria monocytogenes can survive in wide ranges of temperatures, pH and water activities (aw), as well as in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Moreover Listeria monocytogenes can create biofilms (several bacterial cells merging on a surface) and survive in food processing facilities. These features make Listeria monocytogenes a sustainable pathogen in food and food processing facilities, making this pathogen a major threat to food industry and public health [6. 13]. As for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh poultry, it is isolated in many countries, including industrialized ones, such as the US, UK and Germany [4;8]. The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry products varies from 12-60% and it is isolated in fresh meat, frozen meat, ready to eat products, before and after the cooking process, etc. [5,10]. Jay (1996) reported an overall prevalence of 17% in fresh meat and frozen poultry in nine countries [7,9]. This study monitors the presence of Listeria monocytogenes as well as the possible contaminating factors of fresh meat broilers in Konsoni poultry slaughterhouse, Kosovo. Recognizing the contaminating factors, it can be taken more appropriate steps to eliminate Listeria monocytogenes from fresh meat broilers and in this way it may be obtained a safe and quality product for the consumers. According to the evaluations made by the Control Diseases Center (2011), every year in the European Union, around 300 people die as a result of Listeria infection. During a Listeria outbreak, from August to December 2011 in the US state of Colorado, 146 people got sick, 33 of whom died and a pregnant woman had an abortion. This infection, which spread from Colorado melon, is considered among the worst outbreaks originating from food in the US, since 1924 [1,6,10]. Page | 159

2. Material and methods To conduct this study, the samples were taken from bird carcasses, during different stages of the slaughtering process. The samples from carcasses were taken at 5 different points, including the opening of the carcasses, evisceration, cooling room, fragmentation and packaging room. The transportation of the samples to the laboratory was done in refrigerated conditions, within a short period of time, not more than 4 hours from the moment when the samples were collected. Sample analyses were done in accordance to ISO 11290 [12, 16, and 17]. From the carcasses was taken 25 grams of fresh meat, which was joined to 225 ml Demi Fraser broth (DFB), homogenized in stomacher and further it was incubated at 30° C for 24 hours. Later the cultures underwent to a second liquid selective enrichment stage, Listeria Fraser broth, and were incubated at 35°C for 48 hours. After the new enrichment, the cultures were inoculated on the surface of Oxford selective agar dishes. In the same way, was proceeded for the secondary stage with ALOA and PALCAM agar. These three media were incubated in 37°C for 24 ± 2 ore. After the incubation, it was conducted the examination of the dishes for the presence of suspected colonies of Listeria spp. Typical Listeria spp. colonies, in Oxford agar are small and surrounded by a black halo, while colonies that grow on PALCAM agar have a diameter of 1. 5-2 mm, green to oil (yellow) in color, with a shiny black center. Listeria spp. colonies that grow in ALOA agar have a blue to blue-green color, regular round shape, with a diameter of 1-2 mm. Typical Listeria monocytogenes colonies in ALOA agar are blue to blue green, with a regular round shape and an opaque around area.

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Figure 1 Typical colonies of Listeria spp. in Oxford and Palcam agar

Figure 2. Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp in ALOA agar If a Petri dish contained less than five colonies, all the colonies were taken for confirmation. The selected colonies were spread on the surface of TSYEA agar and incubated at 35 ° C or 37 ° C for 18 to 24 hours or until growth was satisfying. From the colonies grown on TSYEA, were performed the confirmatory tests for the presence of Listeria spp. , such as the catalyze reaction, Gram stain and motility test [14]. When morphological, physiological characteristics and catalyze reaction resulted positive for Listeria spp. , the samples went under confirmation for Listeria monocytogenes through carbohydrates fermentation tests (Rhamnose and Xylose) and also CAMP-test with Staphylococcus aureus and Rhodococcus equi.

3. Results and discussion The results obtained from this study are presented in Table 1, where after the analyses we obtained the following results: From 135 samples analyzed, 32 samples resulted positive to Listeria spp. Biochemical and CAMP – test confirmed 17 positive samples with Listeria monocytogenes. Of the total samples analyzed, expressed in percentage, 23. 7% resulted positive for Listeria spp. , while 12. 6% were positive to Listeria monocytogenes.

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Table No. 1 The results of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes isolation in 135 samples

Sampling of carcasses at different points

No. of samples

Positive samples Listeria spp.

Listeria monocytogenes

Carcasses opening (point A)

28

2

-

Evisceration ( point B)

28

3

1

Cleaning of carcasses ( point C)

29

6

3

Cooling room ( point D)

25

11

7

Cutting room ( point E)

25

10

6

TOTAL

135

32

17

As shown in table no. 1, the samples taken from the carcasses, resulted positive to Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in much more points after the evisceration of the carcasses or in "the cold part" of the slaughterhouse [6; 11]. In point A (the opening of carcasses), from 28 samples analyzed, two samples resulted positive for Listeria spp and none to Listeria monocytogenes. Even in point B (evisceration) the number of positive samples with Listeria is low (3 positive samples) where only one sample showed positivity to Listeria monocytogenes. In three other points (points C, D and E) the number of positive samples with Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes is higher, where point D (cooling room) leads with 11 positive samples with Listeria spp, from which 7 were confirmed with Listeria monocytogenes, from a total of 25 samples analyzed in this section. Expressed in percentage, 44% of the samples analyzed at this point, were positive to Listeria spp and 28% were positive to Listeria monocytogenes. The results of 135 samples analyzed are also shown graphically (Figure no. 1)

Figure. 1. Percentages of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes samples analyzed.

23.7%

Listeria spp Listeria monocytogenes

63.7%

12.6% Negative samples

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in 135

The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh meat broilers can be attributed to the birds themselves, as its main source, because they carry this bacterium in their internal organs and spread it after the evisceration process. However, even water, equipments and personnel can be possible contaminating factors of meat. A special importance should be paid to the cleaning of carcasses, water disinfection and equipments used during the slaughtering process.

4. Conclusions  When we consider that the study was conducted with a raw product such as fresh meat broiler, isolation of Listeria has been expected  Isolation of Listeria spp. in 23. 7% and Listeria monocytogenes in 12. 6%, from the total analysis of 135 samples, is not considered an alarmingly percentage because even the researches made in various European countries show almost the same levels [1 9], but it also has not to be undervalued because of the pathogenicity of this bacteria and the persons sensitive to it, such as pregnant women, young children, the elderly and people with weak immunity, etc. ).  The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in high levels in the "cool" part of the slaughterhouse (after evisceration) can be connected to the psychrophile nature of the bacterium but also with the evisceration phase which should be done very carefully.  To prevent contamination of fresh meat broilers with Listeria monocytogenes, poultry slaughterhouses should apply various measures of control, where a special attention should be paid to the implementation of HACCP system in order to identify and asses the various risks at all stages, starting with the birds slaughter, up to the moment of product sales.  To prevent the risk of infection, we recommend that all the consumers should be well informed about the risks, ways of transmission and the way of cooking, in high temperature heat and long enough to destroy Listeria monocytogenes.

Page | 163

5. References 1. Bean NH, Griffin P: Food borne disease outbreaks in the United States 19731987. Journal of food protection 1990, 53, 804-817. 2. Beumer RR, Giffel MC, Kok MTC, Rombouts FM: Confirmation and identification of Listeria spp. Letters in Applied Microbiology 1996, 22: 448–452. 3. Botzler, R. G. , A. B. Cowan, and T. F. Wetzler. 1974. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in soil and water. J. Wildl. Dis. 10:204-212. 4. Fenlon, D. R. , J. Wilson, and W. Donachie. 1996. The incidence and level of Listeria monocytogenes contamination of food sources at primary production and initial processing. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 81:641-650. 5. Gandhi, M. , and M. L. Chikindas. 2007. Listeria: A foodborne pathogen that knows how to survive. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 113:1-15 6. Hudson WR & Mead GC: Listeria contamination at a poultry processing plant. Letters in Applied Microbiology, Oxford 1989, 9: 211–214. 7. Jay, J. M. 1996. Prevalence of Listeria spp. in meat and poultry products. Food Control 7:209-214 16 8. Katarzyna KP, Jacek B, Jarosław B, Berzy M, Małgorzata C: Occurrence of Listeria Spp. in raw poultry meat and poultry meat products. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2005, 49: 219-222. 9. Knabel S J, Walker HW, Hartman PA, Mendonca AF: Effects of growth temperature and strictly anaerobic recovery on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes during pasteurization. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990, 56: 370-376. 10. Mackey BM, Bratchell N: The heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes. Lett Appl Microbiol 1989, 198(99): 89-94. 11. Miettinen MK, Palmu L, Bjorkroth KJ, Korkeala H: Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in broilers at the abattoir, processing plant, retail level. Journal of Food Protection 2001, 64: 994–999. 12. Ojeniyi, B. , Wegener, H. C. and Bisgaard, M. (2004) Listeria monocytogenes in Danish poultry production;studies on prevelance and epidemiology. In Proceedings of

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the XII International Symposium on Problems of Listerioisis. 285. Promaco conventions Pty Ltd. , Canning Bridge, Western Australia. 13. Rijpens, N. P. , Jannes, G. , & Herman, L. M. F. (1997). Incidence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat chicken and turkey products determined by polymerase chain reaction and line probe assay hybridization. Journal of Food Protection, 60, 548–550. 14. Sakaridis I, Soultos N, Iossifidou E, Pap A, Ambrosiadis I, Koidis P: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated in chicken slaughterhouses in Northern Greece. Journal of Food Protection 2011, 74: 1017 -1021. 15. Technical Committee ISO/TC 34: ISO 11290-2: Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes Part 2. Enumeration; 2007. 16. The European Parliament and the Council of European Union: Regulation (CE) n. 2073/2005 of the Commission on microbiological criteria applicable in foodstuffs; 2005. 17. Wong HC, Chao WL, Lee SJ: Incidence and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in foods available in Taiwan. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. October 1990, 56:10, 3101-3104.

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DIFFICULTIES

IN

LEARNING

TO

READ

TO

STUDENTS IN GRADES EARLY Edita Haxhijaha College FAMA, Prishtina

During a general exposing to the spoken language, children learn to speak naturally and automatically from an early age. Communication through speech is a universal human feature, one of the characteristics that distinguish us as human beings. In the beginning children learn language by hearing, and this is the basis of all their learning of language. Children begin to learn through listening and understanding as well as they develop knowledge about the world through listening. Therefore listeningunderstanding is an essential ground for reading-understanding. Reading is not a natural process such as speech. It is a skill that develops much later than speaking and it takes more time to be mastered. Reading is taught while speaking comes naturally. By this we mean that people do not learn to read without any form of direct teaching. The aim of this study is to document the performance of students in the early grades, in the field of reading, identification of their barriers during reading, in order to inform teachers, leaders and policymakers about the achievement level and the needs for further improvement. Data collection will be carried out through: observation of students, personal notes, surveys, discussions and tests. The study will be conducted with students in first and second grades at the primary school "Emin Duraku", in Prizren, Kosovo and in coordination with school principals, teachers and parents of students involved in the research.

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The main reasons why students have difficulties in learning to read;

ways to

overcome obstacles in reading; What steps can be undertaken through home/school partnership in order to make the child a "good reader", are some of the basic goals of this research. Keywords: reading, students, parents, education institutions, cooperation.

1. Introduction Reading is essential skills in school and the broad society. Almost every child can learn to read. For some this is easier and for some it’s not. Since reading is a rather complex skill, students may find difficulties with reading for different reasons. It might be difficult for teachers to support each student, but most of the students just need help in certain directions in order to succeed.

So it is very

important that teacher initially identifies the problems and then to support individual needs of the students. Reading is a complex skill with five interrelated components: 1. Phonetic knowledge. Students should be able to identify phonetic sounds (i. e. phonemes), to divide words into sounds and compose sounds into words. "Pre-reading" is an essential skill; students who do not possess this skill until the end of the pre-school level are prone to become poor readers. 2. Phonetics: The step that follows the phonetic knowledge is the ability to recognize the relationship between written letters and spoken sounds and joining letters/sounds in syllables or dividing of the syllables into letters/sounds. 3. Fluency: Mastering of phonetics is a necessity but it is not sufficient for ensuring a successful reading. Poor readers often lack fluency – they read too slowly and literally. Fluent readers have the ability to read a text fast and accurately and to group the words while reading in the same way as spoken. They are more likely to understand what they read. 4. Glossary: Knowledge of the meaning of a large number of words is of great help for the understanding of what is read. Learning the meaning of the words and active use Page | 167

of such words, and creation of the words that belong to the same family based on their understanding is the bases of a productive glossary. 5. Understanding: The ultimate goal of reading is comprehension of what is read not only to understand the factual information in the text, but also understand the context of the things related to the text based on prior knowledge and experience. These five key components of reading should not only be taught successfully, but should work well together.

There are 4 main reasons why students have difficulties in learning to read: They lack support and encouragement They grow up in an environment where reading is not enough appreciated, where there is insufficient encouragement to learn reading or there is lack of active support of their efforts and there is limited access of reading materials. Children growing up in a poor reading environment tend to read less and their reading skills develop more slowly than those who grow up in a more supportive environment and in a rich environment with reading material. They may have individual difficulties For example may have difficulty with hearing - meaning, with one of the five key reading elements which are provided above or with a combination of two or more components. Such situation is very common. Children learn in very individual ways and not all of them progress at the same time. Once the reading is taught, and not earned, then such children need to be taught how to read; and teaching should reflect their individual needs. They may have some obstacles of a particular nature Thirdly, and the most rare, is that they might have a specific disability. Some students have difficulties in learning to read because they may be dyslexic or may have problems with sight or hearing. If a child has difficulty in reading but has normal cognitive development and does not respond to the individualized support plan, such child might have a specific disability. But such children are usually in small numbers. Their teachers are not aware of the most effective ways of teaching to read Page | 168

Children can be distracted and demotivated if teachers use inappropriate methods. 1. 1. Warning signs There are many warning signs that indicate that students have difficulty.

For

example they may: 

manifest negative attitude about reading, you cannot see a value in the ability to



in general they are reluctant to participate in reading activities, find reasons not to



skip words, make reading errors or mix letters when they read aloud (age over 8);



manifest irregular movement of their eyes, have up and down and side to side

read;

read;

eyes movements; 

have difficulty in recalling important information from what they read;

1. 2. Individual learning plans If a student has some difficulties, we must offer intensive and systematic assistance in the areas where he/she is facing difficulties. We must develop an individual support plan for each student. Support should be frequent, preferably three to five times a week for 20-40 minutes. One to one support is the most effective; group support is generally less effective, but works best when members of the group are at similar levels and face similar difficulties. Teachers are more effective than the volunteers. But compromises can be made, and a volunteer is better than no help at all. The emphasis on structured phonetics generally improves the support results. Monitor the progress at least once a month. If two or three months later the student shows no significant progress, it could be a sign that the assistance of a specialist is needed.

And what if the child still does not learn?

Page | 169

If the student who is having difficulties shows no significant progress despite of special assistance, this could be a sign for some specific problems. There are four main types of specific difficulties - dyslexia, dysgraphia, listening and writing problems. The teacher cannot solve these problems alone. If you think that a child in your class has specific reading difficulty, you should try not to make diagnose alone, but must refer the child for testing to a specialist. If you have a child in the class who has been diagnosed with specific reading difficulty, during your teaching you should consider the needs of such child. You can do this, for example by: 

using improvement techniques – i. e. helping to improve reading or writing skills;



making adaptations – i. e. finding alternatives for expressions through reading or

writing; 

making modifications – i. e. changing expectations or giving some tasks to

minimize or avoid the area where there difficulties consist. Therefore, you need to know things that can make child's life easier, following the diagnosis. 1. 3. Creating a learning environment that promotes reading There are six ways how we can make an environment in our class which will motivate and help our students to become better readers: Make reading special The time you spend for reading should be seen as special.

This occurs when

students read home or at school.

If you can, try to create a reading corner with lots of pillows where students can sit comfortably, and a box of colorful books with illustrations. Create a special shelf for books which is constructed by the students. Each day a find special time for reading and writing.

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Creating books is a great way to help students appreciate how special reading can be. Offer more choices to students Students who can choose what to read, even if their choice is limited, show more interest, try harder and learn more than those who do not have a choice. If you can: 

Create the class library in the reading corner and offer students continues

opportunities to use it; 

Arrange the class library in thematic groups - explanatory texts, novels and poetry,

all on the same subject - to encourage children to read books of different genres; 

Find ways to arrange regular visits to other libraries - school library, city library,

etc. , and find some time to read there in a relaxed fashion; 

Encourage students to access Internet, both at school and at home, giving them

simple and clear tasks to obtain certain information; and 

Encourage parents to keep books at home.

Share and assess books Children say they enjoy discussing and exchanging books, those that are read by and those that are read by themselves. Therefore, teachers should: 

to use the aloud reading model as much as possible, to model themselves

important reading strategies and behaviors and to allow students to play an active role during and after the reading; 

reduce the whole class activity and increase the time for small group discussions,

where students can interact and share their views about what they have read; and 

find special time for students to share with others what they have read;



to enable students to create their own stories and books and share them with

others. Make regular reviews (evaluations)

Page | 171

Beginner readers are very different.

Some have sufficient vocabulary of

photographic words but are not good at decoding. Others have good vocabulary, but weak decoding skills, and so on. They all have different learning needs, therefore: Teachers need formative assessment to know what each child can do and what needs to learn. Students also need self-esteem, to know what they can do and what is their next challenge. Therefore teachers should share the learning goal and success criteria with the students and base their regular formative assessment on such criteria.

Formative

assessment is not testing, in a traditional sense of grading. The teacher may use tests or informal observations and questions, or a combination of both.

Support readers that have problems When a student indeed has difficulties, it is essential to provide active support, focusing on assistance to overcome such difficulties. Therefore, when a teacher, during evaluation or observation, finds out that a student has difficulties, then: 

evaluates such individual in details (using EGRA or other tests designed by the

teacher) to find out what the problems are and what kind of support is needed;  

develops an individual plan for the student; in a month or so, the teacher makes another evaluation in order to determine the

student’s progress, and makes a review of the individual learning plan. Engage the parents The teacher should always be aware of the important role the parents have in the education of their children. 1. 4. Ways to overcome obstacles in reading In order to create an attractive reading environment the following aspects must be considered: Motivation - Children who are most likely to become successful readers are those who have a positive attitude towards reading and who are motivated to read.

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The most motivated children are those: 

who see adults and children around them reading for pleasure,



To whom recite more often,



who are encouraged to enjoy reading,



who are encouraged to read books of various genres, and



who are encouraged to choose what to read.

Teaching - should focus on five reading components that are scientifically identified. They apply should appropriate methodologies, make plans by using information from the assessment, ensuring that the level of activities is appropriate for the needs of the students. Assessment - formative assessment should be used to identify children who are behind their peers or who have specific weakness or difficulty. This information should be used to plan teaching process. Evaluation in this way is not a testing or assessment, but a reflection or diagnostics. It can be carried out by using formal tests such is EGRA (Early Grade Reading Assessment), but teachers need to learn how to assess reading children informally. They should interact unnoticed in teaching. Time - For reading should be allocated sufficient time - at school, at home and in other places. Reading in the lower grades should be taught every day and the time allocated to it should be sufficient - grades 0-3 at least 90 minutes of uninterrupted reading every day. Time management is also important. Students should be engaged in such a way so the learning can happen. They have the opportunity to be actively engaged when they read, when they discuss what they have read or heard, but not when they are listening to the teacher or some other student reading. So, in terms of time, reading in pairs and in small groups is usually more effective than reading in front of the whole class. Engage parents - Parents can help their children by sharing time every night to read to them; and going to the local library regularly, whenever they can. We need to educate and inform the parents how they can help their children to learn to read. Materials - Enriching with appropriate materials with the age and interest in the class, at school and in other places (i. e. home and library) is essential for the development of the reading habit. Materials needed are not only the textbooks and other Page | 173

teaching tools, but also other reading materials that are relevant and interesting for the students. Those should consist of non-literary and literary texts, with enough variety so each student can find something that attracts his/her interest. Students should also have free access to such materials and are encouraged to choose their own reading materials based on their interest.

1. 5. Family involvement Reading is a school subject where the support of parents has the highest influence in results. The parents’ interest of for their children's education is the only and the best predictor for good achievements in reading and education success until the age 16, more important than social category, family size and parents' education level. The sooner the parents get involved in the development of children’s reading, the greater and the longer is the impact. Parents should: 

have many books about it, and allow the children to see reading and enjoying

reading; 

often send children to the library / bookstore, allow them to explore and choose

books themselves; 

read aloud to their children - and allow their child to choose the book;



discuss books and stories they read, either they read jointly or individually.

Parents should not spend time repeating and practicing thing in a formal fashion but rather should spend time in readings that give pleasure because they can put pressure on the children which leads towards negative reading attitudes.

1. 6. Parents and schools work together Parents who provide such environment at home contribute greatly to their children's learning. But parents have even greater influence on their children's achievements by supporting reading-writing plan of the school, especially during the first years of primary education. Parents can strengthen the knowledge gained at school by: Page | 174



providing opportunities to apply and practice the knowledge and skills learned at

school; 

encourage children to share and discuss what they have learned at school;



monitor children's progress; and



Bringing proves for the things the child can do, during the parent-teacher

conversations. School also has great benefits in parental involvement. Parental involvement can relax teachers allowing them to focus more on teaching. Parents who are involved in their children's learning generally have more positive attitude towards teachers, resulting in more elevated teachers moral. Three steps to home/school partnership There are three main ways how the school can encourage parental involvement: 

help them understand what they should do,



keep them informed; and



include them as volunteers.

Help parents understand what to do Parents must understand the importance of involvement in their children's education and also need specific information on how to help and support their children. Schools/teachers from the beginning should ensure that, all parents know what to do to help their children develop reading skills - and also what not to do. Keep parents informed Teachers can help parents by providing frequent and regular information on the progress of their child and how to support specific activities. Effective communication with parents should be comprised of three things: inform them what their child does in the class; what their child has achieved; and what they can do to help their child's learning. A good way to do this is through: ‘Ideas for parents’. Ideas for parents’ include explaining the thematic field and skills that are being developed; what the child is doing at school; and which are the activities that parents and children can do at home and which are related and can increase the learning in the Page | 175

class. Children take home sheet when the time is appropriate. Parents and children carry out activities and discuss what they learn and how this is related to the things the child is learning at school. Then parents and children can give feedback to the teacher on the activity named "Ideas for Parents", for example using the traffic light system to emphasize if the task was easy (green); average / OK (yellow); or difficult (red). Parents also need feedback on their child's progress. But it is important to give them feedback in a form which encourages them to offer their child proper support. Hence, communicating with parents, teachers need to remember the main principle "two stars and a wish" - always say to the child at least two positive things about learning before you say where the improvement is needed - and describe to the child the achievements and goals in terms of learning outcomes and success criteria. Parent volunteers Most schools have parent volunteers who come to the school to help in different ways. One of the most often activity of a parents volunteer is to hear the reading of the children of lower grades. In order that the volunteers are able to listen reading of the children, the schools should provide regular time, relatively quiet and comfortable space, and no distractions. Reading material that is used should be selected by the child in consultation with the teacher. All volunteers should be given guidance or training about manner how to develop reading-writing, the role of volunteers and how to listen the children reading. Volunteers should also be aware that confidentiality is very important, they should not speak about no child outside the classroom. Teachers should also carefully monitor the volunteers at the beginning, to ensure that they behave appropriately towards the children and that they understand their role.

2. Purpose and objectives of the study The aim of this study is to document the performance of the early grades students, in the area of reading, identification of barriers during the reading, in order to inform Page | 176

teachers, leaders and policymakers about the achievement level and the needs for further improvement. This study was conducted for purposes of achieving the following objectives: 1. Identify readers "at risk". 2. Identify the main reasons why students have difficulties in learning to read. 2. To motivate students for fluent reading. 3. Include parents to contribute to their children's learning.

3. Research question, hypothesis and methodology Based on these study hypotheses, research hypotheses arise through the following questions: 1. How to diagnose and support readers that have problems? 2. What are the warning signs that indicate that students have difficulties? 3. How to act toward a child who has been diagnosed with specific reading difficulties? 5. What are the ways to overcome obstacles in reading? 6. How can parents and teachers contribute to facilitating overcoming challenges that the students in the early grades are facing in reading? The entire study and the issues that will be identified and discussed will aim verification of the following hypotheses: 1. The reader, who is at risk, tends to present negative approach towards reading. 2. Finding ways to overcome reading obstacles creates an attractive reading environment. 3. Cooperation parent - teacher, leads toward fluent reading. The methodology of this work is the research in action. "Research in Action is a systematic review of professional situations, which is taken by the teachers, for purposes of improving their practices. "

(Elliott, 1991, f. 69).

Whereas Page | 177

Lawrence Stenhouse defines research in action as "Capacity for independent and professional development through systematic study of the teachers work, by studying the work of other teachers and by reviewing the pedagogic ideas in the classroom through a research” (Stenhouse, 1985, p. 126 ). Research in Action interacts the theory with the practice, and is related to the action and the research. For data collection I used: personal notes (keeping the diary), classroom observation, conversations (with colleagues and parents) and tests with students. Keeping the diary (my notes) - are notes that I kept throughout the period of research, which I took during the activities carried out by the students (given tasks). Interviews with colleagues helped me in providing ideas for reading improvement. These interviews I've conducted before I started the research. Observation during my research was planned and focused on ten students of the Primary school "Emin Duraku", Prizren, Kosovo, from those five students were in the first grade and five were in the second graders, and my research was focused on their actions, activation and participation in planned group activities. All the time I exchange ideas and experiences with my colleagues at work, "Critics friends", which followed my work and time after time provided to me suggestions and encouraged me to continue this path. I have consulted experts from the field of Albanian language, and maintained regular contacts with parents who have followed their children's progress in class activities, I talked with students involved in research and organized additional classes. Students have researched the process twice, once at the beginning to see the reading level of the students, and another time at the end, in order to see the action results. Students were tested through A-EGRA test, 5a and 5b;

more precisely with

subtexts: 1. Vocative knowledge; 2. Spelling knowledge; 3. Reading of familiar words; 4. Reading of meaningless words. All learners have willingly cooperated, including the parents. Parents were informed in advance about the purpose of this research through a prior conversation.

Page | 178

Analysis of the obtained data was conducted through statistical analysis and inductive analysis. After the testing measures are taken to improve the reading during three weeks that were in disposal, through exercises, techniques, strategies, different ideas and methods. I worked with students using technology (laptop, projector, letters, words and plasticized sentences), various techniques, strategies, ideas, and approaches taken from: The first action plan that aimed the students identify alphabet letter, based on the material: "A-EGRA Manual" - Bep. Second Action Plan that aimed the students manage to read the sentences fluently. Third Action Plan that aimed the children fluently without errors read stories and short texts and reading different children's books online. After three weeks I tested the students again and for such a short time (with the cooperation of parents - exercises at home that I sent through e-mail) I observed that reading skills of these ten students increased significantly. This shows the students inspiration and the desire to read during the activities, techniques, methods and different strategies that I used during this time.

4. Analysis, interpretation data Since my research was research in action, I was personally active in data collection, cooperating with the parents and the peers, in order to achieve my goal. By using EGRA sub-tests, measuring of the reading level of the first grade and the second students is very easy, since these sub-tests show exactly what knowledge extent the student has achieved, or where should I work more in order to increase the reading level among students. Also these sub-tests help in increase the students’ self-esteem, because students were tested individually and away from the eyes of their peers, which made children feel more comfortable and confident, without worrying that peers would tease, or will laugh for not recognizing certain letters or for not reading fluently. Soon after the first testing of the students were identified various difficulties, which were faced by them during the reading. I started using various techniques that usually help teachers to easily approach the students in order to make them better readers.

Page | 179

The graph below shows the results of students in the first test 80 70 60

Sound awareness

50 Knowing of letter name and sound

40

Reading of known words

30 Reading of unknown words

20 10 0 A

F

S

T

R

The graph below shows the results of students in second test 120

100 Sound awareness

80

Knowing of letter name and sound

60

Reading of known words

40 Reading of unknown words 20

0 A

F

S

T

R

From the graphs we can see that there is a progressive change of the students that I presented through the following initials: A, F, S, T, R.

Page | 180

5. Conclusions / recommendations During the process of acquiring the skills, habits, values, new knowledge, generally in the process of mental, physical, emotional and social development, the children, in their very first steps of life encounter difficulties of different nature and scale. This is because every individual in this world though has much in common with other people, yet is a "world" of its own, and every human in one or another way is different, and is somehow special. A significant number of students show difficulties in reading. It is even considered that from the total number of students who have learning disabilities, about 80% of them have reading difficulties. Only the grades do not give to the students or their parents useful guidance about what they need to do next, or how to improve their results. Instead, teachers should focus on helping parents so they can help their children better. Their feedback to parents should be mostly positive in tone, in order not to risk by discouraging the parents and make them feel that they cannot help their children effectively. But they should also specify what the child has achieved and what needs to be done for further improvements. Teachers need to work more in relation to reading, cooperation with parents, but also the parents need to be exemplary for their children in order that they become fluent readers. Children, whose parents actively support them in learning to read have better academic achievements, cognitive competence and problem-solving skills. Success in reading is the door to success in other academic areas. We should always find different ways to find the learning "formula" for each student.

Page | 181

6. Literature: 1. Basic Education Program, Assessment of reading in early degree (A-EGRA). 2. Basic Education Program, Improving reading skills in the elementary classes. 3. Beck, IL & McKeon, MG (2001). Text talk: Capturing the Benefits of read aloud experience for young children. 4. Bron, C. (2002). Effects of Teachers' Reading Aloud Styles on Vocabulary Acquisition and Comprehension of Students in the Early Elementary Grades. 5. Eco, U. (2007), How to write a diploma thesis, Knowledge, a tyrant. 6. Elley, (1989). Vocabulary acquisition from listening to stories. Reading Research Quarterly, Read Alouds. 7. Matthews, B. Ross. L, Research Methods, Centre for Democratic education. 8. Models for Successful teaching, (2001) "Edualba", Tirana. 9. Zabeli, N. (2001) Pupils with special needs, Pristina. 10. Shamiq, M. (2009), How to write a scientific writing, Focus-Skopje. 11. The read Handbook by Jim Trelease -Aloud. 12. What Does Research Say About the Benefits of Reading Aloud to Children? Kathleen Childress.

Page | 182

APPLICATION

OF

MODERN

AND

CREATIVE

TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING

Mr. Sci. Latif HOXHA Lecturer at “BIZNESI” College

Teaching methods and techniques are rightly seen as the basis of a successful teaching and learning and considering this fact emerges the importance of the selection of these components as relevant issues in my research. What is frequently raised as problematic in this sense is the not so easy application of all methods offered so far by teachers’ trainings in Kosovo, a continuing debate about the importance or not of these methods and techniques and this has urged to me the sense to learn the truth from those who are promoters and implementers of them, teachers. The hypothesis of my study was that the more experienced teachers, those who have less training and those in rural areas, use less new methods and techniques in their teaching and the research proved that teachers who are beginners use more techniques promoting creative teaching in the group, but this applied only to teachers who have experience of 1-15 years, while those who were 16-30 years had a decrease in intensity of use of these techniques, but surprising in the study was the fact that those teachers who had more than 30 years of experience use these techniques as much as those in the early stages of their career, they had even used some of the techniques more than the beginners. Meanwhile the results of the research have supported two sub-hypotheses of this study: less trained teachers apply less creative teaching techniques, and these techniques also apply less in rural areas than in urban areas. Results are processed using statistical package SPSS 2. 1

Page | 183

Keywords: method, teaching, training, technichue, teachers, experience, area.

Introduction Whenever we talk about the importance of building national capacity, the education field is the one that is strongly emphasized as one of the most relevant components in building these capacities. Researches conducted in the education field flow along with developments and advances occurring in the educational process, and these researches help us better understand these processes and the evaluation of the theoretical and practical commitments which mainly take the form of pilot projects, during implementation or in retrospective. Among other educational developments in our country, in addition to numerous reforms that have been made in the last decade, an investment from within but also from numerous donations from abroad it has been made in the establishment of further professional development of teachers through trainings and workshops held, about modern and creative teaching methods and techniques. In this vein most of the teachers are trained and possibilities of a greater efficiency in education are raised, and this is an opportunity for direct benefits for students but also for teachers. What seems not to have been accomplished alongside with the delivery of such training is a kind of monitoring or research on the practical application of these methods, which methods are most frequently used by teachers, which are seen most efficient for them, from which programs they have benefited most about these techniques and methods, which teachers use more of these methods, if it matters being a teacher in a rural or urban area in the application of these methods etc. Meanwhile these are also the variables and the goal of this research that aims to try to find answers to these questions. The only research in the country that deals with such issue, but with other specific features, is the one that was conducted by Pedagogical Institute of Kosovo in September 2008, which aimed to find out the impact of trainings to teachers and as such, this specific feature has been rather general compared to our research. The research aims to highlight issues that would contribute to delivering trainings that proved successful so far, that are based on a research and the application of more

Page | 184

efficient teaching methods etc. and this would hopefully directly affect the establishment of quality in the preparation and education of new generations of students and teachers.

Literature review Learning in groups is among the most promoted method in modern teaching and learning. This method enables students to participate in the learning process and to cooperate with each other. Using this method of learning children feel equal to each other. Cooperation is a situation in which not only teachers collaborate with students, but also the students interact with each other. Students can cooperate in pairs or in groups. Flinders suggested us some aspects, among which is the aspect of cooperation. Each class works best when teachers and their students cooperate. The teacher can use humor, can promote solidarity between himself and students can create opportunities for students to choose their own learning activities. Professional teacher knows the students and tries to create spaces of time for personal contacts with all his students (B. Musai, 1999). Children are stimulated when they share ideas and opinions with others and when they have the opportunity to respond to this cooperation. Working together allows children to tell others of their individual perceptions and often solve the problems they might have. In this way they can reflect on different personalities and abilities of their friends in the group and it provides an interactive exchange and helps them understand more individually. In addition, experience in collaborative learning facilitates social and personal development of children, because the practice of working with others gives them a provisional self-esteem, which is useful when it is supported by a collaborative work ( E. Mato et al , 2006). Cooperation is the key criterion for success. Sharon (Sharon 1995) has defined five characteristics below: • Uses small groups of three or four students ( micro groups). • Focuses on the tasks to be performed. • Requires cooperation and communication group. • Appoints an individual responsibility to learn. • Supports the compactness of the group, (B. Musai, 2003). Page | 185

Units in small groups allow students to work directly with each other, exchange ideas and thoughts, reach common understanding and work as a team to ensure the success and acceptance of each member. Students placed in a single big group can not be expected to use these skills. The teacher explains and points to actively use of social habits (B. Musai, 2003). Some of the skills students develop in teamwork are: 1. Capacity planning, 2. Ability to research, 3. Ability to search for suitable materials, 4. Ability to take notes, 5. The ability to report (A. Tamo et al , 2006). Small-group work is valuable to teach students to discuss ideas and to help them learn from each other. Their composition should be flexible. Members of the group should be shared according to the given task. The group does not have to be something permanent (Tamo A. et al, 2006). Interactive learning is achieved by organizing the class into small groups of students, who can work in harmony together, expand their ways of learning and create an atmosphere that is characterized by the exchange of information. The teacher can perform the work in small groups in the classroom when there are specific tasks that requires several classes to get prepared (QTKA, 2005). Seating arrangement is also very important. The teacher should organize the class differently, so the desks should not be placed in the traditional way, but in a circle or separately so that students can see each other in the face. Students need to see each other in the eye when talking. Games common for children (McNamara and Moreton, 1993) are useful to determine the importance of taking turns and eye contact.

Methodology The purpose of the survey Seeing the great importance of the use of the contemporary methods and techniques in teaching on one hand and the problems arising in the application of these techniques and methods, I have seen as very important and reasonable the exploration of the issues in Page | 186

question, always keeping in mind the possibility this research may have on the rising of an awareness about the importance of the selection of trainings and the content they have. There is also a need for the importance of a more rigorous monitoring of the implementation of these methods and the efficiency that they actually have on teaching and learning.

Hypotheses The hypotheses raised will be presented divided into the main hypothesis and two sub-hypotheses. The main hypothesis The main hypothesis, raised beforehand was " Teachers with more experience use less contemporary and creative methods and techniques in their teaching". This hypothesis was set based on my personal experience with colleagues and on other colleagues reporting on this phenomenon assumed in the respective schools.

Sub-hypotheses The other hypotheses presented below serve as sub-hypothesis of the main hypothesis. The first sub-hypothesis is "Teachers who have less trainings use less contemporary

and

creative

techniques

and

methods

in

their

teaching".

This statement emerged based on the assumption that teachers who have not had the opportunity to receive trainings may have little or no information on working with these methods and techniques. The other hypothesis is related to working in a rural or urban area "Teachers in rural areas use less creative and modern methods and techniques in their teaching".

Variables Variables considered in this research were areas, working experience, trainings, education level, school level, age and gender.

Page | 187

The instrument Questionnaire which was used in this survey is compiled based on the research I did in 2010, which was mainly concerned with the methods and techniques most frequently used in teaching while the questionnaire for this research is constructed in such a way that, based on previous results, or methods that were used most frequently in teaching are used in questions to find out how much are these methods used in teaching to see whether their use is intensified or declined, and these were followed by sub-questions concerning the outcome perceived by teachers for each method. The questionnaire in the first part contains socio-demographic information like age, gender, experience of teachers, the teachers' residence, where the school is located, the education level of teachers and the level of school where they teach. The questionnaire contains 14 questions on the frequency use of specific teaching techniques and responses are measured in five levels: 1 Never, 2 Seldom, 3 Occasionally, 4 Often and 5 Always. Each of questions followed by a sub-question about the outcome that teachers think that the given technique provides, and they were also measured responses in five levels: 1Poor, 2- Good to some degree 3- Good 4 - Very good and 5- Excellent. In the last part of the questionnaire there is a question about trainings where teachers think they have learned these techniques, and alternative trainings were given based on the outcome of my earlier research: CTRW (Critical Thinking, Reading and Writing) and SCT (Studentcentered teaching) but there was also an option left open Other - where teachers have had the opportunity to list other training alternatives apart from the ones listed.

Sample The population selected for this study were teachers of primary and lower secondary schools in the region of Prizren, in the municipalities of Prizren, Suhareka, Dragash, Rahovec and Malisheva. The sample included 170 teachers selected randomly (but stratified), besides the intentional selection of one school in each city, with the aim of providing demographic variable village / city, while in each municipality were selected 6 schools, except for Prizren municipality as the largest one, where we decided to choose 10 schools. So in total there are 34 selected schools throughout the region of Prizren and in each school 5 questionnaires were distributed. Teachers were chosen at random also Page | 188

based on the list of alphabetical order, where respondents were selected depending on the number of teachers in a given school, for example for a school of 30 teachers every 6th teacher was selected and so on and it was done always in proportion to the number of teachers in a certain school.

Results Before presenting the details of the results of the study we should point out that only 157 out of the 170 questionnaires prepared and completed by respondents were valid, while 13 of them have had double ticking or not ticked and as such were not considered valid for further statistical analysis.

The figure above shows the correlation between the experience of teachers and their use of creative and contemporary techniques in teaching, the five techniques that the outcome of research have proven were most frequently used by teachers. It is obvoius that we have a great use of these techniques to experienced teachers 1-5, 6-10 and 11-15 years, while there is a decreasing pace of usage of these techniques by teachers with experience of 16 -20, 21-25, 26-30 and 31-35 years of experience. Hitherto the research Page | 189

outcome would make us support our main hypothesis stating that teachers with more experience use less creative and modern techniques in their teaching, but when we see the results of the figure above for teachers with over 36 years working experience, the hypothesis can not be supported, becauses these very experienced teachers use all the five same techniques in their work with students, as much as the begginers. Also there are differences in terms of the use of certain techniques along experience over the years, where some techniques correlate with each other in terms of reducing or increasing the intensity of their use, but there are those that have changed, specifically Venn Diagrame technique which is not used much to teachers with less experience, but marking an increase, especially in the second decade of working experience. Regarding the sub-hypotheses, statistical analysis supports our sub-hypothesis we set at the beginning of this research “Teachers in urban areas use more creative and contemporary techniques in teaching than those who teach in rural areas” There is clearly a significantly higher use of techniques in teaching in the city compared to the countryside always taking into account the given ratio 4 : 1, ratio of respondents in the countryside - city. However, there are also techniques that are almost equal in the frequency of their use, but in general the research highlights a greater use of them in the city.

Correlations

School location

School location

Techniques used

Correlation Coefficient

1,000

-,162*

Sig. (2-tailed)

.

,042

N

157

157

Correlation Coefficient

-,162*

1,000

Sig. (2-tailed)

,042

.

N

157

157

Spearman's rho

Techniques used

*. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). Page | 190

Tab. 19. Correlation between School location, Trained teachers, and Technique used

There is also another specific that has to do with the level of education, where teachers who hold bachelor's degree use these techniques more than other teachers of other degree levels.

Correlations

Trained teachers Spearman's rho Techniques used

Trained teachers

Techniques used

Correlation Coefficient

1,000

-,185*

Sig. (2-tailed)

.

,020

N

157

157

Correlation Coefficient

-,185*

1,000

Sig. (2-tailed)

,020

.

N

157

157

*. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed).

If we look at the results of the statistical analysis of the techniques usage and trainings that teachers have part of, there is a strong support of the first sub-hypothesis “Teachers who have been trained use more creative and contemporary techniques”, but it should be noted that this does not happen with all the trainings, or at least does not happen the same techniques. CTRW and SCT trainings are obviously the most important trainings to provide knowledge on the use of these techniques.

Discussion Viewing literature before the start of the study and also during the research, and the results that have emerged from this survey strongly emphasize the importance of using creative and contemporary techniques in teaching, with particular emphasis on those that promote teamwork. Once again the research conducted in this area demonstrates fairly Page | 191

well that what seem to be "common sense" in our everyday life is not always accurate eventhough we might think it as very explicit and with no need to be proven. Such was the case with the hypotheses raised in the very beggining of this study, where we saw that not all of them got supported, or at least not in the way that we had thought based on peer reporting or our prejudices and judgments. This is especially true for the main hypothesis of this study, in which we thought that teachers with more experience use less the techniques in question, this for the mere fact that supposedly they already had a lot of confidence in their work because of their long teaching experience and somehow their teaching becomes a routine. Results demonstrated that this is not true, at least not entirely, since the beginning of their career, really the teachers use more techniques and most frequently in their teaching and it continues along the first decade and the first half of the second decade on their own experience as a teacher, but it suffered a decrease from second half of the second decade and continues until the end of the third decade. However teachers with more experience than that, three decades, use creative techniques in their teaching as much as the beginners, especially some techniques such as Brainstorming and Venn Diagram, while the technique I know, I want to know, I learned they use even more than all the teachers other. Two other sub-hypotheses were fully supported, where one stressed out that teachers who had attended more trainisng use more creative techniques that promote teamwork than those who had less trainings or those who had no trainings at all. Another subhypothesis was that teachers who work in cities use more modern teaching techniques and this is supported by the results of this study based on correlational statistical analysis. But it seems that this issue has to do more with the whereabouts of the school rather than the residence of teachers, since after careful analyzing of this factor resulted that teachers from the city who work in the countryside do not use more techniques than teachers from the countryside working in city. This may be due to a greater promotion of such techniques in the city, a greater cooperation between parents and teachers, a more frequent contact between teachers and municipal education authorities etc. but all these assumptions remain on a hypotheses level until they are supported or proven not true by other future researches on this field. . Analyzing the data through SPSS processing data package other factors are also analyzed and not just those within the hypotheses raised in the beginning of the research. For example, another fact on the use of creative and contemporary techniques is that there Page | 192

is a correlation between the educational level of teachers and the use of these techniques which showed that teachers who have a bachelor degree use these methods significantly more than other teachers. Regarding gender, no statistically significant difference in the use of these techniques was found, while there is a slight difference between teachers in primary school and those in low secondary one, where the former ones lead. And age has turned out not to be a statistically significant factor regarding the use of these teaching techniques that promote group work.

Conclusions In teaching, it is very important the proper selection and use of methods that will be used by teacher. Teacher should make teaching more interesting and should create more dynamics in the class, because if the teacher always uses the same teaching methods becomes monotonous and students may have no interest for new knowledge. Methods of learning are means, ways, trends and teaching procedures that teachers and students use during lessons and outside, to transmit and get knowledge, skills and habits, to develop features of individual personality traits. Historically methods have evolved, changed and are modernized in line with social, economic and political developments. The use of appropriate methodological and pedagogical teaching techniques and methods promotes effective teaching and learning. The traditional method has many advantages and we cannot deny it. It is important to stress out that creative methods of discussion and working in groups, encourages collaboration learning. In order for the teachers to use in their teaching creative and contemporary methods, first they must be trained on those methods, to have understand and gain a very good knowledge about them and then they will be successful in using them with their students. Student-centered teaching has two main elements: student and of course teacher cannot be disregarded at all. Work atmosphere where student is in the center should be an environment where students are free to express their opinions without fear. The teacher must believe that students can accept responsibility and actions which are closely related to the way students respond. Students must feel that the teacher is an integral part of them and it helps the teacher to set positive attitudes about relationships teacher-student, student-student, which will create a climate of emotional support, so that students learn to respect all other individuals and their ideas. Student-centered teaching initiates a Page | 193

progressive movement to improve the quality of teaching. The need that arises for implementing this teaching is having more open teaching attitude. Teachers in this teaching must be open to the inclusion of students in all levels of the educational process (M. Kraja, 2008).

Recommendations The results that have emerged from this research strongly emphasize the importance of using creative and contemporary techniques in teaching, with particular emphasis on those that promote teamwork. Based on the study results some suggestions and recommendations come out for teachers and other relevant factors in the process of teaching and education in general to younger generations. Firstly what is seen as necessary it is a continuity of training for teachers considering the fact that the more they get trained the greater are the chances of using productive teaching techniques. It is strongly recommended a research on a wider scale on the efficiency of these training programs and their practical implementation in the field, which means that besides providing such trainings there should also be an ongoing monitoring of their application in teachers’ everyday work.

References [1] Brada R. Metodologjia e gjuhës shqipe, Prishtinë, 2006. [2] Dibra G. , Dizdari I. Metodologjia e mësimdhënies, Shkodër, 2004. [3] Garo S. Mësimdhënia bashkëkohore, Tiranë, 2008. [4] Garo S. Sfidat e mësimdhënies (Metoda, strategji, teknika dhe këshilla praktike për mësues fillestarë), Tiranë, 2002. [5] Grup autorësh, Kurrikula dhe shkolla: Gjuhë shqipe- lexim letrar, 1,2, Tiranë, 2001-2002. [6] Grup autorësh, Metodat e mësimdhënies, Tiranë, 1999. [7] Grup autorësh, Strategjia e të mësuarit, Tiranë, 1995. [8] Gjokutaj, M, Mërkuri, N, Modele te suksesshme mësimdhënieje, Europrint, 2004

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[9] Instituti i Kurrikulave dhe i Standardeve, Udhëzues për zhvillimin e kurrikulës, Tiranë, 2006 [10] Instituti i Studimeve Pedagogjike, Administrimi dhe Menaxhimi i Arsimit, Nënë Tereza, Vëllimi 1, Nr 1, Dhjetor,200 [11] Instituti i Studimeve Pedagogjike, Administrimi dhe Menaxhimi i Arsimit, Nënë Tereza, Nr 4, 2003 [12] Instituti i Studimeve Pedagogjike, Probleme psiko-pedagogjike në shkollë, Tiranë, 2004 [13] Instituti i Studimeve Pedagogjike, Revista Pedagogjike, Edlor, Nr 1, 1999 [14] Instituti i Studimeve Pedagogjike, Revista Pedagogjike, Edlor, Nr 2, 1998 [15] Instituti i Studimeve Pedagogjike, Revista Pedagogjike, Edlor, Nr 4, 1999 [16] Intereactivity Foundation, Guidë për diskutimet me në qendër studentin, Nëntor, 2012 [17] Karamitri E. Arti i mësimdhënies, Tiranë, 2001. [18] Kraja, M, Pedagogji e përgjithshme, Tiranë, 2009 [19] Kyriacou C. Esential Teaching Skills, Second Edition, 1998. [20] MASH, Revista Mësuesi, Nr 9 (2567), Nëntor, 2011 [21] McNamara S. Moreton G. Të kuptuarit e të qenit ndryshe, David Fulton Publishers, Londër [22] Mërkuri N. Probleme të mësimdhënies, Europrint, 2004 [23] Musai B. Psikologji e edukimit, Tiranë, 1999 [24] Musai B. Meteodologji e mësimdhënies, Albgraf, Tiranë, 2003 [25] Musai B. Mësimdhënia dhe të nxënit ndërveprues, Tiranë, 2008. [26] Musai B. Si të shkruajmë ese, Tiranë, 2004. [27] Plani dhe programi mësimor 6, Prishtinë, 2003. [28] Plani dhe programi mësimor 9, Prishtinë, 2002. [29] QTKA, Mësimdhënia me në qendër nxënësin, Tiranë, Dhjetor, 2005

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[30] Rexhepi N. Letërsia shqipe në tekstet shkollore të Kosovës (1945-1990), Prishtinë, 2002. [31] Tamo, A, Karaj, Th, Rapti, E, Mësimdhënia dhe të nxënit, Mora 2006 [32] Trëndafili, G. Metodologji dhe veprimtari, IDEART 2008 [33] Zwiers, J, Zhvillimi i shprehive të të menduarit në shkollë, CDE

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THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TEST ANXIETY AND THE SUCCESS OF STUDENTS IN KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT TEST MA. Lumturije Kuçi “FAMA” College, KOSOVA

Mr. Sci. Latif HOXHA Lecturer in “FAMA” College, KOSOVA

Dr. Sci. Besnik SPAHIU Lecturer in “FAMA” College, KOSOVA

We all occasionally experience test anxiety, and if it is in moderate levels, it can improve our performance, but if it is in extreme low or high levels, it may negatively affect the test results. The aim of the research is to detect the correlation between test anxiety and students’ success in knowledge assessment tests, and measure the level of testing anxiety, taking into consideration the variables or demographic factors such as sex, age and time limit of testing. This research is the result of a study conducted with students of lower secondary schools, involving a total number of 165 subjects, 80 students of the sixth grade and 85 students of the ninth grade. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21. 0 version, where statistical validity was p < 0. 01. The results showed that there are differences in the level of test anxiety in terms of time limits of the testing, where a week before and a week after the testing, students from both grades, sixth and ninth, showed low levels of test anxiety. A day before the test, to sixth grade students as well as to those of the ninth, the level of anxiety was mostly in moderate level and sometimes even in high levels. Correlation between students’ success and testing anxiety level was high and positive (r=0. 733) in Page | 197

the sixth grade students and so was to the ninth grade students (r=0. 797). There were differences in terms of sex, male students had higher levels of test anxiety compared with the female ones and also the ninth grade students had higher levels of anxiety than those of the sixth’s grade. Keywords: testing anxiety, student’s success, sex, age, test results.

Introduction Anxiety is a normal reaction to certain situations. A small level of anxiety is normal, but severe anxiety can be a serious problem. Academic anxiety can become more detrimental over time. As a student’s academic performance suffers, the anxiety level related to certain academic tasks increases (Huberty, 2012). Anxiety is defined as “a painful or apprehensive uneasiness of mind usually over an impending or anticipated ill”. Students experiencing academic anxiety feel apprehensive over academic tasks. Students can feel anxiety related to every academic task. Some may only feel anxiety related to test taking or other specific tasks. Anxiety is not always negative. Some students can be motivated by anxiety (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Students face different situations on their education and one of them is facing the anxiety of testing, which depending on its level can have an impact on student performance. Birenbaum and Nasser (1994) claimed that test anxiety has become one of the most destructive factors in school and in other environments where tests are provided and required.

Literature review The field of education is considered as a rich source of scientific problems. Coping with stressful situations in general is widespread, but it is very specific to students in the period when they face the anxiety of knowledge assessment tests. Anxiety is often described as having cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components (Seligman, Walker & Rosenhan, 2001). The cognitive component entails expectation of a diffuse and uncertain danger. Somatically the body prepares the organism to deal with threat (known as an emergency reaction): blood pressure and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, bloodflow to the major muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive Page | 198

system functions are inhibited. Externally, somatic signs of anxiety may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and pupillary dilation. Emotionally, anxiety causes a sense of dread or panic and physically causes nausea, and chills. Behaviorally, both voluntary and involuntary behaviors may arise directed at escaping or avoiding the source of anxiety. These behaviors are frequent and often maladaptive, being most extreme in anxiety disorders. Numerous studies confirm the negative correlation of anxiety and academic success (Seipp, 1991). However, anxiety is not always pathological or maladaptive: it is a common emotion along with fear, anger, sadness, and happiness, and it has a very important function in relation to survival. Some authors find the anxiety as a condition of negative predictor of success in the examination (Frierson & Hoban, 1987, Hunsley, 1985), others have found that the models that included self-efficacy and negative thoughts (Arknoff et al. , 1992, Ozer & Bandura, 1990) anxiety as a condition not associated with success. According to Anderson & Sauser (1995) low levels of anxiety during testing have a negative impact because students simply do not have the motivation to solve tasks even relatively simple ones. Students with disabilities often face more anxiety than other students (Nelson & Harwood, 2011). Anxiety has been linked to poor academic performance. High levels of academic anxiety can negatively affect working memory (Owens, Stevenson, Hadwin & Norgate, 2012). Anxiety is also associated with high levels of worry that can affect academic performance. Researchers tested the relationship between anxiety, academic performance, and working memory. Anxiety can have negative effects on the system of information processing. People with anxiety have difficulty in maintaining and replication of information (Nelson & Harwood, 2011). Student anxiety has long been a topic of discussion amongst researchers. Some research from the 1950s indicates a negative correlation between anxiety and academic performance and other research did not support that correlation (Robinson, 1966). Students with anxiety are likely to also suffer from depression. Teachers and parents can work together to help students learn to cope with anxiety. Anxiety and depression lead to higher levels of worry in regards to academic tasks. Higher levels of anxiety, depression, and worry can lead to lower academic performance and poorer working memory function. School tasks that involve more working memory are greatly affected by anxiety and depression (Owens et al. , 2012). Students benefit from lowering the levels of anxiety in school to support healthy working memory. Lower self-efficacy of students Page | 199

can lead to higher levels of anxiety (Ahmed, Minnaert, Kuyper, & van der Werf, 2011). Fletcher and Speirs (2012) conducted a research on how perfectionism and achievement motivation can affect gifted students. Perfectionist students can suffer from academic anxiety because of unrealistic expectations set by themselves or others. Perfectionism is not limited to gifted students. There is some disagreement in research as to whether perfectionism is harmful or helpful because not all students react to pressure in the same ways, and research generally focuses on either the good or bad results of perfectionism. Some research that focuses on different types of perfectionism. Self-prescribed perfectionism is when students have high expectations for themselves. Self-prescribed perfectionism can be beneficial to students as long as students are not too hard on themselves. Socially-prescribed perfectionism is when others imposed their high expectations on students. Socially-prescribed perfectionism tends to be more harmful to students. Students may develop anxiety problems because they are very worried about fulfilling others expectations. Researchers did not fully explore the connection between perfectionism and anxiety. The negative effects of test anxiety are often exacerbated by poor metacognitive skills. Specifically, students with high-test anxiety generally select and employ less effective study strategies and skills. In a study examining the effects of both evaluative pressure and study skills, Naveh-Benjamin et al. (1987) demonstrated that all students with high-test anxiety performed below non-anxious students in evaluative situations. However only students with high-test anxiety and poor study skills performed more poorly on learning tasks that were not pressured evaluative situations (practice tests). The metacognitive failures illustrated by these students support research demonstrating highanxious students’ difficulties in directing and maintaining focus on relevant content and using methods that promote long-term learning benefits. Students with high levels of test anxiety often report they are more likely to procrastinate (Cassady & Johnson, 2002; Kalechstein, Hocevar, Zimmer, & Kalechstein, 1989), select surface-level processing strategies (Benjamin et al. , 1981; Mueller, 1980), and engage in repetitive memorization strategies (Naveh-Benjamin et al. , 1987). Oddly enough, there is evidence that test anxious students actually spend more time preparing for tests than those with low levels of test anxiety (Culler & Hollohan, 1980). Research on the role of test anxiety on performance has repeatedly demonstrated that high levels of cognitive test anxiety promote the probability of notable declines in exam performance. The classic Page | 200

interpretation of this relationship was that irrelevant thinking and heightened worry intrude upon conscious thought during the test session itself, inhibiting performance through a retrieval-blocking process (Morris, Davis, & Hutchings, 1981; Sarason, 1986; Sarason, Pierce, & Sarason, 1996; Zohar, 1998).

Methodology The methodology is a chapter of importance which includes aspects such as research variables, their operationalisation, the population and the sample of the research, methods and techniques used, the instruments used in the research and the flow of the research. The hypothesis of our study was:  There is a correlation between test anxiety and success of students in knowledge assessment tests The aim on this paper was to find out whether there is a correlation between the anxiety of testing and students’ success in knowledge assessment tests. We also tried to find out the level of test anxiety among students based on the time of testing: a week before, a day before and a week after the test and also differences on the level of anxiety of testing in terms of differences in students gender and age. As the dependent variable are the results of the test respectively the success of students. As independent variables were age, gender and anxiety of testing. The research sample were students of lower secondary schools, namely students of grade VI and IX. There were 165 subjects in the study, 80 of which were of grade VI and 85 of grade IX. All data were analyzed using a statistical package SPSS version 21. 0 for Windows. Since the goal of the research is prediction then as research methods, correlative and differential methods were used. The techniques used were based on the use of the survey, while the measuring instrument were questionnaires. As a instrument to measure the anxiety level of testing was used: Westside Test Anxiety Scale, by Richard Driscoll, Ph. D. , American Association Test Anxiety.

Results Demographic characteristics of subjects such as age, sex, success, test results, the period of the testing, correlations were analyzed. Text anxiety level based on time frame Page | 201

was analyzed too. A week before the test grade IX students had normal levels of text anxiety compared with those of grade VI who had moderate levels of anxiety. But a day before the test grade VI students had normal level of test anxiety compared to those of grade IX, who had moderate and high level of anxiety. A week after the test, grade IX students had normal levels of test anxiety (93%) compared to those of grade VI (83. 7%). As for the gender of the respondents and the level of test anxiety, the following results came up: male students of both grades VI and IX, showed higher level of test anxiety (VI - 65. 78%, IX - 79. 53%) compared to female students (VI - 54. 74%, IX - 70. 72%). Age also appeared to be a significant variable when it comes to test anxiety level, where XI grade students had higher levels of test anxiety compared to those of grade VI. Interconnection between test anxiety and success of the students was researched using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that, a week before the test to grade, there was a significant positive correlation (r =. 664, p