With Modern Physics For Scientists and Engineers

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Third Edition. Richard Wolfson. Middlebury College. Jay M. Pasachoff. Williams College. ^ADDISON-WESLEY. An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
With Modern Physics For Scientists and Engineers Third Edition

Richard Wolfson Middlebury College

Jay M. Pasachoff Williams College

^ADDISON-WESLEY An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • New York • Harlow, England Don Mills, Ontario • Sydney • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam

Preface

xiv

A Visual Guide t o t h e Book

xix

The Authors

xxiii

Color Key f o r Figures

xxiv

Credits C h a p t e r 1 D o i n g Physics

xxv

3-3 Coordinate Systems, Vector Components, and Unit Vectors

49

3-4 Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

53

3-5 Relative Motion

57

Chapter € Motion in More Than One Dimension

67

1

4-1 Velocity and Acceleration

68

1-1 Fields of Physics

2

4-2 Constant Acceleration

70

1-2 The Simplicity of Physics

4

4-3 Projectile Motion

72

1-3 Measurement Systems

4

4-4 Uniform Circular Motion

79

1-4 Changing Units

8

4-5 Nonuniform Circular Motion

82

1-5 Dimensional Analysis

8 Force a n d M o t i o n

92

1-6 Scientific Notation

10

1-7 Accuracy and Significant Figures

12

5-1 The Wrong Question

1-8 Estimation

13

5-2 Newton's First and Second Laws

94

14

5-3 Forces

98

15

5-4 Applying Newton's Second Law

1-9 Analytic and Numerical Analysis 1-10 Problem Solving

Part 1

Mechanics Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line

21 22

93

101

5-5 Mass and Weight: The Force of Gravity

104

5-6 Adding Forces

107

5-7 Newton's Third Law

109

5-8 Measuring Force

112

Chapter 6 Using Newton's Laws

122

2-1 Average Motion

23

2-2 Instantaneous Velocity

25

2-3 Acceleration

28

2-4 Constant Acceleration

31

2-5 Using the Equations of Motion

33

2-6 The Constant Acceleration of Gravity

35

Chapter I The Vector Description of Motion

46

7-1 Work

164

3-1 Vectors and Scalars

47

7-2 Work and the Scalar Product

167

3-2 Vector Arithmetic

47

7-3 A Varying Force

168

6-1 Using Newton's Second Law

123

6-2 Multiple Objects

131

6-3 Circular Motion

135

6-4 Friction

139

6-5 Drag Forces

150

Chapter I Work, Energy, and Power

163

Contents ix

7-4 Force and Work in Three Dimensions

Rotational Vectors and Angular Momentum

172

313

7-5 Kinetic Energy

174

7-6 Power

176

13-1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

314

187

13-2 Torque and the Vector Cross Product

315

13-3 Angular Momentum

318

13-4 Conservation of Angular Momentum

320

13-5 Rotational Dynamics in Three Dimensions

324

Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy 8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

188

8-2 Potential Energy

190

8-3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy

194

8-4 Potential Energy Curves

197

8-5 Force and Potential Energy

199

8-6 Nonconservative Forces

201

14-1 Conditions for Equilibrium

337

202

14-2 Center of Gravity

339

8-7 Conservation of Energy and Mass-Energy

Chapter 9 Gravitation

213

9-1 Toward a Law of Gravity

214

9-2 Universal Gravitation

215

9-3 Orbital Motion

218

9-4 Gravitational Energy

223

9-5 The Gravitational Field

229

9-6 Tidal Forces

229

9-7 Gravity and the General Theory of Relativity

230

Chapter 10 Systems of Particles

238

10-1 Center of Mass

239

10-2 Momentum

246

10-3 Kinetic Energy in Many-Particle Systems

253

Chapter 11 Collisions

262

11-1 Impulse and Collisions

263

11-2 Collisions and the Conservation Laws

265

11-3 Inelastic Collisions

266

11-4 Elastic Collisions

268

Chapter 12 Rotational Motion

283

12-1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration

284

12-2 Torque

288

12-3 Rotational Inertia and the Analog of Newton's Law

291

12-4 Rotational Energy

300

12-5 Rolling Motion

302

Chapter 14 Static Equilibrium

336

14-3 Examples of Static Equilibrium

341

14-4 Stability of Equilibria

346

Oscillations, Waves, and Fluids

361

Oscillatory Motion

362

15-1 Properties of Oscillatory Motion

363

15-2 Simple Harmonic Motion

364

15-3 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion

370

15-4 Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion: An Intimate Relation

376

15-5 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

378

15-6 Damped Harmonic Motion

380

15-7 Driven Oscillations and Resonance

382

Chapter 16 Wave Motion

391

16-1 Kinds of Waves

392

16-2 Wave Properties

393

16-3 Mathematical Description of Wave Motion

395

16-4 Waves on a String

397

16-5 Wave Power and Intensity

399

16-6 The Superposition Principle and Wave Interference 16-7 The Wave Equation

403 407

x Contents

Chapter 17 Sound and Other Wave Phenomena

415

Chapter 21 Heat, Work, and the First Law of Thermodynamics

517

17-1 Sound Waves in Gases

416

21-1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

518

17-2 The Speed of Sound in Gases

418

21-2 Thermodynamic Processes

520

17-3 Sound Intensity

419

21-3 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas

532

17-4 Sound Waves in Liquids and Solids

423

17-5 Wave Reflection and Refraction

424

17-6 Standing Waves

427

17-7 The Doppler Effect

431

22-1 Reversibility and Irreversibility

544

17-8 Shockwaves

434

22-2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

544

Chapter 22 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

543

22-3 Applications of the Second Law of

Chapter 18 Fluid Motion

441

18-1 Describing Fluids: Density and Pressure

442

18-2 Fluids at Rest: Hydrostatic Equilibrium

443

18-3 Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy

448

18-4 Fluid Dynamics

451

18-5 Applications of Fluid Dynamics

456

18-6 Viscosity and Turbulence

460

Part 3

Thermodynamics Chapter 19 Temperature and Heat

471 472

Thermodynamics

550

22-4 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

554

22-5 Entropy and the Quality of Energy

554

Part 4

Electromagnetism Chapter 23 Electric Charge, Force, and Field

569 570

23-1 Electromagnetism

571

23-2 Electric Charge

572

23-3 Coulomb's Law

. 573

23-4 The Electric Field

578

23-5 Electric Fields of Charge Distributions

581

23-6 Matter in Electric Fields

587

Chapter 2 4 Gauss's Law

600

19-1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Descriptions

473

19-2 Temperature and Thermodynamic Equilibrium

473

24-1 Electric Field Lines

601

19-3 Measuring Temperature

474

24-2 Electric Flux

603

19-4 Temperature and Heat

477

24-3 Gauss's Law

606

19-5 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

478

24-4 Using Gauss's Law

609

19-6 Heat Transfer

480

24-5 Fields of Arbitrary Charge Distributions

615

19-7 Thermal Energy Balance

486

24-6 Gauss's Law and Conductors

617

Chapter 2 0 The Thermal Behavior of Matter

Chapter 2S Electric Potential 496

630

20-1 Gases

497

25-1 Potential Energy, Work, and the Electric Field

631

20-2 Phase Changes

503

25-2 Potential Difference

631

20-3 Thermal Expansion

508

25-3 Calculating Potential Difference

636

Contents

xi

25-4 Potential Difference and the Electric Field

30-3 Ampere's Law

778

643

30-4 Using Ampere's Law

780

25-5 Potentials of Charged Conductors

646

30-5 Solenoids and Toroids

785

30-6 Magnetic Matter

788

30-7 Magnetic Monopoles and Gauss's Law

793

Chapter 26 Electrostatic Energy and Capacitors

658

26-1 Energy of a Charge Distribution

659 Chapter 31 Electromagnetic Induction

803

26-2 Two Isolated Conductors

660

31-1 Induced Currents

804

26-3 Energy and the Electric Field

662

31-2 Faraday's Law

805

26-4 Capacitors

665

26-5 Energy Storage in Capacitors

809

26-6 Connecting Capacitors

669 671

31-3 Induction and the Conservation of Energy 31-4 Induced Electric Fields

819

26-7 Capacitors and Dielectrics

675

31-5 Diamagnetism

823

Chapter 27 Electric Current

684

Chapter 32 Inductance and Magnetic Energy

833

27-1 Electric Current

685

27-2 Conduction Mechanisms

688

32-1 Mutual Inductance

834

27-3 Resistance and Ohm's Law

698

32-2 Self-Inductance

836

27-4 Electric Power

701

32-3 Inductors in Circuits

838

32-4 Magnetic Energy

843

Chapter 28 Electric Circuits

709

Chapter 33 Alternating-Current Circuits

28-1 Circuits and Symbols

709

28-2 Electromotive Force

710

28-3 Simple Circuits: Series and Parallel Resistors

33-1 Alternating Current

853

711

33-2 Circuit Elements in AC Circuits

854

28-4 Kirchhoff's Laws and Multiloop Circuits

718

33-3 LC Circuits

860

28-5 Electrical Measuring Instruments

722

33-4 Driven RLC Circuits and Resonance

865

28-6 Circuits with Capacitors

726

33-5 Power in AC Circuits

870

28-7 Electrical Safety

732

33-6 Transformers and Power Supplies

872

Chapter 29 The Magnetic Field

742

29-1 What is Magnetism?

743

29-2 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge

744

29-3 The Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields

747

29-4 The Magnetic Force on a Current

754

29-5 A Current Loop in a Magnetic Field

759

Chapter 30 Sources of the Magnetic Field 30-1 The Biot-Savart Law 30-2 The Magnetic Force between Two Conductors

770 771 777

Chapter 34 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

852

882

34-1 The Four Laws of Electromagnetism

883

34-2 Ambiguity in Ampere's Law

884

34-3 Maxwell's Equations

886

34-4 Electromagnetic Waves

887

34-5 The Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

893

34-6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

894

34-7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

895

34-8 Polarization

897

34-9 Producing Electromagnetic Waves

901

34-10 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves

903

34-11 Wave Momentum and Radiation Pressure

906

xii

Contents

vt 5

Optics Chapter 35 Reflection and Refraction 35-1 Reflection and Transmission 35-2 Reflection 35-3 Refraction 35-4 Total Internal Reflection 35-5 Dispersion 35-6 Reflection and Polarization

Chapter 3S Image Formation and Optical Instruments 36-1 Plane Mirrors 36-2 Curved Mirrors 36-3 Lenses 36-4 Refraction in Lenses: The Details 36-5 Optical Instruments

Chapter 3 1 Interference and Diffraction 37-1 Coherence and Interference 37-2 Double-Slit Interference 37-3 Multiple-Slit Interference and Diffraction Gratings 37-4 Thin Films and Interferometers 37-5 Huygens' Principle and Diffraction 37-6 Single-Slit Diffraction 37-7 The Diffraction Limit

915 916

917 918 919 924 927 929

938 939 941 948 952 958

Chapter 38 Relativity

1035

38-8 General Relativity

1037

Chapter 3® Light and Matter: Waves or Particles?

1044

39-1 Toward the Quantum Theory

1045

39-2 Blackbody Radiation

1046

39-3 Photons

1050

39-4 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom

1056

39-5 Matter Waves

1061

39-6 The Uncertainty Principle

1064

39-7 The Wave-Particle Duality, Complementarity, and the Correspondence Principle

1068

Chapter 4© Quantum Mechanics

1074

40-1 Particles, Waves, and Probability

1075

40-2 The Schrödinger Equation

1077

40-3 The Infinite Square Well

1079

40-4 The Harmonic Oscillator

1084

40-5 Quantum Tunneling

1087

971

40-6 Finite Potential Wells

1091

972 974

40-7 Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions

1092

40-8 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

1093

978 983 989 990 995

Part 6

Modern Physics

38-7 Electromagnetism and Relativity

1007 1008

Chapter 4 1 Atomic Physics 41-1 The Hydrogen Atom

1100 1101

41-2 Electron Spin

1108

41-3 The Pauli Exclusion Principle

1113

41-4 Multielectron Atoms and the Periodic Table

1115

41-5 Transitions and Atomic Spectra

1120

Chapter 42 Molecular and Solid-State Physics

1133

42-1 Molecular Bonding

1134

42-2 Molecular Energy Levels

1138

38-1 Speed с Relative to What?

1009

38-2 Matter, Motion, and the Ether

1010

42-3 Solids

1142

38-3 Special Relativity

1013

42-4 Superconductivity

1151

38-4 Space and Time in Relativity

1013

38-5 Energy and Momentum in Relativity

1029

38-6 What Is Not Relative

1033

Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics 43-1 Discovery of the Nucleus

1161 1162

Contents

43-2 Binding Nuclei: Elements, Isotopes, and Stability

1163

43-3 Properties of the Nucleus

1165

43-4 Binding Energy

1170

43-5 Radioactivity

1173

43-6 Models of Nuclear Structure

1184

45-4 Unification

1237

45-5 The Evolving Universe

1242

Appendixes Appendix. Ä Mathematics

Chapter 4 4 Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion

1192

44-1 Energy from the Nucleus

1193

44-2 Nuclear Fission

1193

44-3 Applications of Nuclear Fission

1200

44-4 Nuclear Fusion

1209

Chapter 4S From Quarks to the Cosmos

1225

45-1 Particles and Forces

1226

45-2 Particles and More Particles

1227

45-3 Quarks and the Standard Model

1233

xiii

A-1

A p p e n d i x В The International System of Units (SI) e t t d i x С Conversion Factors

A-12 A-14

Appendix В The Elements

A-17

A p p e n d i x E Astrophysical Data

A-20

Got It! Answers Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Index

A-21 A-23 1-1